Bta‐miR‐152 affects intracellular triglyceride content by targeting the UCP3 gene

According to our previous studies, bta‐miR‐152, PRKAA1 and UCP3 are differentially expressed in mammary gland tissues of high milk fat and low milk fat cows, and the trend in bta‐miR‐152 expression is opposite from those of PRKAA1 and UCP3. To further identify the function and regulatory mechanism of bta‐miR‐152 in milk fat metabolism, we investigated the effect of bta‐miR‐152 on cellular triglyceride content in bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro, on the basis of bta‐miR‐152 overexpression and inhibition assays. The target genes of bta‐miR‐152 were identified through qPCR, Western blotting and dual luciferase reporter gene detection. Compared with that in the control group, the expression of UCP3 was significantly lower in the bta‐miR‐152 mimic group, the expression of PRKAA1 was decreased, and the intracellular TAG content was significantly increased. After transfection with bta‐miR‐152 inhibitor, the expression of UCP3 increased significantly, and the expression of PRKAA1 decreased, but the difference was not significant; in addition, the intracellular TAG content decreased significantly. Therefore, we concluded that bta‐miR‐152 affects the intracellular TAG content by targeting UCP3.     

奶牛激素相关的乳腺MicroRNA研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种非编码RNA,在调节细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的过程中起重要作用.研究表明,激素通过单独或相互作用完成对奶牛乳腺发育和泌乳进程的调控.本文从激素对奶牛乳腺miRNA表达谱影响及miRNA通过激素受体及其下游通路调控乳腺功能2个方面,综述了激素与相关miRNA的研究现状,以期助力于乳腺生物学...     

miRNA对乳腺发育及泌乳调节作用的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一类在转录后调节基因表达的非编码RNA,已有大量研究表明,miRNA参与多种生命活动的调节,包括细胞增殖与分化、激素分泌、新陈代谢、肌肉和脂肪的形成发育、免疫应答反应、疾病的发生和肿瘤的形成等.近年来miRNA已成为生命科学研究中的亮点.随着miRNA的发现及其功能研究的深入,有关乳腺生长发育和泌乳调控的研究也进入了miRNA调控的新层面.文章总结了乳腺发育和泌乳过程中miRNA表达的阶段特异性及健康乳腺和乳腺病变时miRNA的差异表达,综述了miRNA对乳腺发育和泌乳的调节作用,旨在为从miRNA层面研究乳腺发育及泌乳提供新思路.     

Combined microRNAome and transcriptome analysis of follicular phase and luteal phase in porcine ovaries

The aim of this study was to explore the expression difference of miRNAs and mRNAs between the follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (LP) in porcine ovaries and provide a theoretical basis for the research on mammalian reproductive regulation. RNA‐Seq and miRNA‐Seq were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) between the FP and LP in ovaries of six sows (3‐year‐old Yorkshire pigs with similar weights and same parities). Bioinformatic analysis was used to screen potential genes and miRNAs related to porcine ovarian function. Real‐time qualitative PCR was used to validate the sequencing results. RNA‐Seq results showed that 3,078 genes were up‐regulated, and 1,444 genes were down‐regulated in the LP compared with the FP, and DEGs were significantly enriched in 242 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 33 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. miRNA‐Seq identified 112 DEMs, of which 25 were up‐regulated and 87 were down‐regulated in the LP compared with the FP. We obtained 186 intersection genes (IGs) between the 4,522 DEGs and 2,444 target genes predicted from the 112 DEMs. After constructing a miRNA‐gene‐pathway network, we identified key miRNAs and genes including miR‐17‐3p, miR‐214, miR‐221‐5p, miR‐125b, FGF1, YWHAG, YWHAZ, FDFT1 and DHCR24, which are enriched in Hippo and PI3K‐Akt signalling pathways, and various metabolic pathways. These results indicate that these key genes and miRNAs may play important roles in the developmental transition from FP to LP in porcine ovaries and represent candidate targets for further study.     

