Key indicators affecting maize stalk lodging resistance of different growth periods under different sowing dates

The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields. Here, we established five different sowing dates to create different conditions for maize growth. We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology, moisture content, mechanical strength and dry matter, and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1), milk stage(R3), physiological maturity stage(R6), and 20 days after R6. Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force. At R3, the coefficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance. At R6, the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight. After R6, the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height. The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significantly and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6, which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength. These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height benefit lodging resistance prior to R6. During and after R6, the coefficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk.     

四川省夏玉米生理成熟后穗下茎秆倒折位置分析

为阐明四川省夏玉米生理成熟后穗下茎秆倒折规律,选用四川省大面积推广的夏玉米品种,在田间生理成熟后至收获前调查穗下茎秆倒折的具体位置,分析玉米植株性状与倒折发生位置的关系。结果表明,生理成熟后玉米穗下茎秆倒折各节位占比随节位的上升呈现先增后降的趋势,主要发生在基部第3、4和5节,所占比例分别为33.86%、34.66%和16.33%。生理成熟后穗下茎秆倒折主要发生在各茎节下部2.0cm至茎节上部3.5cm区域。参试品种生理成熟后茎秆倒折高度及倒折节位与株高、穗位高相关性均不显著。     

适合甘蔗间种玉米品种筛选试验

以生产上大面积推广的4个普通玉米品种、2个鲜食玉米品种在甘蔗行间种植,调查分析玉米甘蔗农艺性状和经济效益。结果表明,玉米品种不同、生育期的长短与植株性状差异,对甘蔗株高、有效茎数的形成、甘蔗产量及全年收益有一定的影响。鲜食糯玉米品种玉美头601、桂糯519和普通玉米品种浚单20植株矮、生育期短,间种甘蔗植株高,有效茎数在81778-84325条/hm2,甘蔗产量在112.6-116.1t/hm2,与单种甘蔗的有效茎数及产量差异不显著,与间种其它玉米品种甘蔗有效茎数、产量差异达极显著水平,比单种甘蔗效益高443.8-11393.8元/hm2,适合用于甘蔗间套种。     

施氮时期对黄淮海平原夏玉米茎秆发育及倒伏的影响

【目的】针对黄淮海平原区夏玉米倒伏严重的问题,探讨不同施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆发育及倒伏情况的影响,以期为黄淮海平原区高产夏玉米氮素管理、提高夏玉米植株抗茎倒伏能力提供理论依据。【方法】以不同植株形态的玉米品种先玉335(XY,高秆低穗位型)、浚单20(XD,中秆高穗位型)和京单28(JD,中秆低穗位型)为试验材料,每个品种设种肥(N1)、苗肥(N2)、拔节肥(N3)、大喇叭口肥(N4)和抽雄肥(N5)5个施氮时期处理,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆形态学、解剖学和机械力学特征以及田间倒伏率的影响。【结果】施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆形态学、解剖学及机械力学特征均有显著影响(P0.05)。N1、N2、N3处理能明显促进夏玉米茎秆发育,植株重心、穗高系数、基部第3节间长与粗、硬皮组织厚度、表皮层厚度及大小维管束数目、节间抗折力、硬皮穿刺强度和植株抗拉力均显著大于N0处理;其中,N1、N2处理夏玉米基部第3节间长粗比值显著小于N0处理,N3处理则表现出略大于N0趋势;田间倒伏率表现为N1、N2显著低于N0和其他施氮处理,N3略大于N0处理;N4处理下,夏玉米植株穗高系数、基部第3节间长与N0无明显差异,节间粗、各项解剖学及力学指标显著高于N0,节间长粗比值表现为略低于N0处理,田间倒伏率较N0显著降低;N5处理对夏玉米茎秆发育无明显影响,节间各项形态学、解剖学和力学特征与N0差异不显著,田间倒伏率随着夏玉米植株重心和穗高系数的显著降低而明显低于N0处理。从产量及产量构成因素来看,各施氮处理夏玉米穗粒数、粒重及产量均显著大于N0处理(P0.05),其中,N3、N4处理穗粒数和粒重均处于较高水平,增产幅度最大;N1、N2处理穗粒数最多,但粒重较低,增产幅度低于N3、N4处理;N5处理虽然粒重最高,但穗粒数较其他施氮处理显著降低,最终增产幅度不大。【结论】合理的施氮时期可显著促进夏玉米茎秆基部节间发育,显著降低节间长粗比值,增强植株抗茎倒伏能力;种肥、苗肥作用最显著,但因粒重较低进而降低了增产幅度;拔节期施氮节间长增长迅速进而导致了节间长粗比值增加,植株抗茎倒伏能力降低,玉米栽培管理中应尽量避免;大喇叭口期施氮可明显促进茎粗增加,进而降低节间长粗比和田间倒伏率,同时穗粒数和粒重较高,增产幅度最大。因此,结合前人研究结果表明,采用播种或苗期少量施氮,大喇叭口期重施氮肥的分次施氮措施有利于促进夏玉米茎秆和雌穗发育,提高夏玉米产量及植株抗茎倒伏能力。关于最佳氮肥配比有待进一步系统研究。     

