西辽河流域农牧户生产消费特征比较研究

农户是农村经济的微观基础,其生产和消费活动会对生态系统和自然资源产生重要的影响。以西辽河流域为案例区,基于参与式结构访谈工具等方法,对农牧户进行了系统调查,分析西辽河流域不同生计方式农牧户的基本特征,在此基础上,运用生态足迹方法,计算不同农牧户类型的生产与消费特征,探讨农牧户生产与消费足迹的影响因素。结果表明,1)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户在家庭规模、劳动力配置、年龄结构、教育水平、收入结构和土地利用特征等方面存在差别。2)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户生产和消费足迹存在显著差异性。就生产特征而言,农业户以人均谷物和蔬菜生产最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶类产量最多,半农半牧户以人均薯类生产最多。从消费状况来看,农业户以人均谷物消费量最多,半农半牧户以人均蔬菜消费量最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶制品消费量最多。3)西辽河流域农牧户人均生产足迹为4.301 7 hm2,人均消费足迹为0.613 5 hm2,生产足迹远高于消费足迹。其中牧业户的生产足迹和消费足迹远远高于农业户和半农半牧户。4)农牧户生产足迹和消费足迹与人口特征、经济特征和资源禀赋特征显著相关,并具有差异性。研究表明,草地生态足迹在西辽河流域牧业户生态足迹中起决定作用。     

Gender, livestock assets, resource management, and food security: Lessons from the SR-CRSP

North Sumatra and West Java in Indonesia, the Andes of Bolivia and Peru, Western Province, the Coast and Machakos in Kenya, were Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR-CRSP) sites in which the role of small ruminants was studied and where technological interventions were designed. In all cases the target groups were poor rural households that could maintain sheep, goats, or South American camelids. The objective was to increase the welfare of families through the use of small ruminant technologies. Access to and control of resources, and intrahousehold dynamics were analyzed to understand if, how, and when, technological interventions help achieve this objective. The way in which the studied villages integrate into the market, the specific role that livestock and other productive enterprises play in the household economy, the risks faced by families in rural areas condition the role of livestock and other resource management technologies. As an asset, small and large stock are gendered, but this is qualified by the alternatives that household members have. Small ruminants under the domain of women, either through production or marketing, are shown to contribute to in-kind consumption or, as liquid assets, to household welfare purchases, in the case of Andean agropastoral households and households in Kenya. Women are also managers of the grazing areas, which are often fallow fields. The research experiences show the relationship between gender, resource management, and the ability to build livestock assets and security, in different houehold production systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

京冀平原区不同类型农户耕地利用研究

从农户对粮食生产能力和价值生产能力偏好的角度对农户进行群体分类,分析不同时期农户土地利用目标演化和农户群体类型演替之间的关系,选择北京大兴、海淀、曲周为典型案例区,对不同类型农户土地利用的特点及其影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:①在位于城市郊区的大兴,产量和利润协调型农户占调研总数43.04%,接近50%的农户已转型为利润需求型;而受城市辐射影响较小的研究区域曲周四疃,农户类型依然是以产量和利润协调型为主;而城市近郊的海淀,农户类型则呈多元化,由于农地稳定性差而1/3多的农户对耕地的保障功能很看重。②从农户产量需求型→产量和利润需求型→利润协调型的转型中,在种植结构上表现为从以粮食作物为主到逐渐减少其种植面积,而相应增加经济作物的种植面积;在收入结构上表现为种植业收入会逐步增加。③不同类型农户生产函数估计结果显示,耕地经营规模对农户收益有很大限制作用,且产量和利润协调型农户、利润需求型农户偏好劳动集约高的利用方式。     

Co-operative or coyote? Producers’ choice between intermediary purchasers and Fairtrade and organic co-operatives in Chiapas

Coffee producers in many parts of the world have the option of either becoming a member of and selling their coffee to a Fairtrade and organic co-operative, or selling it to a “coyote”, the Central American nickname for intermediary purchaser. This study investigates why different producers make different choices, looking at both material and immaterial costs and benefits of the two choices. A qualitative study from Chiapas (Mexico) finds that a main reason for not choosing the co-operatives is the production requirements that follow organic certification. A survey on production costs confirms that members of an organic co-operative have more work hours than non-members in the same area. A probit analysis indicates that both coffee plot size and number of working household members influence the producers’ decision on sales channel. However, the study also finds that aspects not related to the organic production requirements can affect the choice, such as the level of trust in co-operative leadership, and the co-operatives’ payment systems.     