Identification of candidate miRNAs and expression profile of yak oocytes before and after in vitro maturation by high‐throughput sequencing

Small RNA represents several unique non‐coding RNA classes that have important function in a wide range of biological processes including development of germ cells and early embryonic, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis in diverse organisms. However, little is known about their expression profiles and effects in yak oocytes maturation and early development. To investigate the function of small RNAs in the maturation process of yak oocyte and early development, two small RNA libraries of oocytes were constructed from germinal vesicle stage (GV) and maturation in vitro to metaphase II‐arrested stage (M II) and then sequenced using small RNA high‐throughput sequencing technology. A total of 9,742,592 and 12,168,523 clean reads were obtained from GV and M II oocytes, respectively. In total, 801 and 1,018 known miRNAs were acquired from GV and M II oocytes, and 75 miRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed: 47 miRNAs were upregulated and 28 miRNAs were downregulated in the M II oocytes compared to the GV stage. Among the upregulated miRNAs, miR‐342 has the largest fold change (9.25‐fold). Six highly expressed miRNAs (let‐7i, miR‐10b, miR‐10c, miR‐143, miR‐146b and miR‐148) were validated by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) and consistent with the sequencing results. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two miRNAs and their potential targets were analysed in different developmental stages of oocytes and early embryos. This study provides the first miRNA profile in the mature process of yak oocyte. Seventy‐five miRNAs are expressed differentially in GV and M II oocytes as well as among different development stages of early embryos, suggesting miRNAs involved in regulating oocyte maturation and early development of yak. These results showed specific miRNAs in yak oocytes had dynamic changes during meiosis. Further functional and mechanistic studies on the miRNAs during meiosis may beneficial to understanding the role of miRNAs on meiotic division.     

Research Progress of Fatty Acid Regulation of microRNAs in Dairy Cow Mammary Glands

Lipids are a kind of substance which can store and provide energy for animals. A large number of studies have confirmed that the change of lipids in diets can alter the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus affect the biological activities of the bodies. This review mainly summarizes the regulation of fatty acids on the expression of miRNAs in mammary gland of dairy cows, from the aspects of bovine mammary miRNAs expression characteristics, miRNAs that regulate milk fat synthesis, and the changed bovine mammary miRNAs in response to exogenous addition of fatty acids. All these works may be beneficial for the establishment of the connection between nutrients and mammary function, and provide information for the related research in the future.     

脂肪酸调控奶牛乳腺microRNAs研究进展

脂类是一种可以为动物体储存和提供能量的物质,大量研究证实,日粮中脂类的改变可以改变microRNAs（miRNAs）的表达从而影响机体生命活动。本综述主要概括了脂肪酸对奶牛乳腺miRNAs的调控作用,从奶牛乳腺miRNAs表达特征、调控乳脂合成的miRNAs及外源添加脂肪酸对乳腺miRNAs的调控三个方面进行概述,旨在从转录后调控角度,建立营养物质与乳腺功能的联系,为未来相关研究提供参考。     

MicroRNA fingerprints in serum and whole blood of sarcoid‐affected horses as potential non‐invasive diagnostic biomarkers

Serum and whole blood microRNA (miRNA) fingerprints have been proposed as a new class of non‐invasive human cancer biomarkers. In this study, we compared equine sarcoid (ES) disease‐specific serum and whole blood miRNA fingerprints and correlated them to miRNA expression in sarcoid tissue. After high throughput sequencing, miRNA differential expression analysis between six ES‐affected and five control horses was carried out in serum and whole blood using a DESeq algorithm, accounting for the influence of hemolysis and the white blood cell count. Target gene, pathway prediction and enrichment analyses were conducted using TarBase, mirPath and GeneCodis. After exclusion of 4 hemolyzed out of a total of 11 serum samples, 9 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in serum of ES vs control horses. In whole blood, all 11 samples showed normal white blood cell counts and 19 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. A total of 2/9 serum and 7/19 whole blood differentially expressed miRNAs were also highly expressed at the tissue level and their predicted target genes were associated with cancer pathways. Serum and whole blood miRNA expression allowed discrimination between ES and control horses and merits further validation in a larger study cohort. The use of whole blood might be superior because it has higher miRNA content and is less influenced by pre‐analytical variables compared to serum. Concurrent dysregulation of single miRNAs in tissue and blood suggests a possible biological function of circulating miRNAs.     