遮阴对夏玉米茎秆形态结构和倒伏的影响

【目的】在太阳辐射不断减少的气候条件下,探讨遮阴（弱光胁迫）对夏玉米茎秆形态及其显微结构的影响。【方法】以登海605（DH605）和郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,大田条件下设置花粒期遮阴（S1）、穗期遮阴（S2）、全生育期遮阴（S3）3个处理,遮光度为60%,以自然光为对照（CK）,研究弱光胁迫对夏玉米茎秆性状及其倒伏的影响。【结果】遮阴后夏玉米株高、穗位高和叶面积指数,地上第3茎节长、茎节横截面积、茎秆穿刺强度均显著降低,且遮阴时期对其影响表现为S1＜S2＜S3;DH605和ZD958的茎秆穿刺强度分别较对照降低22.23%和24.41%。茎秆硬皮组织厚度和维管束数目及中央大维管束面积、木质部面积、韧皮部面积较对照也显著降低,田间倒伏率显著升高,全生育期遮阴两品种倒伏率分别高达36.5%和24.7%。遮阴后空秆率增加,收获穗数、穗粒数显著降低,产量下降,减产幅度表现为S3＞S1＞S2。【结论】夏玉米生长期内光照不足影响产量形成,改变植株形态,通过降低基部节间长度、粗度、穿刺强度和茎秆硬皮组织厚度,减少维管束数目,降低茎秆抗倒伏性能,且花前遮阴对田间倒伏率的影响大于花后遮阴。     

不同株高杂交种玉米抗倒伏特性及杂种优势

【目的】研究不同株高玉米杂交种的抗倒性状的变化规律及杂种优势。【方法】以9个不同株高的玉米杂交种及其亲本为材料,测定与倒伏有关的植株形态、三节形态、茎秆穿刺强度、倒伏率指标。【结果】随着杂交种玉米株高增加,玉米杂交种穗位高及穗位系数升高。基部节间长度变长,茎粗系数变小。茎秆穿刺强度变弱,田间倒伏率增加。玉米杂交种茎秆穿刺强度与株高、穗位高、基部节间长度呈显著负相关关系。玉米杂交种株高具有较高的杂种优势,且高秆类型明显高于矮秆类型。穗位高的超母优势和杂种优势指数均表现为随植株高度的升高而增大。玉米基部节间长度杂种优势均表现比较高,且超母优势大于超父优势,高秆类型也高于矮秆类型。茎秆穿刺强度的杂种优势指数较强,且超父优势大于超母优势。【结论】玉米株高的母本优势大于父本优势,穿刺强度的父本优势大于母本优势,着重选择母本的株高较低、父本的穿刺强度较高的组合,有利于培育高产抗倒的玉米杂交种。     

调控玉米株高和穗位高候选基因Zmdle1的定位

【目的】株高是玉米株型育种的重要目标性状之一,不仅与玉米籽粒的机械化收获及抗倒伏相关,也与玉米产量密切相关。因此,挖掘玉米株高 QTL/基因并解析其功能具有重要的理论和育种价值,定位一个新的玉米矮秆基因 ZmDLE1,阐明其生物学功能,为加速改良玉米的株型提供重要的理论依据和基因资源。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所自育玉米骨干自交系 LY8405,M₂后代分离获得一个单基因调控隐性遗传的玉米矮秆低穗位突变体,M₃、M₄后代能稳定遗传,命名为 dwarf and low ear mutant1(Zmdle1),通过与 Mo17 杂交构建 F₂分离群体,借助极端性状混池测序分析法(BSA-seq)及目标区段重组交换鉴定的方法,基于 Mo17 参考基因组对目标区段内的基因进行挖掘和功能注释,定位候选基因。【结果】开展了 Zmdle1 表型鉴定,突变体 Zmdle1 苗期表型与对照 LY8405 无显著性差异,成熟期植株株高和穗位高较 LY8405 分别降低 87...     

