Genetic diversity and conservation of South African indigenous chicken populations

In this study, we compare the level and distribution of genetic variation between South African conserved and village chicken populations using microsatellite markers. In addition, diversity in South African chickens was compared to that of a reference data set consisting of other African and purebred commercial lines. Three chicken populations Venda, Ovambo and Eastern Cape and four conserved flocks of the Venda, Ovambo, Naked Neck and Potchefstroom Koekoek from the Poultry Breeding Resource Unit of the Agricultural Research Council were genotyped at 29 autosomal microsatellite loci. All markers were polymorphic. Village chicken populations were more diverse than conservation flocks. structure software was used to cluster individuals to a predefined number of 2 ≤ K ≤ 6 clusters. The most probable clustering was found at K = 5 (95% identical runs). At this level of differentiation, the four conservation flocks separated as four independent clusters, while the three village chicken populations together formed another cluster. Thus, cluster analysis indicated a clear subdivision of each of the conservation flocks that were different from the three village chicken populations. The contribution of each South African chicken populations to the total diversity of the chickens studied was determined by calculating the optimal core set contributions based on Marker estimated kinship. Safe set analysis was carried out using bootstrapped kinship values calculated to relate the added genetic diversity of seven South African chicken populations to a set of reference populations consisting of other African and purebred commercial broiler and layer chickens. In both core set and the safe set analyses, village chicken populations scored slightly higher to the reference set compared to conservation flocks. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the conservation flocks of South African chickens displayed considerable genetic variability that is different from that of the assumed founder populations (village chickens).     

江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂微卫星DNA遗传多样性分析

利用8对微卫星标记对江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析，评估群体内的遗传变异和群体间的遗传分化，结果表明，共检测到31个等位基因，每个位点的等位基因数从1～7不等，平均等位基因数为3.875；所有位点平均的期望杂合度和PIC值分别为0.4424和0.4054。野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体8个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为3.83和4.17，平均基因杂合度为0.0778和0.0993，两个群体均表现出较低的群体杂合度和遗传多样性。群体分化系数为4.9%（P<0.001），两个群体的Reynolds’遗传距离和Nm值分别为0.05024和4.852。江苏省野生及家养中华蜜蜂群体均表现出较低的群体杂合度和遗传多样性水平，且有相互交流的迹象。     

Assessing the genetic diversity conserved in the Norwegian live poultry genebank

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity within and between lines at the Norwegian live poultry gene bank as well as assessing the conservation value in an international context. Eight lines including the national breed, Jærhøns, were genotyped with the 600K Affymetrix^® Axiom^® Chicken Genotyping Array. The white egg layers were generally more inbred than the brown layers. Comparative analyses were carried out with 72 international populations of different origins. The lines that were last bred for commercial production in Norway, Norbrid, are clearly separated from the rest of the international set and more closely related to the current commercial lines. The brown egg layer Norbrid 7 has the highest relative contribution to genetic diversity. The Norwegian genebank lines are of conservation value in a national and international perspective, as they all add genetic diversity to the global set.     

Genetic diversity of Forest and Savannah chicken populations of Ghana as estimated by microsatellite markers

The characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources is a requisite step in providing needed information for the conservation of useful genotypes against future needs. Thus, in this study, 22 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 114 local chickens from the Forest (n = 59) and Savannah (n = 55) eco‐zones of Ghana and the results compared to those of the ancestral red junglefowl (n = 15) and two European commercial chicken populations – a broiler (n = 25) and white leghorn (n = 25). A total of 171 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. The local Ghanaian chickens showed higher diversity in terms of the observed number of alleles per locus (6.6) and observed heterozygosity (0.568) compared with the combined control populations (6.0 and 0.458, respectively). However, Wright's F‐statistics revealed negligible genetic differentiation (F_ST) in local Ghanaian chicken populations. In addition, 65% of the Savannah chickens were inferred to be more likely from the Forest, suggesting a south‐north dispersal of chickens from their probable original location in the Forest zone to the Savannah areas. It is concluded that the Forest and Savannah chickens of Ghana are a single, randomly mating unselected population, characterized by high genetic diversity and constitute a valuable resource for conservation and improvement.     

