湖北省小麦种质资源的分布及农艺性状和抗病性评价

为了解湖北省小麦种质资源特性并发掘可供育种利用的优良基因资源,对保存的874份湖北省小麦种质资源从地理分布、农艺性状、品质及抗病性方面进行了统计分析和综合评价。结果表明：（1）湖北省小麦种质主要分布在平原和丘陵地区,江汉平原麦区分布数量最多,而鄂西北山地麦区小麦资源最为富集,除东经112°74′至114°15′之间、北纬31°18′至32°09′之间和北纬29°37′以南地区分布较少外,其他地区分布较为均匀;（2）供试小麦种质以具有长芒、白壳、红粒、弱冬性和中熟等性状为主,4个产量性状（株高、穗长、千粒重和穗粒数）和4个品质性状（硬度、沉淀值、粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量）的变异幅度大,多样性指数高;（3）抗病性以对根腐病、黄矮病和条锈病抗性最强,而对赤霉、叶锈、秆锈及白粉病的抗性较差;（4）各性状多样性指数从大到小依次为：千粒重＞粗蛋白含量＝赖氨酸含量＞株高＞穗粒数＞沉淀值＞穗长＞硬度＞条锈病抗性＝黄矮病抗性＞根腐叶病抗性＞成熟期＞赤霉病抗性＞根腐穗病抗性＞冬春性＞芒＞壳色＞白粉病抗性＞粒色＞叶锈病抗性＞秆锈病抗性。     

Nematodes and fungal diseases in barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island

A total of 31 genera and 28 species of plant and soil nematodes were identified from 30 commercial fields each of barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island. Root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans, were the dominant plant parasites, and the only endoparasitic nematodes recovered from roots. Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant genus in soil, but stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) were also recovered frequently. Common root rot, barley net blotch, and wheat leaf blotch, incited by Cochliobolus sativus, Pyrenophora teres, and Leptosphaeria nodorum, respectively, were prevalent in barley and wheat. The nematicide aldicarb reduced the numbers of root-lesion nematodes in roots and soil in experimental plots during 1984–1987, except from soil in wheat and barley in 1984 and in barley in 1986. Aldicarb treatments also increased grain yields significantly by 10% and 19% in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Aldicarb treatments did not affect the incidence of common root rot, barley net blotch, or wheat leaf blotch disease. Correlation and regression analyses of data from experimental plots did not indicate any significant relationships between population levels of root-lesion nematodes in roots or soil and severity of root or foliar diseases in barley or wheat.     

油梨根腐病发病规律及防治技术

油梨根腐病是油梨根部重要病害，近年来逐渐增多，严重时可造成油梨整株死亡，已成为油梨产业发展的重要病害。目前广西已发现有4种油梨根腐病，是较难防治的土传病害。重点介绍4种油梨根腐病的特点、发生、病因、症状等，从农业、物理、生物、化学防治方面介绍油梨根腐病的防治技术。     

青稞全蚀病和根腐病生防毛壳菌的筛选及鉴定

青稞根腐病与青稞全蚀病是西藏青稞的常见根部病害,为筛选适合于防治青稞全蚀病与根腐病的毛壳菌,通过皿内拮抗试验、发酵粗提物抑菌试验和温室盆栽防效试验对4株毛壳菌的抑菌活性进行了鉴定,通过形态学和分子生物学方法对高活性菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,在皿内拮抗试验中,毛壳菌41-4在培养第7天至第9天时,对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的抑制率分别达到60.00%和44.44%,抑菌带宽度均达到1.4cm。培养7d时毛壳菌41-4发酵粗提物对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的抑制率分别达到64.44%和60.00%,抑菌带宽度均达到1.5cm。在温室盆栽防效试验中,毛壳菌41-4对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的发病严重度和病情指数均有降低作用,防效分别达到62.67%和39.45%。结合形态学特征和核糖体基因内转录间隔区(rDNAITS)序列构建系统发育树,将菌株41-4鉴定为球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum。该生防菌株可用于开发微生物菌肥,对西藏的无公害农业生产和保护西藏的原生态具有重要意义。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%~20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F. equiseti、三线镰孢F. tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F. flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F. acuminatum及F. langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