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.     

不同规模耕地经济效益差异及影响因素分析——以曲周县第四疃乡为例

为研究不同规模耕地的经济效益差异及影响耕地经济效益的因素,以曲周县第四疃乡农户调查问卷为基础,利用Stata 12.0逐步回归分析方法,从农户微观视角分析不同农户耕地经济效益的差异及影响效益产生差异的原因。结果表明:耕地规模大的分组中农户耕地经济效益较高;耕地经济效益与耕地块均面积、机械拥有量呈显著正相关关系;与家庭主要劳动力年龄呈显著负相关关系;与务农人口数没有明显相关关系;地块规则成方、加入合作社等新型组织或自成种粮大户均有利于提高耕地经济效益。据此提出解放劳动力、实施土地整治、扶持农村合作社、推动土地流转等提高耕地经济效益等建议。     

中国农村家庭能源消费现状与发展

以中国６县３２４０户农村家庭生活能源消费及相关问题的抽样调查为基础，揭示了农村家庭生活用能水平和构成在各地区间存在的差异，这种差异主要取决于当地能量资源的可获得量。自前农村家庭生活年户用能源一般为７００～１２００ｋｇｃｅ，其中炊事用能占４０％～６０％，生物质能占６０％～９０％，柴草灶的热效率在１０％～２０％。生物质的使用在一些地区已超过合理水平。商品能耗随收入的增加而增加，其中电力增加最为迅速，未来一段时期虽可能出现多元化的能源消费结构，但以生物质燃料为主的能源消费结构不会有重大改变。     

现代农户的基本特征与构建机制

农户是中国农业生产中最微观的组织,在保持农村的基本制度的基础上实现农户的适度规模经营是目前学术界较为一致的看法,认为大力发展现代农户是实现这一目标的主要途径。对现代农户进行了详细的研究,认为其具有经营的适度规模、生产的专业化和社会化、交易的市场化等3个特征。针对其发展仍然比较滞后的现状,提出了促进其发展的分化机制。     

我国农户退出生猪散养的影响因素研究——基于可持续生计分析框架

为理解我国养殖业结构调整中农户大量退出生猪散养这一突出现象,本研究尝试在经典可持续生计分析框架的基础上,提出局部生计系统、生计功能、生计依赖和生计突破等概念,构建农户退出生猪散养的分析框架,并将农户按照生计功能分为收入多样化户、猪肉自给户和风险防范户3类,同时利用农户调查数据展开实证研究。结果表明:退出现象表现为各类农户同时但不同程度的退出;不同类型农户退出的驱动因素可能不同,同一因素对不同类型农户退出的作用机制也可能不同;有利的地理和交通条件、户主低龄化、耕地资源短缺和非农就业等因素相互交织是收入多样化农户退出的主要原因;交通条件、非农务工、非农经营和总收入增长引起的消费偏好改变是猪肉自给农户退出的主要原因;生存风险显著降低是风险防范农户退出的主要原因。最后提出了应对农户退出生猪散养的政策建议。     

The triple burden: the impact of time poverty on women’s participation in coffee producer organizational governance in Mexico

In the mid-1990s, fairtrade-organic registration data showed that only 9 % of Oaxaca, Mexico’s organic coffee ‘farm operators’ were women; by 2013 the female farmer rate had increased to 42 %. Our research investigates the impact of this significant increase in women’s coffee association participation among 210 members of two coffee producer associations in Oaxaca, Mexico. We find that female coffee organization members report high levels of household decision-making power and they are more likely than their male counterparts to report control over their coffee income. These significant advances in women’s agency within the household are offset by the fact that the women experience significant time poverty as they engage in coffee production while bearing a disproportionate share of domestic labor obligations. The women coffee producers view organizational labor as a third burden on their time, after their reproductive and productive labor. The time poverty they experience limits their ability to fully participate in coffee organizational governance and consequently there are few women leaders at all levels of the coffee producer businesses. This is problematic because it limits women’s ability to fully benefit from organizational membership: when women fully participate in governance they gain valuable business and leadership skills and producer associations with active female members may also be more likely to develop and maintain programs and policies that enhance gender equity. Our findings indicate that targeted agricultural development programs to improve gender equity among agricultural smallholders should involve creative ways to ease women’s labor burdens and reduce their time poverty in order to facilitate full organizational participation. The research findings fill a gap in existing studies of agricultural global value chains (GVCs) by demonstrating how the certified coffee GVC depends on women’s under and un-paid labor not only within the household but also within producer organizations.     

Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households

There is, at present, little precise understanding of the relative contributions of the various income streams used by impoverished rural households in southern Africa. The impact of household profiles on overall income also is not well understood. There is, therefore, little consideration of these factors in national economic accounting. This paper is an attempt to reduce this gap in knowledge by reflecting on the relative contribution of agro-pastoralism, secondary woodland resources, and formal and informal cash income streams to households in the semi-arid rural village of Thorndale, Limpopo Province, South Africa. In the absence of jobs and confronted with high migrant labor, households with open access to natural resources derived more benefits from land-based livelihoods than cash income streams (i.e., 57.5 % vs. 42.5 %). Total livelihood income was valued at US$2887 per household per annum. A significant correlation between monetary values derived from crops and formal wages was established, and it was found that households with high cash incomes tended to invest more in crop production. Over 80 of households were male-headed. Of these heads of household, more than 60 were long-term migrants to urban areas, leaving household decision-making to the women. The low literacy rates of women have deprived them of paid jobs outside the area and, therefore, have increased their dependence on crops (62%) and secondary woodlands resources (60%). This was further reflected in the proportion of households in which females were the main contributors of cash income (9.7%), or joint contributors with men (24.4%). Various positive correlations were established between the number of women per household and the three land-based livelihoods. This implied that womens total control over such activities was mostly a result of the absence of men and not a typical phenomenon. In spite of this control, it was not positively reflected in the lives of majority of the women. Households differed in their participation in livelihood activities. Household size influenced the level of production and was positively correlated with the value of secondary woodland resources and crops. The study shows the interdependence of land-based livelihood sources and the impact of household features on production and consumption. Policies that focus on livelihood options need to recognize and accommodate associated household dynamics.Delali B. K. Dovie is a conservation biologist with interests in agricultural and natural resource economics and conservation, rural sociology, and global environmental change issues. He is currently a START/IGBP African Doctoral Fellow, and Honorary Research Fellow, School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.E. T. F. Witkowski is an ecologist with expertise in eco-physiology, restoration and plant ecology, and ethnobotany. He is Professor and Director of the Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.Charlie M. Shackleton is an ecologist and Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University with many years of experience and good working knowledge of agro-ecological research, natural resources, plant population dynamics, and ethnobotany.     

新疆南疆小农户家庭经营规模优化潜力分析

通过对177户农户家庭实地调查和构建拉格朗日函数,实证分析南疆农户家庭畜牧业生产规模的优化问题。结果表明：98户农户家庭养殖规模具有发展潜力,占被调查户数的55.37%,户均增收潜力4672元;其中,已有一定种养经营规模的农户家庭增收潜力较大,户均可达5694元。研究为农业生产结构优化和以小农户为主体的内生型发展现代农业道路指明了方向;从支持小农户生产经营政策,完善农业社会化服务体系,发挥村集体组织优势和提升小农户自身发展能力方面提出适合小农户衔接现代农业的政策建议。     

基于Bivariate Probit模型的土地流转影响因素分析——以江西省为例

在2011年江西省农户调研数据的基础上,利用Bivariate Probit模型分析了影响农户土地流转行为的因素及土地转入转出行为之间的联立关系。计量结果显示:农户土地转入和转出行为之间存在替代效应;家庭女男比例、人均承包地面积、户主年龄及受教育年限、拥有的农业资产价值、外出务工及土地调整等是影响农户土地流转行为的重要因素。     

一个农户生态经济系统的分析

对沈阳市桃仙镇荒山子村一个农户生态经济系统进行分析，结果表明：该农户正处于从传统农业向现代农业的过渡阶段，经济效益较好，整体技术水平和生态效益低，后两了该农户的进一步发展，以目前的生产水平，应采取户与户联合，取得规模效益，以当前农业产业化的发展。     