基于全基因组SNP标记分析中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性和种群结构

旨在对中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性与种群结构进行分析。本研究使用Affymetrix Axiom 600K高密度鸡基因分型芯片对来自8个品种的157只地方鸡及233只商品鸡进行基因分型,以品种作为分组来计算各分组的观测杂合度、期望杂合度、次等位基因频率、近交系数及核苷酸多样性分析地方鸡群体的遗传多样性,利用进化树、主成分分析、群体结构、MDS等方法分析鸡群体的群体结构,基于状态同源(IBS)和群体分化系数(Fst)分析种群内部与种群之间的亲缘关系,利用长纯合片段(runs of homozygosity, ROH)估算得到基于ROH的近交系数。结果表明,各群体的观测杂合度均高于期望杂合度,次等位基因频率在0.175～0.236之间,近交系数在0.018～0.205之间,核苷酸多样性在0～6×10^-4之间,进化树与主成分分析表明品种间出现了明显的群体分化,地方鸡群体与商品鸡群的MDS分析发现我国地方鸡与商业肉鸡品种的遗传距离较近;IBS遗传距离在0.092 9～0.319 9之间;各品种成对Fst分析表明,群体间呈现中高分化程度(0.09～0.22);此次分析共得到了...     

Molecular genetic diversity and genetic structure of Vietnamese indigenous pig populations

The study characterized genetic diversity and genetic structure of five indigenous pig populations (Ha Lang, Muong Te, Mong Cai, Lung and Lung Pu), two wild pig populations (Vietnamese and Thai wild pigs) and an exotic pig breed (Yorkshire) using FAO/ISAG recommended 16 microsatellite markers in 236 samples. All estimated loci were very polymorphic indicated by high values of polymorphism information content (from 0.76 in S0225 to 0.92 in Sw2410). Indigenous populations had very high level of genetic diversity (mean He = 0.75); of all indigenous breeds, Lung Pu showed highest mean number of alleles (MNA = 10.1), gene diversity (He = 0.82), allele richness (5.33) and number of private alleles (10). Thirteen percentage of the total genetic variation observed was due to differences among populations. The neighbour‐joining dendrogram obtained from Nei's standard genetic distance differentiated eight populations into four groups including Yorkshire, two wild populations, Mong Cai population and a group of four other indigenous populations. The Bayesian clustering with the admixture model implemented in Structure 2.1 indicated seven possible homogenous clusters among eight populations. From 79% (Ha Lang) to 98% (Mong Cai). individuals in indigenous pigs were assigned to their own populations. The results confirmed high level of genetic diversity and shed a new light on genetic structure of Vietnam indigenous pig populations.     

四川常羽乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性分析

利用选自家禽基因组的10个微卫星标记,对四川常羽乌骨鸡5个群体(四川山地乌骨鸡白羽系、黑羽系;黄忠山地乌骨鸡;黄忠山地乌骨鸡绿壳蛋系;草科乌骨鸡)的遗传多样性进行了检测,计算了各群体的群体杂合度、群体间遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明所选择的微卫星标记在各群体中表现出较高的多态性;四川5个乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性比较丰富,群体平均杂合度为0.5383到0.6659;各群体间的遗传距离有一定的差异;聚类分析将5个群体聚为三类。     

Genetic analysis of Mexican hairless pig populations.

The main Creole pig population in Mexico, the hairless Mexican pig, remains as an unimproved and endangered genetic resource. In order to learn more about the genetic characteristics of this pig population, we assessed the allele frequency of 10 microsatellite loci in 177 unrelated hairless pigs from seven regions at Mexico and in 111 pigs of four commercial breeds (Landrace, Large White, Hampshire, and Duroc). Genetic diversity in each population was estimated by the unbiased average heterozygosity and the allele number. Nei's standard genetic distances and a neighbor-joining dendrogram were used to reveal the genetic relationships among these populations. In this report, we present data showing that the level of the genetic diversity in Mexican hairless pigs is high compared with previous reports, and that they belong to a genetic lineage divergent from commercial breeds. Furthermore, Mexican hairless pigs seem to have developed several genetically distinct lines associated with their geographic location. We conclude that the Mexican Creole pig populations may be a reservoir of genetic diversity that is important to preserve and evaluate as a source of new alleles for the future improvement of commercial pig lines.     

