人流感病毒和禽流感病毒感染不同的靶细胞

自1997年以来,发现H5 N1、H9N2、H7N7亚型的禽流感病毒都能感染人。通常认为禽流感病毒在人体内复制受细胞受体和呼吸道细胞外抑制物的限制,但其确切机制却还不清楚。最近,科学家通过体外培养不同的人呼吸道上皮细胞,发现人流感病毒和禽流感病毒分别感染不同的靶细胞。在单周期感染(single- cycle infection)过程中,人流感病毒主要感染无纤毛细胞(non-ciliated cells) ,而禽流感病毒和在鸡胚适应的具有禽流感病毒样受体特异性的人流感病毒主要感染有纤毛的细胞,这与无纤毛细胞上主要有人流感病毒受体(2 - 6位交联的唾液酸) ,有纤毛细胞上…     

重组rSD01H9N2禽流感病毒感染A549细胞及其诱导的免疫反应

为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)与其他病毒重组带来的风险,本试验利用反向遗传技术,以H9N2A/Chicken/Shandong/01/2008(SD01)株为骨架,将其PA基因替换为H1N1A/swine/Shandong/07/2011(SD07)株的PA基因,构建了1株重组病毒rSD01-PA。以A549细胞为模型,感染H9N2AIV SD01及其重组株rSD01-PA。通过间接免疫荧光(IFA)和荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法,检测H9N2AIV及其重组株在A549细胞上的复制情况,以及4种模式识别受体(TLR-3、TLR-7、RIG-I和MDA-5)和4种细胞因子(IFN-β、IL-6、MX和OAS)。结果显示:SD01和重组株rSD01-PA在A549细胞上均能有效复制,且重组株rSD01-PA复制能力较强。同时2株毒均能引起4种模式识别受体和4种细胞因子显著上调。在病毒感染的过程中,rSD01-PA感染A549细胞引起的炎性细胞因子IFN-β、IL-6和MX的表达水平较SD01更高。本试验结果将有助于进一步认识H9N2亚型AIV与其他病毒重组带来的风险以及病毒感染后宿主的防御机制及感染反应。     

整合H1亚型流感病毒血凝素蛋白伪型病毒的构建

为构建包装含有H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白的伪型病毒,本研究将人工合成的H1N1流感病毒(A/Califorma/04/2009株)血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因连接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,该重组质粒与表达逆转录病毒相关元件的骨架质粒pHIT111及pHIT60共转染人胚胎肾细胞293T,构建了以鼠白血病病毒为核心、包装含有HA蛋白的伪型病毒.通过对伪病毒感染细胞中LacZ报告基因表达产物的检测,证明伪病毒可以感染MDCK细胞;同时其感染过程可被流感病毒免疫后的小鼠阳性血清所阻断,表明该伪型病毒可模拟野生型病毒完成对宿主细胞的感染过程.本研究所构建的伪病毒系统为研究H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白抗原特性及新型中和抗体检测方法的建立提供了理想的工具.     

不同毒力水貂阿留申病毒在猫肾细胞中的增殖特性及凋亡特性的比较研究

试验旨在对不同毒力水貂阿留申病毒（Aleutian mink disease virus,AMDV）在猫肾细胞（feline kidney cell,CRFK）中的增殖规律及其诱导细胞凋亡情况进行比较研究。将标准毒株AMDV-G及分离到的野毒株AMDV-DL124、AMDV-DL125、AMDV-QD2、AMDV-QD3、AMDV-ZJ3接种CRFK细胞,应用间接免疫荧光、实时荧光定量PCR、TCID₅₀测定技术研究病毒在细胞中的复制及表达情况,同时检测病毒诱导的细胞凋亡情况。间接免疫荧光结果显示,5株野毒株荧光着色趋势差异不大,均在感染后12 h出现荧光,随感染时间延长荧光增多,AMDV-G荧光出现时间比野毒株晚,但病毒感染后72 h几乎所有细胞均出现荧光;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,基因组复制趋势大致相同,AMDV-DL125感染后3 h复制开始,AMDV-G感染后24 h复制才开始并呈快速增长趋势,但感染后72 h均达到峰值。TCID₅₀检测结果表明,0~12 h为病毒感染潜伏期,AMDV-G感染后60 h达到峰值,野毒株均在感染后72 h达到峰值,但是6株病毒均能在感染后48~72 h维持较高的感染滴度,其后随细胞崩解而降低。SPSS 23.0统计软件分析凋亡检测结果显示,与对照组相比,野毒株感染细胞后2~12 h诱导细胞凋亡差异显著（P<0.05）,AMDV-G诱导细胞凋亡差异明显低于野毒株,但是诱导细胞凋亡时间较野毒株长,在感染后24 h仍对细胞凋亡有较明显的诱导作用,但是各病毒诱导的细胞凋亡主要集中在2~12 h。该结果为AMDV的培养、鉴定及致病机理研究提供一定参考。     

