甘肃省玛曲牦牛弓形虫血清流行病学调查及风险因素分析

为查明甘肃省玛曲县牦牛弓形虫感染情况并分析影响其感染的风险因素,采用改良凝集试验(MAT)法检测了该地区的610份牦牛血清,并应用流行病学、统计学方法对影响牦牛弓形虫感染的因素进行了分析。结果:牦牛弓形虫抗体阳性率为20.00%,年龄和季节是影响牦牛感染弓形虫的风险因素,胎次因素对母牦牛弓形虫感染的影响不明显(P0.05)。此次调查显示牦牛弓形虫抗体滴度最高可达1∶3 200,由此可知,甘肃省玛曲地区牦牛弓形虫感染率较高且感染强度较大。因此应对本地区的牦牛弓形虫病采取适当的控制措施,以确保当地牦牛养殖业的健康发展。     

内蒙古部分地区放牧牛羊弓形虫血清学调查

[目的]了解内蒙古部分地区放牧牛羊弓形虫病感染情况。[方法]采用间接血凝试验(IHA)对阿拉善盟及呼伦贝尔市随机采集的286份放牧牛羊血清样本进行弓形虫抗体检测。[结果]绵羊血清弓形虫抗体总阳性率为1.68%,其中,阿拉善盟阳性率为4.84%,呼伦贝尔市阳性率为0.56%;经统计学分析,两个地区的绵羊血清弓形虫抗体阳性率差异不显著(P>0.05);牛血清弓形虫抗体总阳性率为0。[结论]内蒙古主要牧区放牧绵羊存在弓形虫感染,应引起足够的重视,并制定相应的弓形虫病防治措施。     

河北省承德市接坝地区畜间包虫病感染风险因素研究

为寻找河北省承德市接坝地区牛羊群包虫病潜在风险因素,对承德市接坝地区23个乡镇的184个养殖户进行风险因素问卷调查,并分析调查结果。结果显示,牛羊养殖方式粗放、犬粪不进行无害化处理、犬密切接触羊牛群、驱虫后没有对犬进行拴养是包虫病感染的重要风险因素。通过Hosmer-Lemeshow检验,证明建立的Logistic回归模型拟合较好。结果表明,养殖户加强牛羊管理,对犬合理驱虫,限制散养犬接触牛羊群对于降低包虫病感染风险具有重要意义。     

河南新乡地区猪弓形虫感染与风险因素分析

为了解河南新乡地区猪弓形虫感染的情况及风险因素,用间接血凝法对2011年-2013年采集的猪血样进行检测。采用SPSS13.0统计分析资料,χ~2检验比较年度间及各风险因素的差异。结果显示,新乡地区2011年-2013年猪弓形虫血清阳性率分别为20.9%、34.4%和23.9%,年度间弓形虫血清阳性率差异不显著(P0.05);弓形虫感染的风险因素中,猫出现次数的高低之间、是否接触啮齿类(鼠类)之间、有否与狗接触之间和有无流产史之间差异显著(P0.05)。调查结果表明,河南新乡地区的猪弓形虫感染普遍存在,猫出现的次数、接触啮齿类(鼠类)、接触狗和有流产史等因素对猪感染弓形虫有影响。     

欧美散养鸡感染的弓形虫基因型研究进展

鸡在弓形虫病的传播中起重要作用,食入感染了弓形虫的鸡肉可以影响到人类和其他动物的健康。弓形虫在遗传上有多样性,弓形虫的毒力和致病力与基因型相关,不同地区的鸡感染弓形虫的基因型不同。对欧美散养鸡感染的弓形虫基因型进行了综述,以期对鸡肉制品的安全供给和弓形虫病的防治提供帮助。     

青海省泽库县牛羊弓形虫病血清学调查

<正>为了解青海省部分地区牛羊弓形虫病的感染情况,并为该地区预防和治疗弓形虫病提供科学依据,笔者于2010年3至5月应用间接血凝试验(IHA)对青海省泽库县的牛羊进行弓形虫病的血清学调查,现报告如下。1材料与方法1.1被检血清牛105份、羊97份被检血清均采集青海省泽库县,血样采自牛羊的颈静脉,摆成斜面,置4℃冰箱5 h后,放在室温下待血清析出后收集血清,冷冻保存待检。1.2诊断液弓形虫IHA抗原、阴性标准血清、阳性标准血清、稀释液,均购自中国农科院兰州兽医研究所。     