Genetic structure of wild and domesticated grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) from south-western Nigeria

Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) is a large rodent distributed across sub-Saharan Africa that is highly valued as a source of protein. There has been little effort to evaluate the genetic structure of grasscutters despite long-term harvesting pressure and over 40 years of grasscutter domestication in West Africa. Our objectives were to quantify the genetic structure of wild grasscutters, and to compare genetic variation from wild samples to those from various farmed samples within south-western Nigeria. We genotyped 145 wild and 88 domesticated individuals at 11 microsatellite loci and present results quantifying regional genetic structuring and the relative patterns of diversity among wild and domesticated grasscutter populations. Our data reflect high differentiation between wild and domesticated grasscutters, and significantly greater allelic richness and gene diversity in the former. Despite this, domesticated populations appear to have similar levels of observed heterozygosity and comparable levels of differentiation among domesticated samples relative to wild samples. This may be the result of high turnover within captive colonies, or frequent infusion of new animals. More detailed molecular and quantitative genetic studies are recommended on this species to be able to understand their natural variation, degree of connectivity and to improve strategies for domestication.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Arabian Horse Populations Using Microsatellite Markers

Understanding the genetic diversity and the relationships among the show Arabian horse populations is a current issue for breeders and professionals. This study aimed to define the relationship among the Desert breed, the Straight Egyptian, and the Polish Arabian populations by considering the historical background of their origin and to verify their genetic diversity. All selected samples were related to Arabian show activities. One hundred forty four hair samples were collected from horses at stud farms having notoriety in the breeding of Arabians from different geographic regions. A set of 17 microsatellites markers for parentage control were used for genotyping. Genetic diversity among and between these populations were evaluated using several statistical methods. All the microsatellites were informative and the marker set analyzed provided 145 alleles. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.52, 6.35, and 7 for the Desert breed, Straight Egyptian, and Polish Arabian, respectively. The high genetic diversity observed within the three populations (0.63-0.71) was associated with a high number of effective alleles. Desert breed and Polish Arabian populations appeared the closest, whereas the Egyptian population was more distant. The significant positive inbreeding coefficient F_IS found in Desert breed, Straight Egyptian, and Polish Arabian horses (0.09, 0.14, and 0.11, respectively) confirmed the deficit of heterozygosity observed in these populations. These results suggested that the three populations have high levels of gene flow or share the same origin and have a recent divergence. This study may highlight the risk of the loss of gene diversity in these populations and help to implement appropriate breeding programs to preserve genetic diversity.     

胡枝子属植物野生居群遗传多样性RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记分析胡枝子属14个野生居群遗传多样性,对其60个10碱基随机引物进行筛选,选择能产生多态性谱带的20个引物,共获得209个RAPD标记,182个显多态性,占总谱带数的87.08%。居群间观测等位基因数Aa和有效等位基因数Ae分别为1.8708和1.5868,Nei's基因多样性指数H和Shannon's信息指数I分别为0.3344和0.4921,揭示了居群间存在较高的遗传多样性。遗传距离介于0.1006-0.651之间,14个材料的聚类结果与形态学分类结果有相同的趋势。本研究对胡枝子属植物种质资源的保存和育种利用有一定参考价值。     

Analysis on the Genetic Diversity of Six Bactrian Camel Populations in China Using Microsatellite Marker

In order to understand the genetic diversity of Bactrian camel and the genetic evolutionary relationships between different populations,the genetic diversity of Alashan camel, Qinghai camel, Nanjiang camel, Beijiang camel, Subei camel and Sunite camel populations in China were analyzed using 10 microsatellite markers. By calculating heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective allele (Ne), Shannon information index, the genetic variation within populations were analyzed. By calculating the F-statistics, gene flow, genetic differentiation coefficient and genetic distance to analyze the genetic relationship between populations. The results showed that 89 alleles were tested at the 10 microsatellite loci,8.9 alleles were tested at every locus in average. All loci were medium-highly polymorphic loci (except YWLL08),the average PIC of the Bactrian camel population was between 0.488 to 0.752. The observed heterozygosity (0.355 to 0.448) of 6 Bactrian camel populations was lower than the expected heterozygosity (0.643 to 0.703). Almost all loci Shannon index was greater than 1,and most of loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. The genetic differentiation coefficient between groups (Fst) value was 0.059 and in the low degree of moderately differentiated state. The average Fis values of 6 Bactrian camel populations were positive which suggested 6 Bactrian camel populations had different levels of inbreeding. The standard genetic distance (D_S) and genetic distance T (D_A) clustering analysis showed that the Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camel jointed as one group, the Alxa camel, Qinghai camel, Subei camel, Sunite camel jointed as the other group. Research showed that Chinese Bactrian camel was abundant in genetic diversity, genetic variation within population was larger, and there was a phenomenon of inbreeding. There was a certain gene flow between populations, the differentiation of populations were mainly caused by genetic variation within population. 6 Chinese Bactrian camel populations were divided into two groups.     