玉米病害的病菌变异与抗病品种选育

我国玉米上发生的病害约30余种,引起病害的病原有真菌、细菌病毒和线虫等50余种.发生普遍危害严重的病害有大斑病、小斑病、丝黑穗病、青枯病、穗粒腐病、纹枯病、全蚀病、矮花叶病等.每年因各种病害造成玉米产量损失达10%.本文简要的论述了国内外对玉米品种的抗病性与病菌致病性的相互作用的最新研究概况.为掌握病菌的变异规律与今后应采取的选育抗病品种的策略和方法,提供了科学的信息及理论依据.     

2016年黄淮海地区主栽品种抗病监测与现状分析

为明确黄淮海地区玉米主栽品种对病害的抗性,对河北、河南、山东三省的主栽品种进行病害监测,并结合品种审定抗病鉴定结果对主栽品种主要病害综合分析。结果表明,2016年3个试验站未发现主栽品种发生严重病害。同一病害在黄淮海不同地区表现不同,不同省份主栽品种主要病害发生种类以及严重程度亦存在差异,其中,穗腐病山东省发生最重,河北省次之,河南省发生较轻;鞘腐病河南省发生较其他两省重;南方锈病山东省发生较其他两省重。同一主栽品种在不同地区病害表现也不同。     

大麦根腐病研究进展

大麦根腐病是严重危害大麦产量和品质的世界性病害之一,在我国的大兴安岭西麓和长江流域分布广泛。大麦根腐病是由根腐离蠕孢菌(Biplaris sorokiniana)引起的真菌性病害,其致病菌可寄生也可腐生,适应性极强。本文主要从大麦根腐病的病原及其生物学特性、寄主范围、病害症状、病害鉴定、抗性遗传和防治方法等方面进行了综述,并展望了大麦根腐病的研究前景。     

甘蔗黑穗病的防治药剂筛选及产量评价

由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌引起的甘蔗黑穗病是我国甘蔗生产中危害最大的病害,给甘蔗产业造成严重的产量和经济损失。化学防治是作物病害综合防治的重要措施之一,开展甘蔗黑穗病高效、低毒、低残留防治药剂的筛选,进行田间防治试验,对甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治和提高甘蔗产量具有重要意义。为筛选适合大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐化学药剂,通过测定11种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的抑菌试验,采用扫描电镜解析有效杀菌剂的抑菌机理,通过新植蔗和宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病大田防治试验,评价杀菌剂的防治效果和对产量、株高、茎径、公顷有效茎数、锤度、单茎重等甘蔗主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,经室内生物活性测定,获得4种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌单倍体生长、有性配合、冬孢子萌发有抑制作用,分别是42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂。扫描电镜显示,这4种杀菌剂均对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌冬孢子和单倍体孢子细胞组织造成不同程度的破坏,使甘蔗鞭黑粉菌失活。在大田新植蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的防治效果分别为91.81%、82.84%、81.76%、70.92%,各药剂防治区产量分别比对照增产20.84%、17.13%、15.92%、13.35%。在宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,以上杀菌剂防治效果分别为89.35%、82.21%、81.51%、70.18%,其产量分别比对照增产30.15%、24.05%、20.33%、16.58%。新植蔗和宿根蔗药剂防治区的甘蔗其他农艺性状均优于对照区。这4种杀菌剂对甘蔗黑穗病均有良好的防治效果和增产作用,可作为大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐杀菌剂。     

28种自交系对5种玉米主要病害的抗性鉴定研究

利用人工接种技术对28种玉米自交系进行鉴定,分析这些自交系对我国玉米主要叶部及土传病害的抗病性。结果表明,供试自交系中3份高抗玉米弯孢叶斑病,5份高抗大斑病,1份高抗穗腐病,3份高抗茎腐病,8份高抗丝黑穗病,其中沈3336和S122对5种主要病害均有较好抗性,可作为育种工作进行品种选育的材料。     

Efficacy of biocontrol agents in planting mixes to colonize plant roots and control root diseases of vegetables and citrus