呼伦贝尔市放牧绵羊弓形虫病血清学调查

弓形虫是一种重要的人兽共患寄生虫,可以感染包括人在内的所有温血动物的有核细胞,其感染对畜牧业生产构成严重威胁。内蒙古自治区是一个畜牧业大省,但各地区均缺乏绵羊弓形虫感染的相关报道。本试验利用间接ELISA法对采集自呼伦贝尔市所属6个地区的588份放牧绵羊血清进行检测。结果显示,弓形虫感染总阳性率为12.07%,其中年龄为该地区绵羊感染弓形虫的风险因素(P<0.01)。建议相关部门加强对当地牧民的宣传教育和对该病的防控力度,减少其流行对畜牧业造成的损失。     

提高牛羊繁殖力的技术

<正>牛羊作为畜牧业的主要品种,在畜牧业中占有重要的地位。随着人们生活水平的提高,对肉、奶等优质畜产品的需求不断增加,从而对牛羊品质提出了更高要求。在牛羊繁殖力方面,大部分地区处于低水平状态。为了提高牛羊繁殖力,促进畜牧业发展,本文将分析影响牛羊繁殖的主要因素,并为如何提高牛羊繁殖力提出几项实践措施。     

国内猪、牛和鸡弓形虫感染情况及危险因素研究进展

通过对国内猪、牛和鸡弓形虫感染情况及危险因素的综述分析发现,各地的猪弓形虫血清阳性率差异较大,其中重庆市猪弓形虫感染阳性率有的高达71.9%;分析认为猪弓形虫感染的危险因素主要是性别、品种、饲养方式和养殖环境等。甘肃省、河南省的牛弓形虫感染率分别为4.8%和5.4%,新疆牛弓形虫血清阳性率最高的达到46.4%;与犬猫接触、年龄及饲养方式等是影响牛弓形虫感染的风险因素。甘肃省、辽宁省的鸡弓形虫感染率分别为7.3%和9.0%,广东的鸡弓形虫感染率最高的达20.3%;鸡弓形虫感染与饲养方式密切相关。     

湖南省郴州市黄牛弓形虫病血清流行病学调查及风险因素分析

为查明湖南省郴州市黄牛弓形虫感染情况并探讨其可能的风险因素,应用间接血凝试验(IHA)检测该地区9个牛场710份黄牛血清样品中的弓形虫抗体,使用统计学方法计算黄牛弓形虫血清阳性率,使用SPSS V23.0软件,对不同风险因素的弓形虫感染情况进行卡方检验.结果显示:受检黄牛血清样本中检出弓形虫抗体阳性共64份,抗体阳性率...     

我国部分地区牛羊弓形虫血清流行病学调查

为了解我国牛羊弓形虫病流行情况,应用间接血凝试验（IHA）对河南、山东、山西、内蒙古、云南、贵州6省区151份牛血清、50份奶样、490份羊血清进行了弓形虫病血清流行病学调查。结果显示：151份被检牛血清和50份牛奶样品,弓形虫抗体均为阴性。490份羊血清弓形虫抗体总阳性率5.71％,其中母羊、公羊血清阳性率分别为4.03％和9.79％;山羊、绵羊、杂交羊血清阳性率分别为6.58％、4.81％和5.13％;阳性率最高的为公山羊（13.2％）,最低的为母绵羊（2.96％）。28份阳性羊血清中,75％的抗体滴度为1：64,25％的抗体滴度为1：256。1岁后的羊,随年龄增长,血清阳性率升高。     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered for food in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 2005

Serum samples from 290 cattle, 400 goats and 588 sheep slaughtered for food in various areas of the Mazandaran province, Iran were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), from December 2004 to April 2005. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 30% (120/400) goats and 35% (206/588) sheep and 0% (0/290) cattle, at a dilution of 1:16 or more for goats and sheep and 1:128 or more for cattle. The highest titres observed in cattle, goats and sheep were 1:64 (0.7%), 1:128 (1%), 1:64 (2%), respectively. These results indicate that T. gondii antibodies are widespread in the animal populations and suggest that toxoplasmosis is a widely spread zoonotic infection in northern Iran.     

Serological survey of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes in Bahia State, Brazil.