中国6个双峰驼群体微卫星遗传多样性分析

为了解中国双峰驼群体的遗传多样性及不同种群间的遗传进化关系,本研究采用微卫星标记技术,对中国阿拉善驼、青海驼、南疆驼、北疆驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼6个双峰驼群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过计算杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等位基因（Ne）、Shannon信息指数等分析群体内遗传变异,通过计算F-统计量、基因流、遗传分化系数、遗传距离等分析群体间遗传进化关系。结果显示,10个微卫星位点共检测到了89个等位基因,平均每个位点检测到8.9个等位基因;所有位点均属中高度多态位点（YWLL08除外）,平均PIC值在0.488~0.752之间;6个群体观测杂合度值（0.355~0.448）都低于期望杂合度值（0.643~0.703）;几乎所有位点的Shannon指数都>1,且处于哈代-温伯格不平衡状态（P< 0.05）。群体间遗传分化系数Fst值为0.059,处于较低程度的中等分化状态; 6个双峰驼群体的平均Fis值均为正值,说明6个双峰驼群体都存在不同程度的近交。基于标准遗传距离D_S和遗传距离D_A进行聚类分析,南疆驼和北疆驼聚为一支,阿拉善驼、青海驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼4个群体聚为一支。研究表明,中国双峰驼遗传多样性丰富,群体内遗传变异较大,存在一定近交现象;群体间存在着一定的基因流动,群体间的分化主要由群体内的遗传变异造成;6个群体分为2个类群。     

基于小尺度高原鼢鼠种群遗传结构研究

高原鼢鼠是青藏高原特有的地下啮齿动物,研究其种群遗传结构对于了解扩散、基因交流等方面具有重要意义。本研究利用微卫星分子标记技术,分析祁连山东段高寒草甸区小尺度下4个高原鼢鼠种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构特点。结果表明:1)4个种群有效等位基因(Ne)为83.6,种群平均观测杂合度(Ho)最高为0.32,平均期望杂合度(He)最高为0.50,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.40,遗传多态性处于中等水平。2)种群遗传结构推导分析结果为 4 个种群被分成 2 组,MYT(马营滩种群)为一组,XNG(下南泥沟种群)、MYR(马营河东边种群)、MYL(马营河西边种群)为一组。3)试验区高原鼢鼠种群间近交系数(F_ST)都大于0.05,种群间的基因流值(N_m)都小于1,特殊岛状栖息地限制了高原鼢鼠种群基因流,河流和公路可能对种群内和种群间个体交流有阻碍作用。     

SSR标记在中国野桑蚕和家蚕的遗传多态性分析中的应用

采用25个微卫星标记(SSR)对中国5个不同地区的野桑蚕及2个家蚕品种进行了多态性分折,共产生58个等位基因,平均每个位点多于2个等位基因。表明微卫星标记能反映各品种之间丰富的多态性,品种间的聚类结果较好地反映了家蚕和野桑蚕之间的遗传特性。     

Different Serum Haemolytic Complement Levels in Indigenous Chickens from Benin,Bolivia, Cameroon,India and Tanzania

Titres of classical (CPW) and alternative (APW) complement pathways were measured in clinically healthy local chicken populations (ecotypes) from Africa (Benin, n = 78; Cameroon, n = 299; Tanzania, n = 101), Asia (India, n = 96) and South America (Bolivia, n = 64). A wide variation was found in haemolytic complement levels between the various ecotypes. Distributions of the classical and alternative complement titres were not normal but were skewed to the right. Differences in complement were found both within and between ecotypes. Furthermore, CPW titres of the indigenous chickens were lower than those determined in commercial layer chickens. This suggests that complement levels background and husbandry. The relationships between complement levels, the chicken MHC(B) complex, environmental antigenic pressure, and survival of the scavenging local chickens are discussed.     

