菘蓝试管苗玻璃化过程中抗氧化物酶活性的变化

为明确植物体内抗氧化酶活性变化与组培玻璃苗发生的关系,以菘蓝(Isatis indigotica Fort.)正常试管苗和玻璃苗为研究材料,对其抗氧化物酶活性和膜脂质过氧化水平进行了比较分析.结果表明:正常苗和玻璃苗中过氧化物酶(POD)活性随培养时间的延长先降低后升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,过氧化物歧化酶(SoD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量始终呈上升趋势.同一培养时期,玻璃苗中CAT、SOD活性均低于正常苗,而MDA水平远远高于正常苗.表明组培过程中有氧自由基的胁迫,而玻璃苗细胞内保护酶的调节功能紊乱,从而发生了更严重的脂质过氧化.此外,与正常苗相比,玻璃苗中POD同工酶电泳谱带出现增加、缺失等异常现象,表明玻璃苗中酶的表达失常,遗传稳定性改变.     

防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)组织培养中的玻璃化现象研究

以防风茎段为外植体,建立了组织培养再生体系,对防风试管苗玻璃化现象进行了研究。结果表明,与正常苗相比,玻璃化苗形态异常,组织含水量升高,叶绿素含量显著降低,酸性过氧化物同工酶活性减弱。6-BA浓度超过2.0mg/L、光照低于2000lx、培养瓶内湿度大都极易导致防风试管苗的玻璃化,减少愈伤继代次数,增加培养基内琼脂和蔗糖浓度,可以降低玻璃化率。轻中度的玻璃化苗通过改变培养环境可以恢复正常。优化的防风再生体系为:以嫩茎段为外植体,继代3次左右的愈伤组织诱导出芽,芽继代增殖时,6-BA浓度采用1.0mg/L和0.5mg/L交替使用,培养光照3000~4000lx。     

低温下玉米不同耐冷类型自交系的生理生化变化

玉米自交系黄化幼苗在2℃低温处理过程中总蛋白减少,可溶性蛋白增加,过氧化氢积累,过氧化氢酶活力提高,过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱增多.耐冷性强的自交系比耐冷性弱的自交系总蛋白含量高,可溶性蛋白和过氧化氢含量低,过氧化氨酶活力高,过氧化物酶同工酶数量多.     

硫代硫酸银对二倍体马铃薯试管苗生长和生理特性的影响

植物组织培养中由于气体交换的限制, 培养器皿中常伴有乙烯积累, 影响植株形态建成和器官生长发育。以马铃薯二倍体品系HS66、ED13和DH401为试材, 研究不同浓度(0、1、2、4、8 mg L^-1)硫代硫酸银(STS)对试管苗生长和相关生理指标的影响。结果发现, 与培养基中不加STS相比, 附加1 mg L^-1 STS可增加试管苗叶面积和叶绿素含量, 抑制气生根的产生; 附加4 mg L^-1以上STS试管苗出现紫色色素沉积、叶片背面生成愈伤组织等畸形现象。试管苗可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量随STS浓度的增加呈先降后升的趋势, 在培养基中附加1 mg L^-1 STS时, 3个品系试管苗的可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量均下降; 附加2 mg L^-1 STS时, DH401可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量及HS66丙二醛含量反弹升高; 附加4 mg L^-1以上STS时, 3个品系试管苗的可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量均随STS浓度的增加而增加。上述结果说明, 低浓度STS可以缓解乙烯胁迫, 促进试管苗正常生长, 高浓度STS则造成试管苗生理及形态上的明显毒害。     