Tomato, bell pepper, celery and citrus were propagated in planting mixes amended with formulations of commercial biocontrol agents. Root colonization by selected biocontrol agents was evaluated for pepper, tomato and citrus, and found to be generally between 76 to 100% in both greenhouse ebb and flow, and bench-produced plants. Only colonization by Glomus intraradices was low, about 8%. All biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, G. intraradices, Gliocladium virens, and Streptomyces griseovirdis reduced crown rot of tomato in the field, with T. harzianum and B. subtilis being the most effective uniformly among four tests. Four biocontrols reduced Phytophthora root rot on citrus in the field, two applied as a drench to soil in pots reduced Thielaviopsis root rot on citrus, and two biocontrol agents in combination reduced celery root rot caused by Pythium and Fusarium spp., however, none improved above-ground plant growth or health of citrus and celery. Pepper crown and root rot caused by P. capsici was reduced by B. subtilis in one of two tests.     

防治胡椒瘟病生物农药筛选及其盆栽药效试验

胡椒瘟病是危害中国胡椒产业的首要病害,目前主要依赖使用化学农药防治,筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文通过室内毒力测定和室外盆栽药效试验,测定了5种生物农药对胡椒瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:室内毒力测定木霉菌WP、枯草芽孢杆菌WP和Z菌株发酵液对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高,EC50分别为0.49、0.78、1.13μg/m L;盆栽药效试验Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病防效最好,平均防效分别为83%和82%,芽孢杆菌/淡紫拟青霉WP的防效次之,平均防效为69%。综合来看,Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病具有很好防效,具备良好的绿色防控潜力。     

青稞根腐病生防放线菌的筛选及防效研究

为获得防治青稞根腐病的生防放线菌,从大田采集健康青稞植株及其根际土壤,利用选择性培养基对青稞根表及根际土壤进行放线菌分离筛选;以青稞根腐病原菌木贼镰孢为靶标,利用平板对峙法进行初筛,选取平均抑菌圈大于20 mm的放线菌,用发酵液法进行复筛并计算其生长抑制率;采用盆栽法测定生长抑制率较高菌株的防效及致病性,并通过分子鉴定确定其分类地位。结果表明,从初筛得到16株抑菌圈大于20 mm的放线菌中,复筛得到2株对青稞根腐病生长抑制率大于70%的菌株,分别为H35-1和AP11;测定其对青稞根腐病的防效发现,H35-1的防效为30.74,AP11的防效为48.31。对防效较好菌株AP11的16S rDNA序列进行测定并构建系统发育树发现,其与酸疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces acidiscabies)的遗传距离为零,1 000次重复自展支持值为100,鉴定其为酸疮痂链霉菌。致病性分析发现,该酸疮痂链霉菌不具有致病性。本研究为青稞根腐病生防菌剂的研制提供了菌种资源,为青稞根腐病生物防治提供参考。     

海南岛甘蔗病害种类初步调查

调查了海南省海口、儋州、澄迈、临高、屯昌、定安、白沙和昌江等8个市(县)甘蔗病害,并对病原进行了鉴定,发现海南岛甘蔗常见病害共14种。其中,真菌病害9种,病毒病害2种,寄生线虫病害3种。甘蔗鞭黑穗病、甘蔗赤腐病、弯孢霉叶斑病发生较为严重。     

青稞坚黑穗病LAMP快速检测技术的建立

由大麦坚黑粉菌(Ustilgo hordei)引起的坚黑穗病广泛分布于我国青稞主产区,病原侵染后形成病穗从而造成产量损失。基于前期初步建立的青稞黑穗病快速检测体系,通过对种子洗涤沉淀物的总基因组DNA进行提取,并进行环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测人工模拟及实际种子带菌情况,以期建立完善的青稞坚黑穗病快速检测技术。结果表明,裂解液快速提取法可以对样品总DNA进行有效提取,完善后的LAMP快速检测技术可以有效开展青稞种子携带大麦坚黑粉菌的检测。     