Serum samples from 439 goats, 240 sheep, 194 cattle and 104 water buffaloes were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by a latex agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 28.93% of goats, 18.75% of sheep, 1.03% of cattle and 3.85% of water buffaloes, at a dilution of 1:64. The highest titres observed in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes were 1:2048, 1:2048, 1:64 and 1:512, respectively.     

Detection of T. gondii in tissues of sheep and cattle following oral infection.

It has been reported in the literature that cattle are more resistant to toxoplasmosis than sheep. Congenital disease due to T. gondii infection is rarely reported in cattle whereas the parasite is a major cause of abortion and neonatal mortality in sheep. It is believed that sheep remain chronically infected for life. Undercooked meat from infected sheep is an important source of infection for man. In contrast cattle are thought to harbour fewer parasite tissue cysts which may not persist for the lifetime of the host. Therefore, cattle are believed to pose less of a risk for human infection. In this study we examined the presence of T. gondii within a range of tissues in sheep and cattle at 6 weeks and 6 months following oral infection with 10(3) or 10(5) sporulated oocysts of T. gondii. The presence of parasite was determined by bioassay in mice and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results from this study show that T. gondii was more frequently and consistently detected in sheep, in particular within brain and heart tissues, whereas parasites were not detected in the samples of tissues taken from cattle. T. gondii was more frequently detected in sheep given the higher dose of T. gondii. Examination of tissues at either 6 weeks or 6 months after infection did not appear to affect the distribution of T. gondii. The polymerase chain reaction has more specificity and sensitivity when detecting the presence of T. gondii in large animals than histological detection.     

Cross-sectional survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep and pigs in Serbia: seroprevalence and risk factors

Toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed zoonosis with a clinical impact in the unborn fetus and in the immunosuppressed individual. In Serbia, studies of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans have shown that the relatively high prevalence is associated mainly with consumption of undercooked meat and/or meat products. However, data on T. gondii infection in domestic animals mostly used for human consumption are scarce. We thus conducted a cross-sectional survey on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in a representative sample of cattle, sheep and pigs from different regions of Serbia between June 2002 and June 2003, and analyzed the main risk factors associated with the infection. Sera from 611 cattle (yearlings and adults of both sexes), 511 ewes, and 605 pigs (market-weight and sows), were examined for T. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test. The seroprevalences determined were 76.3% in cattle, 84.5% in sheep and 28.9% in pigs. The antibody levels ranged from 1:25 to 1:400 in cattle, and up to 1:25,600 in sheep and to 1:12,800 in pigs. Among the seropositive, the proportion of high antibody levels (> or =1:1600), suggestive of acute infection, was 10% in sheep, and 4% in pigs. Possible association of the infection with biologically plausible risk factors including gender, age, herd size/farm type, type of housing, feeding practices and region, was analyzed by univariate analysis, and variables significant at P< or =0.1 were included in multivariate logistic regression models. The results showed that risk factors for cattle were small herd size (odds ratio, OR=2.19, 95% confidence interval, CI=1.28-3.75, P=0.004) and farm location in Western Serbia (OR=2.04, 95% CI=1.10-3.79, P=0.024), while housing in stables with access to outside pens was protective (OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.21-0.67, P=0.001). In sheep, an increased risk of infection was found in ewes from state-owned flocks (OR=4.18, 95% CI=2.18-8.00, P<0.001) vs. private flocks, and, interestingly, also in those from Western Serbia (OR=4.66, 95% CI=1.18-18.32, P=0.028). In pigs, the risk of infection was highly increased in adult animals (OR=3.87, 95% CI=2.6-5.76, P<0.001), as well as in those from finishing type farms (OR=3.96, 95% CI=1.97-7.94, P<0.001). In addition to providing data on the current T. gondii seroprevalence in meat animals in Serbia, the results of this study show the main risk factors associated with infection, thereby pointing to the type of preventive measures to reduce T. gondii infection.     

