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梨黑星病是亚洲梨的主要病害之一。该病是由纳雪黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)感染所致。V.nashicola主要寄生在亚洲梨叶片表皮细胞壁的果胶质层中。该菌的感染可能主要与分泌的细胞外分泌物质、角质分解酶、过氧化氢和果胶质分解酶有关。而亚洲梨对V.nashicola的抗性可能主要与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白、多种病程相关蛋白、富亮氨酸重复类受体蛋白激酶等有关。另外,不具直接杀菌能力的系统抗性诱导剂acibenzolar-S-methyl(ASM)在大田试验中对梨黑星病菌有较好控制效果。这与ASM诱导的植物防御反应,包括多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白和几丁质酶等有关。 相似文献
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Ultrastructural study on acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced scab resistance in epidermal pectin layers of Japanese pear leaves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The infection behavior of Japanese pear scab pathogen Venturia nashicola race 1 was studied ultrastructurally in acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM)-pretreated susceptible Japanese pear (cv. Kousui) leaves to determine the mechanism of ASM-induced scab resistance. On ASM-pretreated leaf surfaces, the infection behavior (conidial germination and appressorial formation) was similar to that on distilled water (DW)-pretreated leaves prior to cuticle penetration by the pathogen. However, after penetration, differentiated behavior was found in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of the ASM-pretreated leaves. Subcuticular hyphae in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of ASM-pretreated pear leaves were observed at lower frequency than in DW-treated leaves. The results indicated that fungal growth was suppressed in ASM-pretreated pear leaves. In the pectin layers of ASM- and DW-pretreated leaves, some hyphae showed morphological modifications, which were used as criteria to judge collapse of hyphal cells, including plasmolysis, necrotic cytoplasm, and cell wall destruction. More hyphae had collapsed in ASM-pretreated leaves than in DW-treated ones. In addition, the cell walls of collapsed hyphae broke into numerous fibrous and amorphous pieces, suggesting that ASM-induced scab resistance might be associated with cell-wall-degrading enzymes from pear plants. In addition, results from morphometrical analysis suggested that the activity or production of pectin-degrading enzyme from hyphae were inhibited by ASM application when compared with DW treatment. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT The infection of Japanese pear by Venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on Asian pears (Japanese pear, Pyrus pylifolia var. culta; Chinese pear, P. ussuriensis), was examined using light and electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of resistance in pears. Early stages of infection were similar on the susceptible cv. Kosui, the resistant cv. Kinchaku, and the nonhost European pear (P. communis) cv. Flemish Beauty. V. nashicola penetrated only the cuticle layer on pear leaves and formed subcuticular hyphae on all three cultivars. Hyphae were localized in the pectin layer of pear leaves and never penetrated into the cytoplasm of epidermal cells. This restriction of fungal growth suggested that pectinases released by infection hyphae or subcuticular hyphae may be important in infection. Subcuticular hyphae were modified ultrastructurally in the pectin layer of resistant pear cultivars accompanied by fungal cell death. In contrast, fungal cells appeared intact in susceptible pear cultivars, suggesting the existence of resistance mechanisms. 相似文献
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从不同处理方法、酶液pH变化等方面对果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗黑星病效能的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在果胶酶的4种不同处理试验中,以全株表面喷雾法处理的黄瓜黄化子叶黑星病的病情指数降低最多,浓度100和200U/ml的诱导防病效果分别为56.34%和64.13%;下胚轴注射、灌根和漫种等3种处理方法的诱导抗病效果均不显著。经果胶酶诱导处理的黄瓜绿苗叶片病情明显降低,而处理叶上部的未处理叶片发病情况与相应对照差别不大。该结果表明,果胶酶诱导黄瓜绿苗抗黑星病的作用属于局部诱导。果胶酶处理次数的增加可增强其诱导抗病效果,并延长诱导抗病时间。酶液pH变化对果胶酶的诱导抗病作用影响显著,pH5.5时,2个浓度的诱导效果最好,分别为51.87%和66.42%。 相似文献
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Proliferation and collapse of subcuticular hyphae of Venturia nashicola race 1 were studied ultrastructurally, after inoculation of susceptible Japanese pear cv. Kousui, resistant Japanese pear
cv. Kinchaku, resistant Asian pear strain Mamenashi 12 and nonhost European pear cv. Flemish Beauty leaves, to understand
the nature of the resistance mechanism. After cuticle penetration by the pathogen, the hyphae were observed at lower frequency
in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of leaves of the three resistant plants than in those of susceptible ones.