稀酸强化水解对玉米秸秆发酵产氢能力的影响

[目的]研究稀酸强化水解对玉米秸秆发酵产氢能力的影响。[方法]对玉米秸秆进行机械粉碎、蒸汽爆破和稀酸水解处理,并分析不同处理、玉米秸秆粒度等对玉米秸秆产氢能力的影响。[结果]蒸汽爆破后采用0.8%稀H2SO4强化水解的预处理方法产氢效果较好;玉米秸秆粒度为0.425～0.850 mm时,产氢效果最好;当0.8%H2SO4（质量）∶秸秆（重量）的液固比为10∶1时,产氢效果较好。[结论]玉米秸秆经蒸汽爆破后,再用0.8%H2SO4强化水解处理可以取得较好的产氢效果。     

Improving maize grain yield by formulating plant growth regulator strategies in North China

Plant growth regulators(PGRs) are artificially synthesized compounds that have become an important technical guarantee for agricultural production. EDAH(containing 27% ethephon and 3% DA-6) has been proven to inhibit stalk elongation, promote stalk bold and increase mechanical strength and number of vascular bundles. DA-6 could enhance plant photosynthetic capacity and promote cell division and growth. In our study, experiments were performed at summer maize growing season during 2018–2019. The result showed that plant height, ear height and center of gravity height of maize with EDAH+DA-6 treatment were decreased by 10.18, 16.77 and 13.21%, respectively; leaf area and leaf area index also significantly(P0.001) decreased by 24.11 and 60.15%, respectively; the value of mean tilt angle significantly(P0.001) increased by 16.72% compared with the control plants, which meant that EDAH+DA-6 could shape more compact plant type. Therefore, lodging rate of maize with EDAH+DA-6 treatment decreased by 6.95% compared with control plants, and the grain yield was increased by 15.51%. In addition, EDAH+DA-6 treatment significantly improved the quality of maize base stalks, such as improving mechanical properties, which increased maize base stalk crushing strength by 22.23%; increased the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents by 6.93, 3.87 and 30.21%, respectively. In conclusion, EDAH+DA-6 treatment could improve summer maize yield by shaping plant morphological characteristics and group photosynthesis.     

播种深度和播种机具对机播玉米生长及产量的影响

为西南生态区玉米机械化生产提供依据,以仲玉3号为供试品种,研究不同播种深度(5cm,8cm)、播种机具(ZHSB-10中型播种机、2B-2小型播种机)对机播玉米生长发育、产量及构成因素的影响。结果表明:玉米的出苗率、株高整齐度、植株多数农艺性状等均以播种深度5cm的较高;随着玉米的生长发育,播种深度对玉米农艺性状的影响逐渐变小;播种深度对空秆率、双穗率、倒伏率和倒折率等影响较小,5cm播种深度能小幅度提高机播玉米产量及多数产量性状。不同的播种机具对机播玉米出苗率、株高整齐度和生长发育的各阶段农艺性状、空秆率、双穗率、倒伏率、倒折率、产量及产量构成性状等影响均较小。     

群体调控对夏玉米抗倒伏性状指标的影响

以创玉198为试验材料,研究群体调控对夏玉米(Zea mays L.)抗倒伏性状指标的影响。结果表明,随着群体密度的增加,玉米倒伏率、株高、穗位高、穗位系数均逐渐升高;基部茎节间长增加,茎粗、茎粗系数降低;茎秆穿刺强度、单株茎秆干物重逐渐增加,茎秆抗折力先增加后降低;田间倒伏率增加,茎秆抗倒伏能力下降。得出创玉198玉米品种合理群体密度为6.00万~6.75万株/hm2,此群体结构有利于提高抗倒伏能力。     

玉米茎皮抗穿刺强度与形态性状和化学成分含量间的相关分析

为探讨影响玉米茎秆强度高低的重要因素,选用3个不同抗倒伏类型玉米品种对茎秆地上部第三节抗穿刺强度与茎秆形态性状、化学成分含量的相关关系进行研究。结果表明:3个品种的穗位高和节间短轴直径比其它形态性状有更大差异,抗倒性强的德美亚1号的抗穿刺强度最高,抗倒性弱的垦玉6号地上部第三节茎皮的酸性木质素、酸性洗涤纤维及中性洗涤纤维含量均最低。说明茎皮抗穿刺强度与穗位高呈极显著的负相关,与酸性洗涤木质素和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈显著正相关。因此,在选育玉米抗倒伏品种时,应对这3个主要特征加以重视。     