Survey of ovine and caprine toxoplasmosis by IFAT and PCR assays in Sardinia, Italy

During the period 1999-2002, we have analyzed 9639 serum samples and 815 aborted samples (670 fetuses and 145 placenta) from 964 ovine and caprine farms distributed over all Sardinia island. After abortion notification, sera collected at random from adult animals were examined to detect simultaneously IgG and IgM antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii by indirect immunofluorescence assay, whereas fetuses and placenta were analyzed by a single tube nested PCR assay. Specific IgG antibodies were detected in 2048 (28.4%) sheep and 302 (12.3%) goats, specific IgM antibodies were found in 652 (9%) sheep and 139 (5.6%) goats. From a total of 2471 ovine and 362 caprine fetal samples including muscle, liver, abomasum, spleen, brain and placenta, 271 (11.1%) ovine and 23 (6.4%) caprine samples were T. gondii PCR-positive. Although T. gondii DNA was amplified from different types of tissues, placenta was the tissue with the highest detection rate. On the one hand, these results indicate that the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats is relatively high, on the other PCR results demonstrate that T. gondii has a significant role in ovine and caprine abortion. Adequate management might be useful and essential to control the toxoplasmosis in the sheep and goats herds of Sardinia.     

龙岩市部分地区牛、羊弓形虫病的血清学调查

目的：采集龙岩市部分地区牛、羊血清,检测福建省牛和羊弓形虫病的感染情况。方法：应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测牛和羊血清弓形虫IgG抗体。结果：49份牛血清弓形虫IgG抗体均呈阴性;35份羊血清中,8份弓形虫IgG抗体呈阳性,阳性率为22．86％（8／35）。结论：龙岩市部分地区羊弓形虫的感染率较高,应引起人们重视。     

Abortions caused by protozoa in agricultural animals]

A review is given on abortions in livestock caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp. Special emphasis is put on diagnostic procedures. T. gondii is considered to be a major cause of abortions in sheep and goats. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic lesions in the cotyledons, histologic and immunohistochemical examination, and on the detection of specific antibodies in body fluids or serum of aborted fetuses. Whether abortions in swine due to T. gondii are of practical importance is still unclear. The most important causative protozoal agent of abortions in cattle is Neospora caninum. This protozoon was found in 19 per cent of cattle fetuses submitted for examination in USA. Occasionally it was found also in aborted lambs, kids and foals. Diagnosis is based on the histologic or immunohistochemical detection of the parasite. Abortions can be regularly induced experimentally in large and small ruminants and in pigs by the oral inoculation of sporocysts of certain Sarcocystis species. However, under natural conditions abortion due to Sarcocystis was diagnosed only occasionally and only in cattle and sheep. The histologic examination of the fetus and fetal membranes is the only way to diagnose Sarcocystis abortion or neonatal infection at present.     

Seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle,sheep, and goats at consorted rearing from the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil

Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Latin America, caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is considered one of the main causes responsible for the negative economic impact on global livestock by causing reproductive problems. The research aimed to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing in the micro-region of Teresina, Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify prevalent serovars and risk factors associated with seroprevalence. Serum samples were analyzed in 336 sheep, 292 goats, and 253 cattle using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Overall, 378 samples were positive to MAT, with seroprevalence of 42.9%. The prevalences in cattle, sheep, and goats were 50.5, 40.5, and 34.6%, respectively. All herds presented at least one seropositive animal; the Hardjo/Wolffi serovar association was the most common in cattle and Icterohaemorrhagiae in goats and sheep. Beef production (OR?=?4.9), cattle herd over 35 animals (OR?=?4.0), feeding on pasture (OR?=?6.4), weir and/or stream as water source (OR?=?2.1), and no veterinary services (OR?=?2.9) were risk factors for cattle infection. For sheep, intensive management system (OR?=?5.3), suspended slatted facilities (OR?=?2.2), more than 20 sheep in reproductive age (OR?=?1.9), and absence of deworming (OR?=?3.5) were the risk factors, while for goats, the identified risk factors were sheep herd over 52 animals (OR?=?1.9) and no veterinary services (OR?=?1.8). We conclude that the infection was spreading in consorted herds in this region. Thus, it would be interesting and important to conduct educative activities to farmers on the economic impacts of this disease and the need of preventive and control strategies mainly focused on sanitary measures and animal handling.     

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in domestic animals and humans in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii was examined in adult women and domestic animals used for meat products from the Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. Cattle, goats and sheep showed a high seroprevalence (12, 32 and 40%, respectively), while the sera from all fifteen women examined in the same area were seronegative. Considering that primary infection in women during pregnancy can cause abortion and congenital defects, accidental ingestion of T. gondii infected meat products from domestic animals represents a risk factor for adult women living in the same area.