This result suggested that fungal growth was suppressed in the incompatible interaction between pear and V. nashicola race 1. In the pectin layers of all inoculated plants, some hyphae had modifications such as breaks in the plasmalemma with
plasmolysis, necrotic cytoplasm and degraded cell walls. More hyphae had collapsed in the leaves of the three resistant plants
than in those of the susceptible cv. Kousui. In collapsed hyphae, the polymerized cell walls broke into numerous fibrous and
amorphous pieces, showing that the scab resistance might be associated with cell wall-degrading enzymes from pear plants. 相似文献
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R. T. Mercer 《Pest management science》1971,2(5):214-218
Three closely related fungicides, thiophanate (NF 35), thiophanate methyl (NF 44) and NF 48 have been found to be active against a wide range of diseases including the powdery mildews of apple, cucumber and barley; apple and pear scab and grey mould of soft fruit. This paper deals with the preliminary experiments to compare their relative mobilities and biological persistence in crop plants, using the powdery mildews as indicator infections. NF 44 and NF 48 in particular showed a high degree of systemic activity by root uptake and persistence of action against barley and cucumber mildew but very little systemic activity against apple mildew on potted rootstocks. They have also displayed trans-laminar and localised movement towards the leaf apex in sprayed cucumber and barley leaves but movement was not so marked in sprayed apple leaves. NF 48 was also active as a seed dressing against loose smut of barley. 相似文献
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梨叶叶龄与梨黑星病菌侵染发病的关系 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
田间试验结果表明,鸭梨叶片在生长发育期抗病性差,易感染黑星病;发育成熟后,抗病性逐渐增强。自然条件下,受叶片抗病性和孢子着落量的综合影响,鸭梨成熟叶片很少感染黑星病。鸭梨叶片从展叶到发育成熟,在梨树生长发育前期(盛花期后60d内)约需40d,后期(盛花期60d后)约需30d。正处在生长发育期的鸭梨叶片受侵染,潜育期为18-25d,发病后,病斑大,产孢期短;成熟叶片受侵染,潜育期多在40d以上,发病后,病斑小,产孢期长。梨树生长前期梨黑星病的流行主要由于大部分叶片正处在生长发育期抗病性较差;后期果实发病则主要源于成熟叶片内长期潜育和长期产孢的黑星病菌。 相似文献
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草酸青霉菌果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗黑星病研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文就草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum)的固态发酵提取产物--果胶酶粗酶液诱导黄瓜对黑星病(Cladosporium cucumerinum)的抗性进行了研究。以果胶酶粗酶液喷雾处理4个感黑星病黄瓜品种的黄化苗,48 h后挑战接种黑星病菌孢子悬液,其中"中农5号"黄瓜品种表现的诱导抗病效果最好,诱抗效果达62.51%。不同浓度果胶酶诱导处理黄瓜,发现果胶酶浓度在20 U/mL时,可导致黄瓜发病略高于对照;在40~200 U/mL浓度范围内,诱导效果较为明显。通过研究果胶酶诱导抗病的时效性,表明诱导处理前接种病菌或诱导处理后0、6 h接种的各处理病情指数与对照间没有差别,而诱导处理12~72 h后接种病菌的,果胶酶的诱导抗病效果均很明显,诱抗效果达29.64%~60.02%。实验还表明,随着挑战接种压力的增大,果胶酶的诱导抗病效果降低。果胶酶不能抑制黑星病菌孢子萌发,相反可以促进孢子萌发和芽管生长。 相似文献
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Wen-Hsin Chung Saligrama Adavigowda Deepak Hideo Ishii 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2013,79(2):128-135
Strobilurins, broad-spectrum fungicides used to control various diseases, may also inhibit the growth of nontarget fungi in the natural environment. Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a plant activator; however, the effect of ASM on the growth of microflora on the leaf surface is not clear yet. ASM, strobilurins and other fungicides were sprayed on Japanese pear and cucumber plants in the field. Variations in the morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS nucleotide sequence of isolated phylloplane fungi were evaluated. The isolation frequency of Alternaria spp., Aureobasidium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Myrothecium spp. on Japanese pear leaves treated with kresoxim-methyl and polycarbamate was lower than on nontreated pear leaves. Moreover, the frequency of Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum spp. and Fusarium spp. on leaves of two cucumber cultivars treated with azoxystrobin, triflumizole and mancozeb was lower than the frequency of fungal isolation on nontreated cucumber leaves. The effect of ASM on fungal isolation frequency was not significantly different from that on nontreated pear or cucumber leaves. The fungal genera observed and isolation frequency on the leaves treated with polycarbamate, azoxystrobin, triflumizole and mancozeb tended to be reduced compared to the no-spray treatment. 相似文献
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梨抗黑星病AFLP标记筛选 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pear scab caused by Venturia nashicola is one of the most destructive diseases of pears. Molecular markers linked to scab resistance gene is expected to be useful for improving pear. In this study, the F1 population derived from the cross of ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Yali’ was analyzed genetically. The resistance of pear to scab was proved to be controlled by a single gene in a dominant manner. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was conducted to screen 64 fluorescent AFLP primer pairs. A marker designated as D3-365 was found to be linked to the resistant locus. Selective genotype linkage analysis showed that the genetic distance between the marker and the resistant locus was 14.9 cM. 相似文献
