宁夏吴忠地区规模化奶牛场流产牛病原血清学调查

为了调查宁夏吴忠地区奶牛场因传染性因素造成流产的基本情况,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对可能造成感染流产的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、新孢子虫、牛病毒性腹泻病毒的抗体及布鲁菌的抗原进行了血清学检测。结果显示,牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒抗体阳性率为48.84%,新孢子虫抗体阳性率为30.23%,牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗体阳性率为19.77%,布鲁菌抗原阳性率为24.42%。牛场阳性率高达100%。根据统计显示,不同妊娠胎次的奶牛流产率差异显著(P0.05),其中第1胎流产率与其他胎次间差异极显著(P0.01)。不同妊娠时间的奶牛流产率差异不显著(P0.05)。调查表明,宁夏部分奶牛场存在不同程度的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、新孢子虫、牛病毒性腹泻病毒和布鲁菌感染。     

新疆2家牛场引进安格斯牛的牛病毒性腹泻、牛传染性鼻气管炎和布鲁氏菌病检测

为了解新疆当地牛病毒性腹泻(BVD)、牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)和布鲁氏菌病对引进安格斯牛的影响,对2家牛场新引进的和引进2年以上的安格斯牛进行BVD、IBR和布鲁氏菌病病原学和血清学检测。结果显示,新引进的安格斯牛未检测出BVD抗原、IBR病原核酸、布鲁氏菌感染抗体,而引进2年以上的安格斯牛虽未检出BVD抗原,但IBR病原感染抗体阳性率为100%,且PCR核酸阳性率为20%,布鲁氏菌感染抗体阳性率为5%。结果表明,新引进的安格斯牛虽未感染这3种疫病病原,但引进后有较大的感染风险。结果提示,牛场需加强BVD、IBR和布鲁氏菌病防控,实施全群免疫,筛选并淘汰感染牛,坚持自繁自养,慎重从场外引进牛只。     

北京地区奶牛场牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛病毒性腹泻病风险评估及流行情况分析

本研究对北京地区中小奶牛场及养殖小区进行了牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)、牛病毒性腹泻病(BVD)的风险评估.结果表明,参试牛场及小区的后备牛IBR血清阳性率达50.52％,BVD血清抗体阳性率达70.98％;从牛场水平看,24个牛场中IBR抗体场间阳性率达到50％ (12/24),BVD抗体场间阳性率达到87.50％(21/24),IBR高风险牛场9个,BVD高风险牛场12个,双高风险牛场7个.此次评估结果表明,北京地区IBR流行情况较为严重,应考虑疫苗免疫;参试的大部分牛场有BVDV的急性感染史或接触史,高风险牛场应启动BVDV清除计划.     

规模化牛场奶牛衣原体和布鲁菌病相关抗体的检测分析

为检测并分析银川地区规模化牛场牛衣原体和布鲁菌病的相关抗体,采用鹦鹉热衣原体McAb-ELISA方法和布鲁菌虎红平板凝集试验(RBPT)方法进行特异性检测,应用McAb-ELISA方法与传统的IHA试验方法分别对同样50份待检牛血清进行衣原体抗体的比较检测。结果表明,银川地区的16个牛场1 161份牛血清衣原体总的阳性率为9.22%。布鲁菌的血清阳性率为13.26%。对50份牛血清采用2种试验方法同时进行衣原体抗体检测,ELISA阳性检出率为32%,IHA为24%。McAb-ELISA比IHA的特异性强。     

河南洛阳地区流产奶牛感染性病原的分子检测

为调查洛阳地区引起奶牛流产的主要病原,于2013年7月至2014年3月,收集该地区6个奶牛场(或小区)共42头新鲜流产胎牛,及其母体的血液、阴道分泌物和鼻腔分泌物,计为42例样本,采用PCR或RT-PCR方法对所采集样本进行新孢子虫、弓形虫、胎儿三毛滴虫、布鲁菌、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)和牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)6种常见流产病原的核酸检测。结果显示,被检样本总感染率为42.9%(18/42),其中新孢子虫感染率最高,为40.5%(17/42);:IBRV次之,为11.9%(5/42);胎儿三毛滴虫、布鲁菌、弓形虫和BVDV感染率分别为2.4%、2.4%、2.4%和0。14.3%(6/42)的被检样本存在混合感染,其中以新孢子虫十IBRV混合感染为主(50%,3/6)。结合被检流产奶牛的临床特征及饲养管理等因素,推断新孢子虫是导致该地区奶牛流产的最主要病原,本研究结果将为该地区有效防控奶牛流产提供科学依据。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒合并犬新孢子虫感染引起奶牛流产的诊断

针对某牛场奶牛流产率过高的状况,对该牛场流产情况及相关疾病进行诊断调查。该场2007—2009年奶牛年流产率分别为13.89%,16.52%和19.24%,流产率逐年上升。2009年1月至2010年4月的流产病例多发生于头胎牛,流产时妊娠时间以4～6月龄为主。收集流产奶牛病料24份。牛病毒性腹泻病毒血清抗体阳性率75%,犬新孢子虫血清抗体阳性率83.33%,其中9个病例为牛病毒性腹泻病毒与犬新孢子虫混合感染。布氏杆菌、李氏杆菌与牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒检测均为阴性。场内对照牛20头,牛病毒性腹泻血清抗体阳性率5.00%,犬新孢子虫抗体阳性率15.00%,与流产病例检测结果存在显著性差异。由此,可初步确定牛病毒性腹泻病毒合并犬新孢子虫感染是导致该牛场流产的主要原因。     