区域农产品市场发展对农户收入的影响——基于江苏常熟和江都农户调查的实证研究

基于对江苏省常熟市和江都市农户的调研,对不同区域农产品市场发展情况下,微观经济主体——农户的商业决策、生产行为进行研究。选取江苏省常熟市、江都市7个村的农户进行随机抽样问卷调查获得数据对理论进行判断与验证,探索农产品市场发展、农户行为和农户收入之间关系,建立农产品市场对农户人均收入影响的计量模型。研究发现,江苏省内不同地域社会经济发展水平存在差异,相同因素在不同地区作用效力不尽相同;农户收入结构、市场化发展对农户人均总收入影响比较大;种植结构对于人均农业收入的影响显著。进而提出推进农产品销售市场的建设,加强市场信息透明化公开化,合理调整农户生产结构的对策建议。     

家庭资源禀赋对农户绿色生产行为影响的研究 ——基于福建省458户茶农的调查数据

[目的/意义]家庭资源禀赋是影响着农户绿色生产行为的重要因素,分析农户不同的家庭资源禀赋对其绿色生产的影响,有利于实现农业生产的绿色转型.[方法/过程]选取福建省福鼎市、安溪县、华安县等地的50个村庄共计458户茶叶种植农户进行入户调研,采用二元Logistic回归模型分析农户的家庭资源禀赋对其绿色生产的影响.[结果/...     

石家庄市栾城区农地经营规模与农业生产效率的关系

基于河北省石家庄市栾城区农户调研数据,运用DEA-Tobit模型探究不同类型农户农业生产效率及其影响因素。结果表明:1)从总体上看,随着农业经营规模的增大,单位面积均资本投入和均毛收入增加,而单位面积均劳动力投入和均净收入减少,说明扩大耕地经营规模在一定程度上促使土地由劳动力密集型生产方式向资本密集型生产方式转变。2)不同种植类型的规模效应呈现出不同的规律:粮食作物和核桃在中等规模型(0.67～3.33hm2)生产效率最高,而草坪种植则在小规模型(0～0.67hm2)生产效率最高。3)影响不同种植类型的生产效率的主要因素不同:户主受教育程度、劳动力数量与粮食作物、草坪生产效率均呈显著正相关;是否从事其他工作与粮食作物、草坪生产效率均呈显著负相关性;化肥农药投入与粮食作物生产效率呈负相关性,与草坪生产效率呈正相关性;年龄对草坪、粮食作物生产效率影响均不显著。因此,适当推动土地流转、确定合理的生产规模、加大农业先进技术投入等有利于农业生产效率的提高。     

Trust and livelihood adaptation: evidence from rural Mexico

This paper explores the relationship between trust and household adaptation strategies for a sample of respondents in a Mexican agrarian community. In particular, we analyze how levels of personalized, generalized, and institutionalized trust shape the adaptation strategies of smallholders, and find that households characterized by low levels of generalized and institutionalized trust are less likely to be involved in a diversified livelihood strategy. Instead, they tend to continue with the traditional activity of maize production. In contrast, high levels of personalized trust are associated with a livelihood strategy that focuses on cattle breeding and pasture growing. We argue that trust explains why some people more readily ‘catch up’ with opportunities created by an expanding market, while others lag behind in poverty. This paper thus seeks to contribute to the debate on the role of trust in economic actions and decision-making processes of smallholders.     

基于农户调查的农地适度经营规模研究——以长沙市两个郊区县为例

农业规模化生产是市场经济发展的客观要求,农地规模经营是农业规模化经营的关键所在.从农户效用最大化的角度,建立了农户农地适度经营规模的测度模型;并利用湖南长沙市2个郊区县141份农户调查问卷数据,对该模型进行了检验.研究结果表明:影响农地适度经营规模的因素包括农产品市场价格、农业生产技术、各生产要素的市场价格及其市场转移概率;目前,农业生产处在规模报酬递减阶段;农地投入对农产品产量的影响最大,其次是劳动力投入,资本投入的影响最小;户均农地适度经营规模为1.42 hm2,但目前户均农地经营面积仅有0.31 hm2;为了使农户家庭劳力与农地达到最优配置状态,进而使农户家庭收入达到最大,应选择转入农地或转出剩余劳动力.