Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms

Episodic eddy-driven upwelling may supply a significant fraction of the nutrients required to sustain primary productivity of the subtropical ocean. New observations in the northwest Atlantic reveal that, although plankton blooms occur in both cyclones and mode-water eddies, the biological responses differ. Mode-water eddies can generate extraordinary diatom biomass and primary production at depth, relative to the time series near Bermuda. These blooms are sustained by eddy/wind interactions, which amplify the eddy-induced upwelling. In contrast, eddy/wind interactions dampen eddy-induced upwelling in cyclones. Carbon export inferred from oxygen anomalies in eddy cores is one to three times as much as annual new production for the region.     

Mesoscale ocean eddies in the north pacific: westward propagation

A set of subsurface temperature measurements in the trade wind region northeast of Hawaii reveals large perturbations about the mean state, with zonal wavelengths of 480 kilometers. The perturbations are identified as mesoscale baroclinic eddies, and they appear to drift westward at a rate of 4.7 +/- 2.0 centimeters per second. The large-scale ( 1000 kilometers) baroclinic flow at a depth of 200 meters is 1.5 +/- 0.7 centimeters per second, also toward the west, and comparable in magnitude with the eddy drift velocity; this finding suggests that the eddy drift is strongly influenced by the large-scale flow. Mesoscale eddies have been discovered in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Their existence in the Pacific Ocean is now confirmed.     

Remote sensing of the fram strait marginal ice zone

Sequential remote sensing images of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone played a key role in elucidating the complex interactions of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice. Analysis of a subset of these images covering a 1-week period provided quantitative data on the mesoscale ice morphology, including ice edge positions, ice concentrations, floe size distribution, and ice kinematics. The analysis showed that, under light to moderate wind conditions, the morphology of the marginal ice zone reflects the underlying ocean circulation. High-resolution radar observations showed the location and size of ocean eddies near the ice edge. Ice kinematics from sequential radar images revealed an ocean eddy beneath the interior pack ice that was verified by in situ oceanographic measurements.     

小型农业养殖塘上大气湍流特征的观测分析

为明确小型水体上的大气湍流特征和涡度相关系统的适用性,基于2018年安徽省滁州市全椒县官渡村小型农业养殖塘的通量观测数据,分析该地的大气稳定状态、湍流方差相似性、湍流速度谱和协谱、湍流强度及湍流动能的变化特征。结果表明,该小型农业养殖塘上1 d内约21 h大气处于不稳定状态;Monin-Obukhov相似理论适用于该农业养殖塘;三维风速归一化标准差随大气稳定度的变化符合1/3次方规律,不稳定条件下的拟合效果优于稳定条件下,且以垂直方向上拟合效果最佳,温度和湿度的归一化标准差在大气不稳定时符合-1/3次方规律;三维风速的湍流谱在惯性子区中符合-2/3次方关系,垂直风速与标量的协谱在惯性子区中符合-4/3次方规律,涡度相关系统能够观测该小型农业养殖塘上的感热、潜热和CO₂通量;该小型农业养殖塘上的湍流强度随风速衰减的速度快于大型湖泊,风速大于1 m·s^-1时湍流强度趋近于常数,且水平方向上的湍流强度大于垂直方向;该小型农业养殖塘上的湍流动能在中性条件下最大（3.0 m²·s^-2）,且以风切变贡献为主;湍流动能随风速增大而增大,并呈现昼高夜低的变化特征。上述结果可为明确小型水体上的大气湍流特征及小型农业养殖塘与大气之间能量和物质的交换机制奠定一定的理论基础。     