猪A型塞内卡毒株CH-01-2015的溶瘤效果

为探究猪A型塞内卡毒株(SVA) CH-01-2015的溶瘤效果，本试验以SVA CH-01-2015为研究对象，在体外通过显微镜观察和细胞活性测定检测该毒株对前列腺癌细胞(PC-3)、非小细胞肺癌细胞(H1299、A549)、子宫内膜癌细胞(Ishikawa)、胶质瘤细胞(U251)和宫颈癌细胞(Hela)共6种肿瘤细胞的杀伤情况，通过病毒复制动力学测定检测SVA CH-01-2015在不同肿瘤细胞中的复制情况；在体内，通过PC-3裸鼠荷瘤试验检测SVA CH-01-2015的溶瘤效果，通过免疫组化和组织病理学染色检测肿瘤组织中病毒的复制以及治疗后肿瘤组织的形态变化。体外试验结果显示，与对照组细胞相比，感染SVA CH-01-2015的PC-3、H1299和Ishikawa肿瘤细胞被显著裂解，而U251、A549和Hela肿瘤细胞形态无显著变化；且与对照组细胞相比，SVA CH-01-2015毒株能极显著杀伤PC-3、H1299和Ishikawa肿瘤细胞(P<0.01),对U251、A549和Hela肿瘤细胞几乎无杀伤作用(P>0.05);以感染复数(MOI)为1的SVA...     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立及其疫苗候选株的构建

为建立H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)反向遗传操作系统,本研究以H7N9亚型(AIV)A/CK/Shanghai/S1053/2013(CK/53)株为亲本病毒,构建了该病毒株的8质粒反向遗传操作系统,并拯救出救获株rCK/53。全基因组序列测定结果表明,rCK/53与亲本病毒的核苷酸序列完全一致。同时以A/PueaoRico/8/34(PR8)的内部基因为骨架,以CK/53的HA和NA的表面基因为供体,构建H7N9亚型AIV疫苗候选株CK53/PR8,疫苗株的8个基因来源与预期完全一致。对rCK/53以及疫苗候选株CK53/PR8在MDCK和A549两种细胞中进行生物学特性的比较,在A549中复制差异不显著,而在MDCK中48 h和72 h两者复制具有明显差异。rCK/53反向遗传操作系统的建立和疫苗候选株CK53/PR8的构建为进一步开展H7N9亚型AIV跨宿主传播机制、致病机理及进一步的免疫保护实验奠定了基础。     

泛素化激酶Cbl蛋白对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒早期复制的抑制作用

为研究Cbl蛋白(Casitas b-lineage lymphoma)对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)复制的影响,采用PCR技术扩增Cbl基因片段并连接到FLAG-N载体中,Western blot技术验证FLAG-Cbl重组载体表达及病毒NP蛋白的表达情况,并采用荧光定量PCR技术检测病毒的血凝素(HA)、核蛋白(NP)和非结构蛋白(NS)基因水平;采用RNAi技术检测Cbl对病毒HA基因表达水平的影响。结果显示:EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切鉴定及测序分析发现,成功构建真核表达重组载体FLAG-Cbl; Western blot结果证实H9N2亚型AIV感染FLAG-Cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞6 h时,病毒NP蛋白表达降低;荧光定量PCR结果证实病毒NP、NS及HA基因在AIV感染FLAG-cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞的6和12 h时表达水平均明显降低;RNAi敲低A549细胞内源性Cbl蛋白后,H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因表达水平在病毒感染12、24和36 h明显升高。结果表明:Cbl蛋白能在早期抑制H9N2亚型AIV在A549细胞上的复制,为深入研究Cbl蛋白抗病毒复制的机制提供了重要的试验依据,同时为开展抗AIV的药物研发提供了参考。     