PP333对马铃薯试管苗抗氧化酶及蛋白质含量的影响

为探明PP333对马铃薯试管苗壮苗及离体保存延缓衰老的作用机理。本试验以马铃薯试管苗为材料,在MS培养基中添加不同浓度PP333,测定其生长过程中CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性及MDA和可溶性蛋白含量的动态生理指标。结果显示：0.01、0.05及0.25 mg/L PP333处理,诱导了CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性的上升,保持了膜脂过氧化产物MDA相对较低的含量水平,并延缓了可溶性蛋白的下降。而1.25 mg/L PP333处理,虽有较高的CAT、POD活性,但SOD活性低,可溶性蛋白明显下降。由此可知,低浓度（0.01~0.25 mg/L）PP333可保持较高的抗氧化酶和蛋白质水平以及较低含量的MDA,从而培育壮苗和延缓试管苗的衰老。较高浓度（1.25 mg/L）PP333则使蛋白质含量和SOD活性降低,表现出一定的毒害作用。     

不同浓度NaCl处理对甘草叶片生理特性的影响

为了研究甘草的抗盐生理特性,对一年生盆栽甘草移栽苗进行不同浓度（0％、0．3％、0．6％、0。8％）的NaCl盐溶液浇灌处理,测定甘草叶内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸（Pro）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量及超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化。结果表明,0．3％、0.6％浓度NaCl处理下可溶性糖和Pro含量显著高于0％处理（CK）,第45天,0.3％、0.6％NaCl处理叶片可溶性糖含量分别比对照增加了23．2％、67．2％,Pro含量增加了135．9和190.5％,处理30d随盐浓度的增加可溶性蛋白含量显著低于对照,MDA含量显著高于对照,整个处理期间,0．3％、0．6％处理的SOD、POD活性均高于对照;0．8％浓度下甘草干枯死亡。说明0-0．6％浓度NaCl是甘草正常生长的阈值,在受到盐胁迫时,通过保护酶及渗透调节物质的协调作用维持正常生长。     

不同甜菜纸筒苗抗旱性生理指标的差异试验初报

为了研究不同处理的纸筒苗的抗旱性差异,提高甜菜纸筒育苗水平,选取不同处理的纸筒苗,在相同时间干旱处理后,测定叶片中电导率、过氧化物酶(POD)、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量。研究表明,强壮的纸筒苗在相同时间的缺水条件下,比弱苗具有较低的电导率、POD活性和可溶性糖含量,较高的可溶性蛋白含量。同时壮秧剂的使用也提高了纸筒苗的可溶性蛋白含量,明显降低了叶片的电导率和可溶性糖的含量,对于提高纸筒苗的抗性有明显作用。试验结果表明电导率、过氧化物酶、可溶性糖可以作为纸筒苗的抗旱性鉴定的生理指标。     

香石竹茎尖试管苗继代培养玻璃化现象的研究

香石竹红色品种茎尖试管苗继代培养玻璃化现象是香石竹脱毒试管苗生产的一个主要障碍。采用改善光照,在培养中提高糖和琼脂的浓度,降低细胞分裂素的用量,对克服香石竹茎尖试管苗继代培养玻璃化有明显效果,但对一些红色系品种效果并不理想,继代培养玻璃苗率仍达61%以上。     

大山樱种子休眠机理的探讨

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,测定同工酶及种子内贮存物质的变化,并结合种子吸水性、种皮透气性、外种皮结构和种子抑制物质的生物测定等研究,探讨了大山樱种子的休眠机理.研究结果表明,大山樱外种皮机械障碍及种子中存在的发芽抑制物质是导致其休眠的主要原因;在3～4℃下层积6个月,种胚中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量有增加的趋势;过氧化物酶同工酶谱多出一条P1酶带,而少了一条P4酶带,P2酶带的表达增强;淀粉酶同工酶谱新增加了一些酶带,并且原有酶带的表达都有所加强.     

感染立枯病对水稻旱育秧苗保护酶系的影响

水稻幼苗感染立枯病后,体内保护酶系活力发生显著变化.根部SOD、POD活性显著降低,地上部SOD、POD活性升高;CAT则呈现相反的变化趋势.病苗地上部PAL和PPO及根部PPO活性均高于健苗,根部MDA含量升高,地上部MDA含量下降.病苗POD同工酶谱带比正常苗增加一条.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.