东太平洋赤道海域中尺度涡的特征分析

东太平洋赤道海域是我国重要的作业渔场,中尺度涡与渔场形成和分布有着密切的联系。本研究基于流场几何的涡旋判别方法,利用2012-2018年气象卫星遥感数据对东太平洋赤道海域（85°W~125°W,5°S~5°N）的中尺度涡进行识别,分析了该海域中尺度涡旋的空间分布、半径范围、生命周期和迁移路径及速度等基本特征。研究结果显示,东太平洋赤道海域反气旋涡的数量要多于气旋涡的数量;涡旋的生命周期较短,绝大多数不超过一周;涡旋的半径主要集中在250~310 km,迁移速度主要集中在6~18 m/s,迁移距离为25~50 km;在靠近南北纬5°的海域表现出两条涡旋活动较为频繁的“热带区域”,而在纬度为零的海域几乎没有涡旋存在。同时,涡旋的生命周期和半径表现出明显的年间变化。该研究成果为深入分析东太平洋赤道海域渔场形成、时空分布和开展渔情预报提供了基础。     

Cross-shelf sediment transport by an anticyclonic eddy off northern california

A combination of satellite imagery, shipboard profiles, drifter tracks, and moored current observations reveals that an anticyclonic eddy off the coast of northern California transported plumes of suspended sediments from the continental shelf into the deep ocean. The horizontal scale of the eddy was about 90 kilometers, and the eddy remained over the continental shelf and slope for about 2 months during the summer of 1988. The total mass of sediments transported by the eddy was of order 105 metric tons. Mesoscale eddies are recurrent features in this region and occur frequently in eastern boundary currents. These results provide direct evidence that eddies export sediments from continental shelves.     

The coalescence of two East Australian current warm-core eddies

Two warm-core eddies coalesced in about 20 days as their centers rotated around a point on the contracting line that joined them. In the process of forming the new eddy, the subsurface isothermal-isohaline "signature" layer of one eddy was uplifted and somewhat depleted while that of the other was depressed.     

橡胶林通量足迹与源区分布

[目的]分析橡胶林通量观测数据质量。[方法]根据农业部儋州热带农业资源与生态环境重点野外试验站50米高通量观测塔2010年前6个月连续的通量观测资料,应用Schmid（1994）的FSAM（Flux-Source Area Model）模式分析不同大气条件下橡胶林干季通量足迹与源区分布特征。[结果]不稳定条件下,传感器测得的通量信息源区比稳定条件时源区面积相对小;相同水平下非生长季的信息源区比生长季的信息源区大。在主风方向130°～270°,生长季不稳定条件下,通量测量的信息源区（P=80%）迎风方向范围在100～758m之间,垂直于迎风方向范围在-251～251m之间,非生长季不稳定条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略大些;生长季稳定条件下,分别为173～1858m,-534～534m,非生长季稳定条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略小些。风向在0°～130°、270°～360°时,相同大气条件下,其范围与主风向生长季的范围近似。[结论]该研究为进一步通量计算和分析奠定了基础。     

Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean

Mesoscale eddies may play a critical role in ocean biogeochemistry by increasing nutrient supply, primary production, and efficiency of the biological pump, that is, the ratio of carbon export to primary production in otherwise nutrient-deficient waters. We examined a diatom bloom within a cold-core cyclonic eddy off Hawaii. Eddy primary production, community biomass, and size composition were markedly enhanced but had little effect on the carbon export ratio. Instead, the system functioned as a selective silica pump. Strong trophic coupling and inefficient organic export may be general characteristics of community perturbation responses in the warm waters of the Pacific Ocean.     

海南岛橡胶林通量足迹与源区分布研究

为分析影响橡胶林通量观测数据质量的因素,利用农业部儋州热带农业资源与生态环境重点野外试验站50m高通量观测塔2010年12个月连续的通量观测资料,应用Schmid的FSAM（Flux．Source Area Model）模式,分析不同大气条件下橡胶林通量足迹与源区分布特征。结果表明：（1）在大气不稳定状态时,通量各传感器测得的信息源区比大气稳定状态时源区面积相对较小;在相同贡献率水平下,大气稳定状态生长季节观测到的通量信息源区面积比非生长季节的信息源区面积大,大气不稳定状态非生长季节的通量信息源区面积比生长季节的信息源区面积大。（2）盛行风方向在110°-250°时,生长季大气不稳定情况下,通量测量的信息源区（P=80％）迎风方向范围在100—758m之间,垂直于迎风方向范围在-251—251m之间,非生长季大气不稳定情况下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略大些;生长季稳定条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围分别为173—1858m和-534—534m,非生长季稳定条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略小些。（3）风向在0°-110°,250°-360°时,与盛行风方向上的通量信息源区面积相比,橡胶林大气处于稳定状态,其通量信息源区面积范围明显要高,但在非稳定大气状态时,二者相差不大。     

