蓝藻光合膜蛋白复合体结构与功能研究进展

光合作用是蓝藻最基本、最重要的生态生理特征。各种膜蛋白复合体在光合作用中执行着重要的生物化学功能。本文对蓝藻5种膜蛋白复合体（PSI复合体、PSII复合体、细胞色素b6f复合体、ATP合酶复合体和NAD（P）H脱氢酶复合体）的结构与功能进行了系统归纳，并对下一步的研究工作进行了展望。     

NMR characterization of surface interactions in the cytochrome b5-cytochrome c complex

The complex formed in solution by native and chemically modified cytochrome c with cytochrome b5 has been studied by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Contrary to predictions of recent theoretical analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that there is no major movement of cytochrome c residue Phe82 on binding to cytochrome b5. The greater resolution provided by 13C NMR spectroscopy permits detection of small perturbations in the environments of cytochrome c residues Ile75 and Ile85 on binding with cytochrome b5, a result that is in agreement with earlier model-building experiments. As individual cytochrome c lysyl residues are resolved in the 1H NMR spectrum of N-acetimidylated cytochrome c, the interaction of this modified protein with cytochrome b5 has been studied to evaluate the number of cytochrome c lysyl residues involved in binding to cytochrome b5. The results of this experiment indicate that at least six lysyl residues are involved, two more than predicted by static model building, which indicates that cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 form two or more structurally similar 1:1 complexes in solution.     

Probing the mechanisms of macromolecular recognition: the cytochrome b5-cytochrome c complex

The specificity of complex formation between cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) and cytochrome c (cyt c) is believed to involve the formation of salt linkages between specific carboxylic acid residues of cyt b5 with lysine residues on cyt c. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter the specified acidic residues of cyt b5 to the corresponding amide analogues, which resulted in a lower affinity for complex formation with cyt c. The dissociation of the complex under high pressure resulted in specific volume changes, the magnitude of which reflected the degree of solvation of the acidic residues in the proposed protein-protein interface.     

Crystal structure of the RC-LH1 core complex from Rhodopseudomonas palustris

The crystal structure at 4.8 angstrom resolution of the reaction center-light harvesting 1 (RC-LH1) core complex from Rhodopseudomonas palustris shows the reaction center surrounded by an oval LH1 complex that consists of 15 pairs of transmembrane helical alpha- and beta-apoproteins and their coordinated bacteriochlorophylls. Complete closure of the RC by the LH1 is prevented by a single transmembrane helix, out of register with the array of inner LH1 alpha-apoproteins. This break, located next to the binding site in the reaction center for the secondary electron acceptor ubiquinone (UQB), may provide a portal through which UQB can transfer electrons to cytochrome b/c1.     

An autoinhibitory mechanism for nonsyntaxin SNARE proteins revealed by the structure of Ykt6p

Ykt6p is a nonsyntaxin SNARE implicated in multiple intracellular membrane trafficking steps. Here we present the structure of the NH2-terminal domain of Ykt6p (Ykt6pN, residues 1 to 140). The structure of Ykt6pN differed entirely from that of syntaxin and resembled the overall fold of the actin regulatory protein, profilin. Like some syntaxins, Ykt6p adopted a folded back conformation in which Ykt6pN bound to its COOH-terminal core domain. The NH2-terminal domain plays an important biological role in the function of Ykt6p, which in vitro studies revealed to include influencing the kinetics and proper assembly of SNARE complexes.     

Molecular dynamics of a cytochrome c-cytochrome b5 electron transfer complex

Cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 form an electrostatically associated electron transfer complex. Computer models of this and related complexes that were generated by docking the x-ray structures of the individual proteins have provided insight into the specificity and mechanism of electron transfer reactions. Previous static modeling studies were extended by molecular dynamics simulations of a cytochrome c-cytochrome b5 intermolecular complex. The simulations indicate that electrostatic interactions at the molecular interface results in a flexible association complex that samples alternative interheme geometries and molecular conformations. Many of these transient geometries appear to be more favorable for electron transfer than those formed in the initial model complex. Of particular interest is a conformational change that occurred in phenylalanine 82 of cytochrome c that allowed the phenyl side chain to bridge the two cytochrome heme groups.     