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玫瑰黄链霉菌Strempomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63是分离自马铃薯疮痂病自然衰退土壤中的一株拮抗链霉菌,该菌株及其代谢产物对多种重要的植物病原菌都具有较强的抑制作用,为了探明该生防菌产生的诱抗粗蛋白对黄瓜抗病性的诱导作用,采用离体叶片接种的方法,发现诱抗粗蛋白诱导黄瓜叶片灰霉病发病直径显著小于对照;经组织染色法和紫外分光光度计法测定,发现诱抗粗蛋白可以诱导黄瓜叶片中活性氧(ROS)的积累和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)等抗病相关酶活性的显著提高;通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)测定,发现诱抗粗蛋白还可以诱导黄瓜叶片中PR-1a、PR-3、PR-9和NPR1等抗病相关基因表达的上调,试验结果表明Men-myco-93-63产生的诱抗粗蛋白能够诱导黄瓜抗病性的提升。 相似文献
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Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) from Japanese pear: possible involvement in resistance against scab 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Mohamed Faize Tomoko Sugiyama Lydia Faize Hideo Ishii 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2003,63(6):319-327
Venturia nashicola is the causal agent of scab, a fungal disease affecting Asian pears. The Japanese pear cv. ‘Kousui’ is highly susceptible to the race 1 of this fungus whereas the cv. ‘Kinchaku’ and the non-host European pear cv. ‘Flemish Beauty’ are resistant. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) of pear during the interactions with V. nashicola leading to susceptibility or resistance. PGIP protein was detected from immature fruit of Kousui and Kinchaku. It showed a molecular mass of 42 kDa that shifted to 35 kDa after chemical deglycosylation. The gene pgip was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA and/or cDNA from young leaves of Kousui, Kinchaku, and European pear cvs. Flemish Beauty, ‘Bartlett’, and an Asian wild pear strain ‘Mamenashi 12’, then sequenced after sub-cloning. Some conserved variations were identified in the sequence indicating that gene family also exists in pgip of Japanese pear and confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The expression of PGIP was studied in scab-inoculated leaves of the susceptible Kousui and the resistant Kinchaku and Flemish Beauty. pgip Gene and its encoding protein were highly and rapidly activated in these resistant plants. In addition, PGIP extracts derived from Kinchaku and Flemish Beauty partially inhibited the activity of polygalacturonase (PG) from V. nashicola suggesting a possible role of PGIP in limiting fungal growth frequently observed in these resistant cultivars. 相似文献
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Mayumi Egusa Haruna Ochi Takashi Tsuge Hiroshi Otani Motoichiro Kodama 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(2):119-124
The Japanese pear pathotype of Alternaria alternata, a toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen, causes black spot of Japanese pear by producing the host-specific AK-toxin. Pre-inoculation
with nonpathogenic A. alternata or pretreatment with an elicitor prepared from A. alternata reduced disease symptoms caused by the pathogen. Salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathways are not involved
in the induced resistance to infection by the pathogen. The expression of multiple defense-related genes in Japanese pear
leaves inoculated with nonpathogenic A. alternata was examined using suppression subtractive hybridization.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database as accessions DC993229–DC993535. 相似文献
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Cross-resistance of a fenvalerate-resistant (R-fenvalerate) strain and an imidacloprid-resistant (R-imidacloprid) strain of
the cotton aphidAphis gossypii Glover to methomyl, endosulfan and omethoate was determined on cotton and cucumber in the laboratory. The R-fenvalerate strain
had been selected for 16 consecutive generations on cotton, and the R-imidacloprid strain for 12. Compared with the susceptible
(S) strains, the resistance in the 17th generation of the R-fenvalerate strain to fenvalerate was 29,035-fold on cotton and
700-fold on cucumber, whereas the resistance in the 13th generation of the R-imidacioprid strain to imidacloprid was 4.7-fold
on cotton and 3.6-fold on cucumber. The R-fenvalerate strain did not show any cross-resistance to imidacloprid, methomyl or
omethoate on cotton and cucumber, but became slightly cross-resistant to endosulfan (RR [resistance ratio] = 5.8 and 7.4 on
cotton and cucumber, respectively). On cotton the R-imidacloprid strain became highly cross-resistant to fenvalerate (RR =
108.9) and slightly cross-resistant to methomyl, endosulfan and omethoate (RR = 6.3, 3.0 and 8.5, respectively). In contrast,
on cucumber the R-imidacloprid strain became highly cross-resistant to fenvalerate (RR = 33.5) and slightly cross-resistant
to methomyl and omethoate (RR = 7.0 and 3.3, respectively), but did not show any cross-resistance to endosulfan. It appears
thatA. gossypii of both resistant strains was more resistant to the tested insecticides on cotton than on cucumber, except for imidacloprid
—where the resistance on cotton was not significantly different from that on cucumber. 相似文献