滨州市“7.18”暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象观测分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从大尺度环境、物理量场和多普勒雷达资料方面,对2007年7月18日发生在滨州市的一次暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明：本次暴雨是高空冷空气、低空切变线和地面倒槽共同影响造成的,是一次较典型的稳定纬向型暴雨。副高边缘西南低空急流、雷达回波径向速度场上的逆风区和中尺度辐合线以及垂直风廓线产品上的低层暖平流等对判断暴雨有较强的指示作用。     

垂直轴风力机直驱热泵压缩机匹配特性研究

风能供热是多风寒冷地区,减少雾霾有效途径之一。针对垂直轴风力机直驱热泵压缩机系统,分析300 W垂直轴风力机输出和开启式涡旋压缩机输入扭矩及功率特性,研究不同风速下垂直轴风力机与开启式涡旋压缩机特殊匹配特性。根据效率理论分析匹配特性,系统选型设计时垂直轴风力机输出功率应略高于压缩机所需输入功率,通过选择合理变速比,获得垂直轴风力机设计参数,实现系统按额定工况运行。为风能供热系统参数选型提供理论参考。     

风廓线雷达资料在强对流天气预报中的应用

强对流天气局地性强,难以准确、提前监测预警,常造成严重的人员伤亡和经济损失。为了弥补探空资料在连续观测中时间间隔长的不足,利用风廓线雷达对环境风场开展连续观测,分析常熟市沿江地区发生的一次强对流天气过程。结果表明,风廓线雷达资料能够一定程度上反映垂直方向上的风场、垂直气流等气象要素,雷达资料反演的垂直风切变和垂直速度也与强对流天气特征相吻合,可为强对流天气的监测预警提供参考。     

“8.8”舟曲特大泥石流天气背景分析

利用自动站、卫星云图、探空等常规和非常规资料,对2010年8月8日凌晨造成舟曲特大泥石流的短时强降水天气过程的天气背景、形成机理、物理成因、卫星云图特征进行了较为深入细致的研究。结果表明,自动站气象要素变化能反映中小尺度天气系统的信息;卫星云图上,东移锋面云系尾部在顺时针旋转的南亚高压东部激发起对流云团,对流云团在有利的温湿条件、不稳定的层结、较大的高空风垂直切变下,迅速发展、合并成中α对流系统,在其前进方向右后方边缘亮温梯度大的地方出现短时强降水;副高边缘的高能水汽输送带使甘肃南部具备对流发展的潜势,500 hPa小槽、200 hPa辐散区、地面冷锋的配合,激发中尺度对流系统(MCS),使其得以发展;有利的层结条件和高空风垂直切变使MCS得以加强,最终造成舟曲短时局地强降水,并引发特大山洪泥石流。     

长白山阔叶红松林通量观测的footprint及源区分布

该文根据通量观测塔上2003年12个月连续的通量观测资料,应用Schmid (1994)的FSAM(The Flux_Source Area Model)模型,分析不同大气条件下源区分布.结果表明:①源（汇）区分布的基本特点是:不稳定条件下,传感器测得的通量信息源区比稳定条件时近,源区面积相对小;相同水平下非生长季的信息源区比生长季的信息源区大.②在主风方向200°～290°,生长季不稳定条件下,通量测量的信息源区（P=0.8）迎风方向范围在0～600 m之间,垂直于迎风方向范围在-300～300 m之间;稳定条件下,分别为0～1 500 m,-1 000 ～1 000 m;在非生长季相同大气条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略大些,而风向在0°～90°、 90°～200°、 290°～360°时,相同大气条件下,其范围与主风向生长季的范围近似.③12个月统计结果表明,76 %的信息来自于西南至西北方相对均质的阔叶红松原始林,其中footprint取得最大值的源区在塔西南方100～400 m范围内,几乎没有来自北偏东方向的城镇下垫面的信息,而在塔东南方0.5 km以外的其他类型下垫面对通量测量的影响约3%左右.      