Faster interprotein electron transfer in a [myoglobin, b⁵] complex with a redesigned interface

Direct measurements of electron transfer (ET) within a protein-protein complex with a redesigned interface formed by physiological partner proteins myoglobin (Mb) and cytochrome b(5) (b(5)) reveal interprotein ET rates comparable to those observed within the photosynthetic reaction center. Brownian dynamics simulations show that Mb in which three surface acid residues are mutated to lysine binds b(5) in an ensemble of configurations distributed around a reactive most-probable structure. Correspondingly, charge-separation ET from a photoexcited singlet zinc porphyrin incorporated within Mb to the heme of b(5) and the follow-up charge-recombination exhibit distributed kinetics, with median rate constants, k(f)(s) = 2.1 × 10(9) second(-1) and k(b)(s) = 4.3 × 10(10) second(-1), respectively. The latter approaches that for the initial step in photosynthetic charge separation, k = 3.3 × 10(11) second(-1).     

雷竹和拟南芥SOC1多聚体差异性分析

MADS-box是一个超家族基因,可通过形成多聚体复合物实现对花发育的调控。其中SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1（SOC1）作为MADS-box家族的重要成员,对花形成时间起决定作用。作为转录因子蛋白,SOC1包含MADS,I,K和C 4个独特功能的结构域,发挥功能的过程中,其中K结构域能够调控同源或是异源蛋白多聚体的形成,I结构域能够稳定转录因子结合DNA的作用。在单子叶植物雷竹Phyllostachys violascens和拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana中,开花时间模式上存在明显差异,前者开花时间不确定,后者是确定的。尽管不能直接推断这种现象与SOC1形成植物不同复合物相关联,但雷竹和拟南芥SOC1是否具有形成相同模式的复合物对于竹类植物开花时间的研究具有重要意义。以雷竹和拟南芥SOC1作为研究对象,通过酵母双杂交实验,重点分析SOC1在形成多聚体模式方面的差异性。结果表明:拟南芥SOC1能形成同源二聚体,并且可通过结构域是I和K区形成同源多聚体;而雷竹SOC1不能形成多聚体,但可以通过K结构域形成同源二聚体。因此,I结构域可能是引起拟南芥和雷竹SOC1多聚体状态不同的一个原因,这个结构域是否对开花定时起决定作用还有待进一步转基因功能验证。图5表2参29     

玉米SRO基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】SRO(similar to rcd one)是植物所特有的一类小蛋白家族,其在植物的生长发育,及应对非生物胁迫中发挥着重要功能。基于玉米全基因组数据库,鉴定玉米SRO家族基因,分析其序列、基因定位、蛋白结构及其系统进化关系,同时解析Zm SROs在玉米组织表达特异性及其在高盐和干旱胁迫下的表达变化,为阐明SRO基因在玉米生长和逆境响应中的功能研究奠定基础。【方法】利用拟南芥SRO家族基因为探针,在玉米全基因组查找并下载玉米SRO基因序列,并从Maize GDB中获取玉米SRO基因相关信息,包括CDS、氨基酸序列及染色体位置等。通过生物信息学工具(GSDS2.0、Expasy-protparam、SOPMA、Plant-m PLoc、EMBL-EBI、MEME)对获得序列的基因结构、蛋白质分子量、等电点、二级结构、亚细胞定位、保守结构域、保守基序原件等进行预测和分析。同时利用Clustalx(1.83)和MEGA 6.0软件进行同源序列比对并构建系统进化树。运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析玉米SRO组织表达特异性及其在高盐和干旱胁迫下SRO的表达变化情况。【结果】从玉米全基因组共鉴定6个SRO家族基因,分别命名为Zm SRO1a—Zm SRO1f。Zm SROs分布于第1、4、5和9染色体,包含2—5个内含子。序列分析发现CDS序列长度在1 215—1 791 bp;编码氨基酸数目为404—596 aa;分子量为45.23—66.78 k D;等电点为7.01—9.17。亚细胞定位分析发现Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1c/Zm SRO1d定位于叶绿体,Zm SRO1e则定位于过氧化氢酶体,Zm SRO1f定位于细胞核。系统进化树分析发现Zm SROs分为3个亚类,Ⅰa亚类包括Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1c,Ⅰb亚类包括Zm SRO1f,Ⅰc亚类包括Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e。保守结构域分析结果显示Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1c/Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e包含PARP和RST结构域,缺少WWE结构域,Zm SRO1f包含WWE和PARP催化中心,RST结构域缺失。Zm SROs蛋白共找到5个保守基序,命名为基序1—5。Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1c包含所有保守基序,Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e缺少保守基序3,Zm SRO1f缺少保守基序5。组织表达分析发现Zm SROs在根系特异性表达。高盐胁迫下,玉米根系中Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1c/Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e在1 h时显著上调表达,地上部中Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e均下调表达,而Zm SRO1f在处理6 h显著上调表达。干旱胁迫下,玉米根系Zm SRO1e在1 h显著上调表达,Zm SRO1f在24 h显著上调表达;地上部中Zm SRO1a/Zm SRO1b/Zm SRO1d/Zm SRO1e均下调表达。【结论】玉米SRO家族基因包含6个成员,被划分为3个亚类,6个Zm SROs在玉米根系中特异性表达,且可以不同程度地响应干旱和高盐胁迫。     