基于SSR分子标记对蒙古韭遗传多样性的研究

蒙古韭不仅是荒漠草原上较好的饲草之一,而且其特殊气味和丰富的营养也可以作为野生蔬菜开发利用。为了能够保护且合理利用这一资源,试验采用SSR分子标记法,对来自内蒙古自治区和甘肃省的8个地理居群蒙古韭材料进行遗传多样性分析。研究结果表明:通过SSR分子标记共检测出112条多态性位点,每个SSR位点的多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.3228,变幅在0.20840~0.4076之间。种间Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)变幅为0.1588~0.3956,Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)介于0.2637~0.5790之间;8个居群种内Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)变幅为0.0926~0.1743,Shannon信息指数(I)在0.1394~0.2657之间,体现出较为丰富的遗传多样性,且种内遗传多样性水平差异较大。遗传基因分化系数(Gst)平均为0.5532,说明种群间存在丰富的遗传变异。UPGMA聚类分析法将8个居群分为2个大类群,综合地理分布及距离分析得出遗传距离与地理生境有关,特别是与年均温和纬度关系比较明显。其研究结果可为蒙古韭引种驯化及遗传育种提供依据。     

四川盆地6个地方鸡群体遗传关系研究

随着交通便利与市场化杂交利用,我国地方鸡遗传资源面临血液混杂、品种来源和品种间的遗传关系不清晰的问题。为了给第三次全国畜禽遗传资源普查工作提供依据。本研究对位于中国大巴山脉和乌蒙山区的6个地方鸡群体（每个群体公、母各10只）共118个个体进行了简化基因组GBS测序,分析了核酸多态性（Pi）、观测杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）、多态信息含量（PIC）、观测等位基因数（Na）、有效等位基因数（Ne）、遗传分化（Fst）、遗传距离（DR）和基因流（Nm）等指标。研究发现,岩水鸡黑羽群体的遗传多样性较低（He=0.154;PIC=0.125）,大宁河鸡遗传多样性最为丰富（He=0.197,PIC=0.162）。城口山地鸡和大宁河鸡之间的遗传分化最低（Fst=0.053）,基因流最高（Nm=4.50）,丰岩乌骨鸡和岩水鸡黑羽群体之间的遗传分化最高（Fst=0.183）,对应的基因流最低（Nm=1.12）。系统发生树和主成分分析显示,岩水鸡白羽群体和黑羽群体聚为一类,城口山地鸡、大宁河鸡和旧院黑鸡聚为一类,丰岩乌骨鸡单独为一类。Structure分析表明,城口山地鸡与岩水鸡白羽群体血缘混杂。本研究探明了邻近区域地方品种的遗传关系,位于乌蒙山区的丰岩乌骨鸡与大巴山脉的旧院黑鸡、城口山地鸡、大宁河鸡、岩水鸡黑羽和白羽具有较远的遗传距离。本研究为地方品种的保护和开发利用提供了依据。     

平湖浆蜂与苏王1号遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用6对微卫星DNA标记对平湖浆蜂与苏王1号两个蜜蜂品种进行遗传多样性分析，评估品种内的遗传变异和品种间的遗传分化。结果表明：共检测到40个等位基因，每个位点的等位基因数从4~10不等，所有位点平均的期望杂合度和多态信息含量值分别为0.5078和0.4708。平湖浆蜂和苏王1号6个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为5.67和5.17，平均基因杂合度为0.4981和0.5007，群体分化系数为3.7％，2个品种间的Reynolds’遗传距离和Nm分别为0.03770和6.507。2个蜜蜂品种均表现出较高的群体杂合度和丰富的遗传多样性。     

内蒙古野生华北驼绒藜种群遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对内蒙古6个群落野生华北驼绒藜种群的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了分析,结果表明,内蒙古不同种群野生华北驼绒藜种水平遗传多样性较高,多态位点百分率(PPB)达到98.05%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)和Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.298 4和0.455 7;依据PPB、h和I估计的各种群内平均遗传多样性的变化趋势一致,依次为PA＞PB＞PD＞PC＞PE＞PF。华北驼绒藜遗传变异主要存在于种群内。种群间的基因流(Nm)为4.333 2,大于1。根据聚类分析,大致可以将6个群落华北驼绒藜种群分为荒漠化草原种群和典型草原种群。生境片断化目前尚不足以导致华北驼绒藜特定基因丢失,发生遗传漂变的可能性很小。