一株H5N3亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析及其对小鼠的感染性研究

为了解H5N3亚型流感病毒的生物学特性,本研究对2017年浙江省分离到的一株H5N3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)[DK/ZJ/S1368/2017(H5N3)]进行了遗传演化分析及小鼠感染性实验。遗传演化分析结果显示,该株病毒的HA蛋白裂解位点处仅含一个碱性氨基酸,属于低致病性AIV。同时,该病毒的血凝素(HA)基因与H5N7亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;聚合酶碱性蛋白2(PB2)基因和核蛋白(NP)基因与H10N7亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;碱性聚合酶蛋白1(PB1)基因与H1N1亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;酸性聚合酶蛋白(PA)基因与H6N2亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;神经氨酸酶(NA)基因与H10N3亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;基质蛋白(M)基因与H3N8亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近;非结构蛋白(NS)基因与H1N1亚型流感病毒亲缘关系较近。表明其基因来源复杂。小鼠感染实验结果显示,该分离株无需提前适应即可以在小鼠肺脏和鼻甲中复制,小鼠感染病毒后无明显临床症状,与对照组相比其体质量变化不明显,表明该病毒对小鼠呈低致病性。本研究通过对该H5N3亚型AIV的生物学特性的分析,发现该病毒基因来源复杂,无需提前适应就可以在小鼠体内复制,具有感染哺乳动物的潜在威胁,提示应当持续加强对H5N3亚型AIV的监测和相关生物学特性的研究工作。     

H7N9亚型流感病毒感染与传播研究概况

鉴于H7N9亚型流感病毒易变异的特点以及人感染后的高死亡率,该病毒是否具备人际间传播的能力成为研究的热点。研究显示,H7N9亚型流感病毒的氨基酸突变不仅会影响病毒的毒力、耐药性,而且对病毒的跨种传播至关重要。为此,本文在参考国内外相关文献的基础上,从H7N9亚型流感病毒的溯源、感染宿主与传播媒介、传播与复制3个方面对病毒的最新研究进展进行整理,为更加全面了解该病毒的来源、传播与复制,科学理解该病毒对不同宿主的感染及防控提供参考。     

鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染鸡鸭和小鼠后对血液指标的影响

流感可以跨种属传播,通过了解地方性低致病禽流感H9N2亚型病毒感染不同种属动物后的血液变化情况,可为研究禽流感病毒的致病机制提供参考依据。选用52d黑羽乌骨鸡24只,52d樱桃谷鸭24只,6周龄～8周龄昆明系小鼠24只分成3组,攻毒前作为0d空白对照,鸡、鸭和小鼠采用静脉注射感染H9N2亚型流感病毒,分别在感染前(0d)、感染后3d、6d、9d采样,用PE-6800VET三分类动物血细胞分析仪测定血液常规指标。通过对不同种类白细胞和血小板数量变化的分析,结果表明,低致病性禽流感病毒H9N2可以跨种属感染,鸭炎性反应最小,小鼠炎性反应最严重。     