Two c-type cytochromes from light- and dark-grown Euglena

A pigment-protein complex can be extracted, in aqueous 2-percent digitonin, from Euglena grown in the light. When further fractionated by acetone and ammonium sulfate this flagellate yields a c-type cytochrome. By similar extraction of dark-grown, nonphotosynthetic Euglena, another c-type cytochrome can be isolated. The cytochrome from the light-grown Euglena- is like that of cytochrome c isolated from a photosynthetic bacterium. The cytochrome from the dark-grown Euglena is like cytochrome f found in the chloroplasts of higher plants.     

豌豆光系统I的分布及其DOC-PAGE分离特性研究

以豌豆(Pisum sativumL.)苗叶片为试材,提取其类囊体膜并利用不同增溶剂研究PSI蛋白复合物的分布以及不同凝胶浓度的DOC-PAGE分离特性。结果表明:6%的分离胶对PSI具有较好的分离特性;低浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够增溶间质类囊体上的PSI蛋白复合物,并能够获得大量的含有PSI的类囊体膜碎片。高浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够获得全部的PSI复合物;Tween-20能够分离不同区域的类囊体膜,结合毛地黄皂苷处理均能够获得PSI复合物。证明了PSI异质性的存在。     

豌豆光系统Ⅰ的分布及其DOC-PAGE分离特性研究

以豌豆（Pisum sativum L．）苗叶片为试材，提取其类囊体膜并利用不同增溶剂研究PSI蛋白复合物的分布以及不同凝胶浓度的DOC—PAGE分离特性。结果表明：6％的分离胶对PSI具有较好的分离特性；低浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够增溶间质类囊体上的PSI蛋白复合物，并能够获得大量的含有PSI的类囊体膜碎片。高浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够获得全部的PSI复合物；Tween-20能够分离不同区域的类囊体膜，结合毛地黄皂苷处理均能够获得PSI复合物。证明了PSI异质性的存在。     

雷琼牛Cyt b基因序列分析及其分子系统发生探讨

通过对20头雷琼牛(Bos indicus)细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列(1 140 bp)的比对和分析,共发现7个变异位点,定义了6种单倍型。经与GenBank上6个牛种的Cyt b基因序列进行比较,分析其碱基组成和核苷酸序列变异,计算不同牛种间的kimura双参数遗传距离。以亚洲水牛(Bubalusbubalis)为外群,应用邻接法构建牛属动物分子系统发育树。结果表明:雷琼牛与印度瘤牛(Bos indicus)一样同属于典型的瘤牛,但两者有明显的区别,推测中国可能是世界瘤牛的发源地之一,不支持雷琼牛含有爪哇牛(Bos javanicus)血统的观点。     

贵州白山羊与湖南马头山羊mtDNA Cytb基因系列比较及系统进化研究

[目的]为了从核酸序列水平上分析2个山羊线粒体DNA Cytb基因的遗传多样性及系统发生地位。[方法]对贵州白山羊及马头山羊2个山羊品种,共计27个个体mtDNA Cytb基因片段进行测序分析和比较。[结果]26条山羊的Cytb基因序列均为1140bp的同源基因序列;总共发现12个变异住点,观察到10种单倍型;2个山羊品种中单倍型多样性为0．635％-0．889％,核苷酸多样度为0．189％～0．253％。[结论]2个山羊品种线粒体DNA遗传多态性为中等;贵州白山羊与湖南马头山羊同起源于胃石山羊。     