miR-92a对奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖及凋亡的调控分析

miRNAs是对哺乳动物乳腺组织发育及泌乳机能进行调控的重要因子。本研究依据已有的关中奶山羊乳腺组织miRNA表达谱,选择不同泌乳时期差异表达的miR-92a为研究对象,探究miR-92a对山羊乳腺上皮细胞（GMEC）增殖及凋亡的调控作用,并挖掘其潜在的调控基因。采用荧光定量PCR、MTT检测、EdU检测及流式细胞术,检测miR-92a在不同泌乳时期乳腺组织的表达情况,并在细胞水平检测miR-92a对乳腺上皮细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞周期的调控作用。利用RNA-seq技术,分析过表达miR-92a乳腺上皮细胞中的差异表达基因。qRT-PCR结果显示,miR-92a在奶山羊泌乳初期乳腺组织中表达量极显著高于泌乳中期（P<0.01）,表明miR-92a可能对奶山羊泌乳性状有重要的调控作用。GMEC过表达miR-92a后,试验结果显示：与NC对照组比较,miR-92a过表达组的EdU阳性细胞数极显著减少（P<0.01）,S期的细胞数显著下降、G1期的细胞数显著增加,同时miR-92a组的凋亡细胞数目显著增加（P<0.05）。采用RNA-seq,构建了miR-92a过表达mRNA文库,发现下调基因54个,上调基因160个。GO terms及KEGG通路分析显示差异表达基因调控乳腺上皮细胞多种生物学功能。以上结果表明miR-92a促进GMEC凋亡、抑制其增殖,测序结果进一步证明miR-92a对奶山羊乳腺发育及泌乳性能具有潜在的调控作用。     

Proteomic analysis to unravel the effect of heat stress on gene expression and milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Heat stress can play a negative effect on milk yield and composition of dairy cattle, leading to immeasurable economic loss. The basic components of the mammary gland are the alveoli; these alveolar mammary epithelial cells reflect the milk producing ability of dairy cows. In this study, we exposed bovine mammary epithelial cells to heat stress and compared them to a control group using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with a control group, 104 differentially elevated proteins (>1.3‐fold) and 167 decreased proteins (<0.77‐fold) were identified in the heat treatment group. Gene Ontology analysis identified a majority of the differentially expressed proteins are associated in cell‐substrate junction assembly, catabolic processes and metabolic processes. Some of these significantly regulated proteins were related to the synthesis and secretion of milk, such as milk protein and fat. This finding was further supported by the results obtained from the reduced β‐casein expression through the system of plasminogen activator – plasminogen – plasmin and decreased fatty acid synthase could partly explain why milk fat synthesis ability of dairy cows decreased under heat stress. Our results highlight the effects of heat stress on synthesis of milk protein and fat, thus providing additional clues for further studies of heat stress on dairy milk production.     

西农萨能奶山羊泌乳中期和后期乳腺组织差异基因的筛选

旨在利用抑制性削减杂交(SSH)技术筛选西农萨能奶山羊泌乳中期和后期的差异表达基因,并用实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)分析差异基因的表达丰度,探讨奶山羊不同泌乳阶段乳腺组织的基因表达规律。本研究以西农萨能奶山羊泌乳中期和后期乳腺组织的mRNA互为检测子(Tester)和驱动子(Driver)构建cDNA消减文库(M-L和L-M),随机挑选克隆测序,进行序列比对分析,并检测部分差异基因在乳腺组织中的表达丰度。结果,成功构建了泌乳中期和后期的cDNA文库,随机挑选30个克隆测序,得到M-L和L-M文库中与细胞凋亡、抗氧化、脂类代谢、能量代谢等生理过程相关的差异基因,对其中的6个基因进行实时定量分析,发现5个均为阳性克隆,表达水平增加了1.3~5.5倍不等。结果表明,利用SSH技术成功构建了泌乳中期和后期乳腺组织正反向消减cDNA文库,筛选出24个差异基因,为进一步研究奶山羊乳腺组织基因调控机理奠定了基础。     

健康奶牛与临床型乳腺炎奶牛乳腺线粒体蛋白组差异表达分析

运用亚细胞蛋白质组学的研究策略,分离纯化亚细胞结构再进行蛋白质组学研究,可提高低丰度蛋白在双向凝胶电泳中的检出率。通过对比分析乳腺炎奶牛乳腺与正常奶牛乳腺线粒体蛋白质组的表达变化,为奶牛乳腺炎的生物学治疗及抗病育种工作筛选出目基因和蛋白。超速离心法分离线粒体,双向凝胶电泳分离蛋白,PDQuest7．4软件分析差异蛋白斑点,高效液相色谱串联离子阱质谱鉴定差异蛋白。从奶牛乳腺线粒体蛋白2-DE图谱中筛选出17个差异表达的蛋白质斑点,质谱鉴定出17个差异表达蛋白（6个蛋白在奶牛乳腺炎发生过程中下调,8个上调,1个只在正常情况下表达,2个只在乳腺炎乳腺组织中表达）。筛选出的差异蛋白质涉及到细胞的能量代谢、蛋白质合成、mRNA的加工成熟及调亡调控等许多方面,表明奶牛乳腺炎发生时乳腺线粒体组织结构和代谢状态都发生了明显的变化。     