化学调控对春玉米茎秆形态特征和力学性状的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,研究化学调控对玉米茎秆形态特征和力学性状的影响。结果表明：化学调控显著降低了玉米植株的穗位高度,抑制了基部节间的伸长,增加了基部第3-5节的节间周长,显著提高了第3-5节的茎秆穿刺强度和压折强度,从而重塑茎秆的理想株型,显著降低了倒伏率,优化了产量构成因素,实现了玉米产量的提升。     

Morphological,Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of a Brittle Stalk Mutant of Maize Inserted by Mutator

Mutants on stalk strength are essential materials for the studies on the formation of plant cell wall. In this study, a brittle stalk mutant of maize, designated as Bk-x, was screened from a Mutator inserted mutant library. At the germination and early seedling stage, the mutant plants were indistinguishable from the normal ones. However, all of the plant organs were brittle after the 5th-leaf stage and remained brittle throughout the rest of the growing period. Microstructure observation showed that the cell wall in vascular bundle sheath of Bk-x was thinner than that in normal plants. The leaf mechanical strength in Bk-x was 77.9% of that in normal plants growing at Xishuangbanna (BN), Yunnan province and that was 61.7% in Wuhan (WH), Hubei Province, China. The proportion of cellulose was 12.3% in Bk-x, which was significantly lower than that in normal plants (26.7%), while the soluble sugar content was 36.1% in Bk-x, which is significantly higher than that in normal plants (12.4%). Genetic analysis using two F₂ populations and one F_2:3 families demonstrated that the trait of brittle stalk is controlled by a single recessive gene.     

外源DNA直接导入甜玉米自交系后代性状变异

提取糯质玉米DNA利用花粉管通道法导入甜玉米自交系,其后代植株产生了变异,主要表现在株高、穗位高、叶面积等性状上的差异。经三代种植观察,D3代各变异性状趋向稳定。经品质分析,可溶性糖含量基本保持不变,蛋白质,淀粉含量有所提高。从而为今后玉米不同种之间的DNA导入创造新的变异品系,提供可参考的理论依据。     

成团泛菌对玉米自交系PS056致病性基因yhfK的克隆

 【目的】通过克隆和鉴定成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)的致病相关基因,阐明该种土壤习居细菌在玉米自交系PS056上引起细菌性干茎腐病的原因。【方法】利用转座子Tn5的随机插入突变特点,构建致病性菌株P. agglomerans XJ1突变体库;经对Tn5插入位点的侧翼扩增,确认突变体PA121的致病力相关基因;通过基因互补试验,证明yhfK与致病力的关系。【结果】通过对突变菌株的接种筛选,获得11个致病力丧失的突变体。Southern杂交和PCR扩增结果表明,Tn5在突变体PA121中为单拷贝插入,插入位点为细菌编码内膜蛋白的yhfK(Tn5 插入在yhfK的1 082 bp处)。将yhfK克隆到质粒pBBR1MCS上,并导入突变体PA121中进行互补,生物测定结果显示转化子完全恢复了正常的细菌生理功能,并能够在玉米自交系PS056上恢复致病力。RT-PCR试验证明,yhfK调控hrpA的转录。【结论】 成团泛菌XJ1中yhfK是调控其对植物致病性的基因之一,具有在玉米自交系PS056上引起细菌性干茎腐病的功能。     