毛竹茎秆快速生长期类囊体膜蛋白复合物BN-PAGE分析

  目的  探讨毛竹Phyllostachys edulis笋竹茎秆的光合特性和光系统的发育情况。  方法  以当年生毛竹叶片和笋竹茎秆为材料,采用蓝绿温和胶电泳(BN-PAGE)分析茎秆和叶片类囊体膜蛋白,同时测定了光合色素含量和77 K低温荧光发射光谱。  结果  茎秆叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数显著低于叶片(P＜0.01),随着茎秆发育,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数显著升高。茎秆和叶片类囊体膜PSⅡ核心复合物较完整,捕光色素较多;叶片和茎秆基部PSⅠ核心复合物分离主要得到PsaA/B和PsaD亚基,茎秆中部得到PsaA/B,茎秆顶部未发现PsaA/B。叶片和茎秆77 K低温荧光发射光谱在685和745 nm处有2个明显主峰,四阶导数光谱出现6个极大值,主要是PSⅡ和PSⅠ核心复合物的荧光发射峰以及由PSⅡ外周捕光天线(LHCⅡ)、PSⅡ内周捕光天线(CP47)、PSⅡ内周捕光天线(CP43)、PSⅠ反应中心复合体(RCI)、PSⅠ捕光天线(LHCⅠ)的发射荧光峰引起的肩峰,其中茎秆顶部LHCⅡ和PSⅡ核心复合体的特征发射峰与叶片相比有明显蓝移现象。  结论  毛竹茎秆中PSⅡ核心复合体已形成,随着茎秆发育,笋衣逐渐脱落,色素大量合成,内周天线蛋白CP47和CP43以及外周捕光天线蛋白逐渐形成;同时,茎秆受到光照后PSⅠ核心蛋白PsaA和PsaB开始形成,逐渐组装合成PSⅠ核心复合体。图4表2参45     

Purification of an allene oxide synthase and identification of the enzyme as a cytochrome P-450

Fatty acid hydroperoxides (lipoxygenase products) are metabolized to allene oxides by a type of dehydrase that has been detected in plants, corals, and starfish oocytes. The allene oxides are unstable epoxide precursors of more complex products such as jasmonic acid, the plant growth hormone. Characterization of the dehydrase enzyme of flaxseed revealed that it is a 55-kilodalton hemoprotein. The spectral characteristics of this dehydrase revealed it to be a cytochrome P-450. It operates with the remarkable activity of greater than or equal to 1000 turnovers per second. The results establish a new catalytic activity for a cytochrome P-450 and illustrate the cooperation of different oxygenases in pathways of fatty acid metabolism.     

中国红豆杉紫杉烷10β-羟化酶的分子克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

天然产物紫杉醇是一种重要的抗癌药。其天然来源的匮乏和缺少商业上可行的化学全合成促进了对紫杉醇生物来源的深入研究。紫杉醇的生物合成是一个复杂的多步过程,主要包括四环骨架的构建和加入各种羟基和酰基基团,其中羟基的加入由细胞色素P450氧化酶催化。我们从中国红豆杉愈伤组织细胞mRNA构建的cDNA文库中克隆得到几个P450 cDNA片段。其中一个长1494bp的cDNA片段,编码497个氨基酸,推断蛋白分子量为56470 Da,等电点为9．42。序列比较显示,这个推断蛋白包含多个细胞色素P450氧化酶的保守区,具有典型的细胞色素P450氧化酶的特征,进一步的比较发现其与已鉴定的东北红豆杉紫杉烷-10β-羟化酶有92％的同源性。将这个cDNA片段连接在质粒pYeDP60上构建表达载体,导入相应的酵母表达菌株WHT和WVS进行表达,获得相应大小的蛋白表达条带,功能鉴定的工作正在进行中。     

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II

The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation.     

Domain movement in gelsolin: a calcium-activated switch

The actin-binding protein gelsolin is involved in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton during growth-factor signaling, apoptosis, cytokinesis, and cell movement. Calcium-activated gelsolin severs and caps actin filaments. The 3.4 angstrom x-ray structure of the carboxyl-terminal half of gelsolin (G4-G6) in complex with actin reveals the basis for gelsolin activation. Calcium binding induces a conformational rearrangement in which domain G6 is flipped over and translated by about 40 angstroms relative to G4 and G5. The structural reorganization tears apart the continuous beta sheet core of G4 and G6. This exposes the actin-binding site on G4, enabling severing and capping of actin filaments to proceed.     

Structure of the S15,S6,S18-rRNA complex: assembly of the 30S ribosome central domain

The crystal structure of a 70-kilodalton ribonucleoprotein complex from the central domain of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit was solved at 2.6 angstrom resolution. The complex consists of a 104-nucleotide RNA fragment composed of two three-helix junctions that lie at the end of a central helix, and the ribosomal proteins S15, S6, and S18. S15 binds the ribosomal RNA early in the assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit, stabilizing a conformational reorganization of the two three-helix junctions that creates the RNA fold necessary for subsequent binding of S6 and S18. The structure of the complex demonstrates the central role of S15-induced reorganization of central domain RNA for the subsequent steps of ribosome assembly.