四川部分地区4种致奶牛流产病原的血清学调查与分析

为了解四川地区奶牛流产病原的感染情况,试验应用血清学方法对8个养殖场中可能造成奶牛流产的布鲁氏杆菌(Brucella)、弓形虫(Toxoplasmagondii)、犬新孢子虫(Neospora caninum)、衣原体(Chlamydia)4种病原进行了调查。结果表明:1 002份奶牛血清样品中布鲁氏杆菌、弓形虫、犬新孢子虫、衣原体的阳性率依次为15.37%(154/1 002)、4.59%(46/1 002)、7.78%(78/1 002)和1.10%(11/1 002),4种病原的总阳性率为28.84%(289/1 002);8个养殖场中,4,8号养殖场的4种致奶牛流产病原的总阳性率最高,分别达到55.00%(33/60)和58.57%(41/70),3,7号养殖场中4种病原的总阳性率相对较低,分别为3.57%(3/84)和2.00%(4/200)。说明四川部分地区奶牛场普遍存在布鲁氏杆菌、弓形虫、犬新孢子虫和衣原体的感染,其中布鲁氏杆菌的感染情况尤其不容乐观,需要进一步加强布鲁氏杆菌病的防控与净化。     

宁夏部分地区肉用母牛流产的病原血清学调查分析

为了调查宁夏地区流产肉用母牛5种流产相关病原的流行情况,通过采集不同地区92份有流产史的基础母牛血清样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对5种流产相关病原抗体/抗原进行检测和分析。ELISA检测结果表明,92份样品中,5种病原抗体阳性率为98.91%(91/92),抗体阳性率由高到低分别为牛犬新孢子虫(82.61%)、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(69.57%)、衣原体(44.57%)、布鲁氏菌(30.43%);未检出牛病毒性腹泻病毒。混合抗体阳性率中主要以2种病原混合抗体阳性率最高(50.00%),其中牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒和牛犬新孢子虫混合抗体阳性率最高。研究结果表明,宁夏主要肉牛养殖地区均出现不同流产相关病原感染的情况,主要以混合感染为主。在肉用母牛养殖过程中,应加强对以上病原的检疫并采取相应的防控措施。     

江苏规模化奶牛场BVD与IBR流行病学调查

为了解江苏地区规模化奶牛场牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)及牛病毒性腹泻病(BVD)流行与分布情况,采用商品化酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒对来自江苏省7个市和不同地区的13个大型规模化奶牛养殖场共540份血清中IBRV抗体进行检测,采用商品化ELISA试剂盒对来自江苏省5个市和不同地区的11个大型规模化奶牛养殖场共460份血清中BVDV抗体进行检测,同时从中随机采集100份血清样本,采用巢式逆转录聚合酶链式反应(nRTPCR)进行BVDV抗原检测与基因分型。结果表明:不同牛场的BHV-Ⅰ抗体阳性率为0%~82.1%%,平均阳性率为21.1%(114/540);不同牛场的BVDV抗体阳性率为0%~98%,平均阳性率为51.5%(237/460);不同牛场的BVDV抗原阳性率为0%~100%,平均阳性率为55%(55/100);对相应样本的BVDV抗原与抗体检测结果进行比较表明,抗原~+/抗体~+牛占40%(40/100),抗原~+/抗体~-牛占15%(15/100),抗原~-/抗体~-牛占35%(35/100),抗原~-/抗体~+牛占10%(10/100);基因分型结果显示,BVDV-Ⅰ型占11%(6/55),BVDV-Ⅱ型为78%(43/55),Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型混合感染占11%(6/55),未发现BVDV-Ⅲ型。研究表明,BVDV和BHV-Ⅰ在江苏省主要规模奶牛场普遍流行,但不同地区、不同牛场的阳性率存在明显差异,大部分牛场均能检测出抗原~+/抗体~-的持续感染牛,BVDV含基因Ⅰ、Ⅱ型,但主要以Ⅱ型感染为主。     

2013年-2015年宁夏地区牛支原体感染的血清学调查分析

为了摸清宁夏地区肉牛和奶牛牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)感染情况及流行趋势,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对2013年-2015年采集自宁夏地区肉牛主要养殖区的57个肉牛场886份血清和奶牛主要养殖区的39个奶牛场1 088份血清进行检测.结果发现,2013年抽检的16个奶牛场阳性率为32.17％(148/460),场群阳性率100％(16/16);2014年抽检的银川地区12个奶牛场,阳性率为26.52％(61/230),场群阳性率100％(12/12);2015年抽检的11个奶牛场,阳性率为44.97％(179/398),场群阳性率100％(11/11);2014年阳性率较2013年和2015年低,2015年最高,2013年与2014年阳性率差异不显著(P>0.05),2015年与2013年和2014年的阳性率差异极显著(P<0.01).2013年抽检的19个肉牛场,阳性率为7.26％(18/248),场群阳性率为26.32％(5/19);2014年抽检的38个肉牛场,阳性率为5.02％(32/638),场群阳性率为50％(19/38);2014年较2013年的阳性率低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而且部分地区和肉牛场未检测到牛支原体阳性血清.上述结果表明,宁夏地区奶牛养殖场牛支原体感染状况较为严重,应引起养殖场的高度重视.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.