MicroRNA‐145 regulates immune cytokines via targeting FSCN1 in Staphylococcus aureus‐induced mastitis in dairy cows

Dairy cow mastitis is a detrimental factor in milk quality and food safety. Mastitis generally refers to inflammation caused by infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Our studies in recent years have revealed the role of miRNA regulation in Staphylococcus aureus‐induced mastitis. In the present study, we overexpressed and suppressed miR‐145 to investigate the function of miR‐145 in Mac‐T cells. Flow cytometry, ELISA and EdU staining were used to detect changes in the secretion of several Mac‐T cytokines and in cell proliferation. We found that overexpression of miR‐145 in Mac‐T cells significantly reduced the secretion of IL‐12 and TNF‐α, but increased the secretion of IFN‐γ; the proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells was also inhibited. Using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blotting and luciferase multiplex verification techniques, we found that miR‐145 targeted and regulated FSCN1. Knock‐down of FSCN1 significantly increased the secretion of IL‐12, while the secretion of TNF‐α was significantly downregulated in Mac‐T cells. Upon S. aureus infection of mammary gland tissue, the body initiated inflammatory responses; Bta‐miR‐145 expression was downregulated, which reduced the inhibitory effect on the FSCN1 gene; and upregulation of FSCN1 expression promoted mammary epithelial cell proliferation to allow the recovery of damaged tissue. The results of the present study will aid in understanding the immune mechanism opposing S. aureus infection in dairy cows and will provide a laboratory research basis for the prevention and treatment of mastitis.     

基于转录组测序挖掘奶牛乳脂代谢关键候选基因

旨在对高、低乳脂率奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)转录组测序的mRNA表达谱数据进行深入分析,挖掘影响奶牛乳脂代谢的关键候选基因。本研究采用Illumina PE150方法对乳脂率具有极端差异的荷斯坦奶牛(高、低乳脂组各4头)的BMECs进行转录组测序,以P<0.05和|log₂FoldChange|≥1.5为阈值筛选差异表达基因,并利用KOBAS在线网址进行功能富集分析,最后通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析测序结果的准确性及乳脂代谢相关差异表达基因的组织表达谱。结果表明,在高、低乳脂组之间共发现578个差异表达基因,包括332个上调差异表达基因,246个下调差异表达基因。功能富集分析共确定了包含生物学过程(BP)、细胞组分(CC)和分子功能(MF)的366个显著富集的GO条目(P<0.05),其中与脂代谢密切相关的GO条目有长链脂肪酸的运输、脂肪细胞分化的正向调节、乳腺肺泡发育、花生四烯酸的结合等。差异表达基因显著富集到47条KEGG通路(P<0.05),参与脂代谢的通路有15条,分别为脂肪细胞内脂解的调节、磷脂酶D信号通路、河马...     

乏情和发情初产母猪卵巢microRNA差异表达分析

为了探索卵巢microRNA （miRNA）在初产母猪生殖调控中的作用,本研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术检测了乏情和发情初产母猪卵巢miRNA的表达谱,并对表达量较高且差异显著的miRNA进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,本研究构建的两个small RNA文库共鉴定出503个miRNAs,其中已知的303个,新预测的200个。在已知的miRNA中,ssc-miR-10b在两个文库中的表达量最高,其次为ssc-miR-143-3p和ssc-miR-26a;在新预测的miRNA中,chr13_2637_mature在两个文库中的表达量最高,其次为chr8_9994_mature。与发情母猪相比,共有145个miRNAs发生显著变化（read counts>10,∣log₂（fold-change）∣>1）,上调114个,下调31个。在进一步筛选的31个表达量较高且差异显著的miRNAs（read counts>1 000,∣log₂（fold-change）∣>1）中,新预测的chr13_2585_mature上调倍数最高,且只在乏情母猪卵巢中表达。31个miRNAs共预测到7 388个靶基因,KEGG信号通路分析显示,有2 788个靶基因注释到了297个KEGG通路,前20个最富集的通路部分与生殖过程或生殖活动调控相关,表明这31个miRNAs参与了初产母猪的生殖调控。本研究结果丰富了猪miRNA数据资源,为进一步深入研究初产母猪的繁殖性能提供了理论依据。