核酸免疫制备抗猪流感病毒HA单克隆抗体

为制备H1N1猪流感病毒HA蛋白单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,McAb),本试验利用表达猪流感病毒A/Swine/Guangdong/2004(H1N1)毒株HA蛋白的表达质粒pVAX1-HA肌注股内肌免疫BALB/c小鼠,将其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)进行融合;通过间接ELISA方法筛选和有限稀释法克隆,获得9株稳定分泌抗HA单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。中和试验结果显示,单克隆抗体4D5株对H1N1流感病毒起中和作用,该单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞培养上清的效价为1∶1024。这株单克隆抗体与哈尔滨兽医研究所国家重点实验室保存的H3N2流感病毒、H5N1流感病毒均不发生交叉反应,显示出了很好的H1特异性;间接免疫荧光试验结果显示,这株单克隆抗体能与H1N1流感病毒发生特异性反应。制备的特异性抗HA单克隆抗体为建立H1N1流感病毒免疫学检测方法和单链抗体抗病毒复制研究奠定了基础。     

Virological Surveillance and Preliminary Antigenic Characterization of Influenza Viruses in Pigs in Five European Countries from 2006 to 2008

This study presents the results of the virological surveillance for swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in Belgium, UK, Italy, France and Spain from 2006 to 2008. Our major aims were to clarify the occurrence of the three SIV subtypes – H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 – at regional levels, to identify novel reassortant viruses and to antigenically compare SIVs with human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Lung tissue and/or nasal swabs from outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in pigs were investigated by virus isolation. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were determined using standard methods. Of the total 169 viruses, 81 were classified as ‘avian‐like’ H1N1, 36 as human‐like H3N2 and 47 as human‐like H1N2. Only five novel reassortant viruses were identified: two H1N1 viruses had a human‐like HA and three H1N2 viruses an avian‐like HA. All three SIV subtypes were detected in Belgium, Italy and Spain, while only H1N1 and H1N2 viruses were found in UK and Northwestern France. Cross‐hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with hyperimmune sera against selected older and recent human influenza viruses showed a strong antigenic relationship between human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses from the 1980s and H1N2 and H3N2 human‐like SIVs, confirming their common origin. However, antisera against human viruses isolated during the last decade did not react with currently circulating H1 or H3 SIVs, suggesting that especially young people may be, to some degree, susceptible to SIV infections.     

连翘水提液体外对禽流感病毒增殖及炎症因子表达的抑制效应

旨在评估连翘体外抗H5N1和H9N2禽流感病毒（avian influenza viruses,AIVs）增殖及其介导炎症的效果,本试验制备了连翘水提液,首先采用CCK-8法测定了连翘水提液对DF-1细胞的安全浓度,并通过3种处理方法（药液预处理病毒后感染细胞、先感染病毒后给药、先给药后感染病毒）来筛选连翘水提液的最佳给药方式;在最佳给药方式下,使用TCID₅₀法检测禽流感病毒H5N1和H9N2的增殖情况,并采用qRT-PCR检测了炎症相关趋化因子和细胞因子的表达变化。结果显示,连翘水提液对DF-1细胞的最高安全浓度为4 mg·mL^-1;先感染病毒后给药是最佳的给药方式;在最佳给药方式下,连翘水提液能显著降低H5N1和H9N2 AIVs在各个时间点的病毒滴度,并呈剂量依赖性关系;与对照组相比,H5N1 AIV给药组中CX3CL1、IL8L1、CCL5、SCYA4、IL1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达显著降低,H9N2 AIV给药组中CX3CL1、IL8L1、CCL5、IFN-β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达也有类似的下降趋势。这表明连翘能够抑制H5N1和H9N2 AIVs在DF-1细胞中的增殖,降低炎症相关细胞因子的表达,有良好的抗炎和抗病毒活性。     

Serological Evidence of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Greek Swine

The introduction of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in pigs changed the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine in Europe and the rest of the world. Previously, three IAV subtypes were found in the European pig population: an avian‐like H1N1 and two reassortant H1N2 and H3N2 viruses with human‐origin haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins and internal genes of avian decent. These viruses pose antigenically distinct HAs, which allow the retrospective diagnosis of infection in serological investigations. However, cross‐reactions between the HA of pH1N1 and the HAs of the other circulating H1 IAVs complicate serological diagnosis. The prevalence of IAVs in Greek swine has been poorly investigated. In this study, we examined and compared haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against previously established IAVs and pH1N1 in 908 swine sera from 88 herds, collected before and after the 2009 pandemic. While we confirmed the historic presence of the three IAVs established in European swine, we also found that 4% of the pig sera examined after 2009 had HI antibodies only against the pH1N1 virus. Our results indicate that pH1N1 is circulating in Greek pigs and stress out the importance of a vigorous virological surveillance programme.     