种植密度和植物生长调节剂对玉米茎秆性状的影响及调控

【目的】研究并明确种植密度和植物生长调节剂对玉米茎秆性状的影响,可为合理密植、构建适宜群体结构、实现玉米高产抗逆栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以JK968为试验材料,设置6.0×10 ⁴株/hm ²（D1）、7.5×10 ⁴株/hm ²（D2）和9.0×10 ⁴株/hm ²（D3）3个密度水平,以及乙烯利矮壮素复配剂（EC）和喷施清水为对照（CK）2个处理,研究种植密度对玉米茎秆性状的影响以及茎秆性状对化学调控的响应。 【结果】（1）倒伏率随种植密度增加呈升高趋势,其中在D1密度条件下,JK968的倒伏率分别比D2和D3低69.1%和83.4%;EC处理可显著降低倒伏率,在D1、D2和D3密度条件下分别比对照降低了5.0%、19.8%和41.0%。（2）株高、穗位高、穗位系数和重心高度在不同种植密度和化控处理间均存在极显著差异,具体表现为随种植密度增加呈升高趋势;EC处理后显著降低了地上部第6节以下的节间长度,增加了地上部第7节以上的节间长度,株高和穗位系数略降低,而穗位高和重心高度显著降低。（3）茎秆抗折力和茎秆外皮穿刺强度在不同处理间均存在极显著差异。大喇叭口期至成熟期呈先升高后降低趋势,在乳熟期达最大值。随种植密度增加,地上部第3、4和5节茎秆抗折力和茎秆外皮穿刺强度呈降低趋势;不同节间茎秆抗折力和茎秆外皮穿刺强度表现为地上部第3节>第4节>第5节;EC处理后显著增加了地上部第3、4和5节茎秆抗折力和茎秆外皮穿刺强度。（4）穗粒数和百粒重随种植密度增加呈降低趋势;EC处理后,穗粒数、百粒重和产量均较对照增加。在D1、D2和D3密度条件下,EC处理后产量分别较对照高438.8 kg·hm ^-2、1041.3 kg·hm ^-2和3376.5 kg·hm ^-2,增幅分别为3.6%、8.2%和27.8%。 【结论】随种植密度增加,玉米株高增加、重心高度上移、基部节间伸长、基部节间充实度和抗折力下降。EC处理显著降低了地上部第6节以下的节间长度,显著增加了地上部第7节以上的节间长度,株高略降低,重心高度和穗位高显著降低,基部节间长度缩短、基部节间充实度提高,从而提高了茎秆的抗倒伏能力。由此可见,在风灾倒伏频发地区以及种植密度过大等倒伏风险较大条件下,喷施植物生长调节剂可显著增加玉米茎秆的抗折力和茎秆外皮穿刺强度,显著降低穗位高、重心高度和倒伏率,有利于玉米高产稳产。     

Field Evaluation of the Asian Corn Borer Control in Hybrid of Transgenic Maize Event MON 810

In this study,a transgenic Bt maize hybrid(event MON 810 from Monsanto Company)expressing Cry1Ab protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)and its negative isoline hybrid were evaluatrial. Maize plants were artificially infested with neonate larvae of Asian corn borer at the mid-whorl(firstgeneration),pre-tassel(first-and/or second-generation),and silk(second-generation)growth stages.The transgenic Bt maize hybrid sustained significantly less leaf feeding damage(rating 1.0±0.0)than its negative isoline control(rating 7.3±0.1).With the Bt maize,1.3-6.8%of plants were damaged by corn borer tunneling with＜0.5 cm tunneling per stalk under different levels of infestation,compared with 100%of plants damaged with 9.3-25.0 cm tunneling per stalk for the negative isoline control. On average,transgenic Bt maize hybrids had only 0.01-0.05 tunnels per stalk and no stems were broken.In contrast,the negative isoline control had 3.11-8.36 tunnels per stalk and 31.2-73.9% of stems broken.Yields were significantly higher in trahsgenic Bt maize than in the control. These results demonstrate that transgenic Bt maize can significantly minimize yield losses caused by the Asian corn borer through resistance to the first-and second-generation larvae.     

玉米自交系抗倒伏比较研究

对5个玉米自交系材料的抗倒伏性进行了研究,结果表明:玉米茎秆倒伏主要受茎秆性状—株高、穗位高、茎粗、根数、鲜重和茎秆最大侧拉力的影响;玉米抗倒伏性可用茎秆侧拉力进行量化评定;筛选到抗倒伏的自交系2个,为进一步进行抗倒伏性状的遗传研究及抗倒伏玉米育种奠定基础.     

玉米种质资源抗腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病精准鉴定

[目的]建立和完善玉米种质抗腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病精准鉴定的方法,对遗传背景丰富的玉米种质资源进行腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病的抗性精准鉴定,筛选出对2种茎腐病具有稳定抗性的种质资源,为玉米抗病育种奠定基础.[方法]对2004份具有广泛遗传背景的玉米种质进行多年多点的自然发病抗性鉴定,初步筛选出抗茎腐病或综合性状优良的代表性...