柞水地区冬季低空风场分析

根据2005年1月20日至2月4日在柞水地区进行的大气边界层探测试验得到的资料,分析了该地区的低空风场随高度的垂直分布特征以及随时间的演变特征。结果表明:柞水地区冬季低空盛行风向随高度的变化明显,从地面到150 m高度内,盛行风从偏西北风逐渐转为偏东南风。而在150 m高度以上的大气层均为盛行偏东风或偏东南风。冬季低空平均风速随高度变化,在地面到100 m高度层风速随高度的增加变化较快,而在100 m以上的风速随高度的变化较小。风速随时间的分布,在11:00至14:00左右整层大气存在一个风速相对较小的区域,随后风速开始增大。在17:00至20:00左右整层大气存在一个风速相对较大的区域,在17:00 600 m高度左右风速达到最大,为2.3 m/s。     

聊城风压分布特征

利用聊城1971～2010年地面10 min平均年最大风速资料,计算分析了历年地面最大风压的年际分布及同期内的极大风压的垂直分布,结果表明,40年间地面极端最大风压为40.0 kg/m2,出现在1978、1979年,可以作为40年一遇风压代表值,40年间地面平均风压呈下降趋势,这可能与测站环境变化有关;离地面10 m高处的极大风压为40.0 kg/m2,50 m高处风压可增大至67.0 kg/m2,100 m处风压达83.6 kg/m2,相当于36.6m/s强风的破坏力。     

Radium-226 and radon-222: concentration in atlantic and pacific oceans

Measurements of radon-222 in seawater suggest the following. The radium-226 content of surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is uniformly close to about 4 x 10(-14) gram per liter. The deep Pacific has a concentration of radium-226 that is four times higher and the deep Atlantic a concentration twice as high as that of the surface. These distribution profiles can be explained by the same particle-settling rate for radium-226 from surface to depth for the two oceans and by a threefold longer residence time of water in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic. The vertical distribution of the deficiency of radon-222 in the surface water of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggests a coefficient of vertical eddy diffusion as high as 120 square centimeters per second and a gas-exchange rate for carbon dioxide in surface water between 14 and 60 moles per square meter per year. Vertical profiles of the excess of radon-222 in near-bottom water of the South Atlantic give coefficients of vertical eddy diffusion ranging from 1.5 to more than 50 square centimeters per second.     

Tidal Currents and Eddy Statistics From Iceberg Trajectories off Labrador

Extensive data on the trajectories of icebergs located off the coast of Labrador has yielded information on tidal currents, the effect of wind on iceberg motion, and the properties of the low-frequency eddies. Statistical properties of the data were shown to be related to theoretical ideas on two-dimensional turbulence and to the connection between Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity statistics. The results have led to an estimate of the cross-shelf mixing rate and a statistical prediction scheme for iceberg trajectories.     

黑土地土壤风蚀特征参数及风蚀物分布规律研究

通过对黑土区风季风速和表土含水量的监测、旱作耕地风蚀物野外采集试验、室内风蚀物粒度分析试验,对东北黑土区土壤风蚀特征参数以及风蚀物的垂直分布规律进行定量研究,初步得出黑土区裸露耕地下垫面粗糙度、摩阻风速、起沙风速等风蚀过程的重要特征参数,得出黑土地土壤风蚀风沙流断面风蚀物含量、风蚀物颗粒尺度的垂向规律,为该区土壤风蚀、土地沙化的进一步研究与防治提供基础依据。