PA-X基因的长度变化对H3N2犬流感病毒复制能力和致病性的影响

H3N2犬流感病毒(canine influenza virus, CIV)已在中国多地的犬群中流行,是禽流感跨宿主感染并形成新分支的近期案例。研究表明,PA-X基因与甲型流感病毒适应新宿主的能力相关,且其长度能够影响甲型流感病毒的复制及致病能力。为了解PA-X基因的长度变化对H3N2 CIV复制能力及致病力的影响,本研究利用H3N2 CIV的8质粒操作系统,拯救了三株重组H3N2 CIV毒株：PA-X基因表达大小为232个氨基酸多肽的亲本病毒CIV＿PA-X＿232;对PA编码区第191、192位氨基酸的密码子进行改造,PA-X基因不表达蛋白的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿Knock;对PA+1编码区第232位氨基酸进行突变,PA-X基因表达大小为252个氨基酸多肽的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿252。通过比较3株重组病毒的聚合酶活性,在MDCK细胞中的复制效率及对小鼠致病性的差异,来评价表达不同长度的PA-X基因对H3N2 CIV的影响。结果显示,CIV＿PA-X＿252和CIV＿PA-X＿Knock的聚合酶活性显著(P<0.05)高于CIV＿PA-X＿232,且CIV＿PA-X＿...     

禽流感病毒N4亚型神经氨酸酶基因的克隆和序列分析

应用无特定病原体 (SPF)鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒 A/ Turkey/ Ontario/ 6 118/ 6 8(H8N4 )毒株 ,Tri Zol L S Reagent提取病毒 RNA,RT- PCR扩增神经氨酸酶 (NA)基因全片段 ,克隆到 p MD18- T载体上 ,并进行了鉴定和序列测定。所获得的 NA基因片段长 14 4 1bp,编码 4 90个氨基酸残基。根据推导的氨基酸序列进行预测 ,有 9个潜在的糖基化位点和2 0个半胱氨酸残基     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒与其他病原混合感染的研究进展

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）属于低致病性AIV,但因其分布广泛、传播迅速,可引起感染家禽生产性能下降,给家禽业带来了极大的经济损失。H9N2亚型AIV在感染家禽过程中可引起严重的免疫抑制,使家禽极易继发上呼吸道细菌、消化道细菌等感染,从而导致H9N2亚型AIV致病力增强,细菌黏附定植能力增强,家禽死亡率显著升高。另外,H9N2亚型AIV还能与禽传染性支气管炎病毒、禽传染性法氏囊病病毒、新城疫病毒等发生混合感染,病毒入侵时有可能出现协同作用或颉颃作用,从而相互促进或抑制病毒的复制和排毒;H9N2亚型AIV还极易发生突变或与其他亚型流感病毒在混合感染时发生基因重组产生感染人的新亚型毒株,给人类健康和公共卫生安全带来重大威胁。作者综述了H9N2亚型AIV与其他病原混合感染的研究进展,通过阐述H9N2亚型AIV与细菌或病毒混合感染的协同或颉颃作用,以期为临床上H9N2亚型AIV混合感染的防治提供参考。     

Pathogenesis and Subsequent Cross‐Protection of Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Sustained by an H1N2 Strain