69份玉米自交系的遗传关系分析及三大病害鉴定有效标记的筛选

以69份玉米自交系为试材,利用70对SSR引物对其进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析,从42对已定位与大斑病、丝黑穗病和茎腐病3大病害抗性基因连锁的分子标记中筛选适于病害鉴定的有效SSR标记。结果表明,69份自交系划分为PA、PB、Lancaster、塘四平头和旅大红骨5个类群,采用UPGMA聚类方法和群体结构聚类划分结果基本一致;从42对相关标记中筛选出大斑病鉴定有效标记3个(umc1316、umc2212、umc1327)、丝黑穗病鉴定有效标记1个(SSR148152)和茎腐病鉴定有效标记1个(SSR58),基于上述5个有效标记能够明显地区分三大病害综合表现抗和感的材料。     

辽宁省玉米区域试验品种抗病性评价

对1999～2005年辽宁省玉米区域试验参试品种和审定品种的抗病性情况进行了分析。品种的整体抗性不断提高,但弯孢菌叶斑病、丝黑穗病、青枯病抗性仍需进一步提高。     

河北省夏玉米苗期根病发生现状及病原初探

2008～2009年对河北省中南部夏玉米主产区玉米苗期根病进行调查发现,玉米苗期根病在河北省夏玉米主产区普遍发生,各地区平均病株率在73.9%～100.0%,病情指数在14.0～30.9.对各地区玉米根病病株进行病原菌分离和形态学鉴定,河北省夏玉米苗期根病主要因真菌引起,且由多种病原菌复合侵染,分离到的主要病原菌有藤仓赤霉复合种、离蠕孢菌、腐霉菌、丝核菌和禾谷镰孢菌,不同地区主要病原菌的种类存在差异.对优势病原菌进行致病力测定发现,离蠕孢菌致病力最强,且能引起植株矮化,严重影响地上部植株的生长.     

同一适宜生态区拟引种广西的玉米品种抗病性鉴定与分析

2016～2019年对62个热带亚热带类型区和西南春玉米类型区的各省审定拟引种广西的玉米品种进行6种主要病害的抗病性鉴定,明确拟引种广西的玉米品种对广西玉米产区主要病害的抗病水平。结果表明,参试品种对纹枯病、南方锈病、大斑病、小斑病、穗腐病和茎腐病的抗性,表现中抗及以上的比例分别为27.9%、30.6%、66.1%、50.0%、68.9%和69.4%。不同年份间引种品种抗病性呈现一定的相似性,个别年份特殊除外,表现感和高感纹枯病及南方锈病的品种比例均高于其他4种病害,都在60.0%以上;不同省份审定的引种品种抗病性亦显示一定的相似性,表现感和高感纹枯病及南方锈病的品种比例高于其他4种病害。鉴定结果表明,在同一适宜生态区的各省审定品种中选择品种引种广西时,应特别注意避免或谨慎引种高感纹枯病和南方锈病的品种,以规避或减少因病害危害造成损失,保障引种生产安全。     

The heterotoxicity of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts in four growth stages on germination and seedlings growth of Avena ludoviciana

Phytotoxicity of barley extracts (Hordeum vulgare L.) on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) was investigated. Water extracts five varieties of barley were bioassayed on germination and seedling growth of wild-oat to test the heterotoxicity of barley on wild-oat, study the dynamics of allelopathic potential over four growth stages and identify the most allelopathic plant part of barley in each stage. Whole barley plants were extracted at growth stage 4 (stems not developed enough), whilst for the following growth stages roots, stems, panicles and leaves were extracted separately. Seedling growth bioassays demonstrated that the wild-oat responded differently to the allelopathic potential of barley. For wild-oat radical growth and coleoptile growth were more depressed than germination, though. The allelopathic potential of barley plant parts was not stable over its life cycle for wild-oat. Leaves and stems were the most phytotoxic barley plant parts for wild-oat in the all stages. Among the varieties Eizeh appeared as the best one showing toxicity to seed germination of wild oat at its stage 4 and 8. Results suggested that the response by wild-oat varied depending on the source of allelochemicals (plant part) and the growth stage of the barley plant and kind of variety. The results leaded to conclude that Eizeh variety of barley was good to grow as it has good check on seed germination of wild oat plants as well as it also retarded the growth of root and shoot length of oat.