The H1N1, H3N2 and, more recently, H1N2 subtypes of influenza A virus are presently co‐circulating in swine herds in several countries. The objectives of this study were to investigate the pathogenesis of Sw/Italy/1521/98 (H1N2) influenza virus, isolated from respiratory tissues of pigs from herds in Northern Italy, and to evaluate its potential cross‐protection against the Sw/Fin/2899/82 (H1N1) strain. In the pathogenesis test, eight pigs were intranasally infected with H1N2 virus; at pre‐determined intervals, these animals were killed and necropsied, along with eight uninfected animals. In the cross‐protection test, sixteen pigs were infected by intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) routes with either H1N2 or H1N1 virus. Twenty days later, all pigs were challenged (by the same route), with either the homologous H1N2 or heterologous H1N1 virus strains. Control group was inoculated with culture medium alone. On post‐challenge days (PCD) 1 and 3, two pigs from each infected group, along with one control pig, were killed. Clinical, virological, serological and histopathological investigations were performed in both the pathogenicity and cross‐protection tests. In the pathogenicity test, mild clinical signs were observed in two pigs during 3 and 4 days, respectively. Virus was isolated from two pigs over 6 days and from lung samples of pigs killed on post‐infection days 2 and 4. Seroconversion was detected in the two infected animals killed 15 days after infection. In the cross‐protection study, mild clinical respiratory signs were detected in all pigs infected with either the H1N2 or H1N1 virus. The virus was isolated from nasal swabs of almost all pigs till 6 days. After the challenge infection, the pigs remained clinically healthy and virus isolation from the nasal secretions or lung samples was sporadic. Antibody titres in H1N1 or H1N2 infected groups were similar, whereas the H1N2 sub‐type induced less protection against re‐infection by homologous and heterologous virus than H1N1 sub‐type. The controls had no signs of the disease. In the H1N2 infected pigs, a reduced number of goblet cells in nasal and tracheal mucosa and small foci of lymphomononuclear cell infiltrates in the submucosa were detected. Furthermore, the goblet cell reduction was related to the time of infection. Diffuse mild interstitial pneumonia was also recorded in pigs infected with the H1N2 virus and challenged with either H1N1or H1N2 pigs. These studies showed the moderate virulence of the H1N2 virus and a partial cross‐protection against heterologous infection.     

规模化驴场中马流感病毒H3N8亚型感染情况调查

[目的]调查山东省聊城市规模化驴场中马流感病毒的感染情况,并分析其可能的来源。[方法]从聊城的规模化驴场采集病料和血清,通过HI试验检测驴血清中的马流感病毒H3N8亚型抗体的阳性率。使用RT-PCR技术扩增肺脏和鼻腔棉拭子样品中的马流感病毒M基因,对获得的马流感病毒M基因与不同流感病毒的M基因进行序列比对,推测其来源。[结果]HI试验表明,120个血清样品中马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为33.3%(40/120);其中,母驴的马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为42.5%(17/40)、公驴为32.5%(13/40)、驴驹为25.0%(10/40)。通过RT-PCR检测发现,32.3%(21/65)的样品可测出目的条带。通过序列比对得出,该试验获得的流感病毒M基因与马属动物的H3N8亚型流感病毒高度同源(CY032222、CY032318、CY028821等),同源性最高可达99.8%。[结论]马流感病毒在聊城周边的数个规模化养驴场发生流行。该研究从驴体内分离的流感病毒M基因属于马流感病毒H3N8亚型M基因。     

Serological Surveillance of Influenza A Virus Infection in Swine Populations in Fujian Province,China: No Evidence of Naturally Occurring H5N1 Infection in Pigs

Several highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from swine populations in Fujian Province, China, since 2001. Because it is thought that H5N1 infection in pigs might result in virus adaptation to humans, we surveyed swine populations in Fujian Province in 2004 and 2007 for serological evidence of the infection. Twenty‐five pig farms covering all nine administrative districts of Fujian Province were sampled and a total of 1407 serum specimens were collected. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests revealed no evidence of H5 infection and only a few cases of H9 infection. The negative results for H5 infection were further verified by micro‐neutralization tests. By contrast, H1 influenza virus infections were prevalent in swine in both surveys according to the results of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The H3 infection rate was reduced dramatically in 2007 compared with 2004, when examined by HI and ELISA. In summary, the results imply that the swine populations in Fujian Province had not been affected greatly by the H5N1 avian influenza virus, given that there is no serological evidence that H5N1 influenza virus has infected the pig populations. The reported isolates represent only sporadic cases.