德系西门塔尔牛与河北本地西杂牛杂交F_1、F_2代重要经济性状分析

本研究采用德系西门塔尔牛冻精对河北本地西杂母牛杂交改良,分别收集14头F1和11头F2后代公牛群体7项生长性能、8项屠宰性能(24月龄)、9项肉品质和3项胴体质量的表型数据,分析利用德系西门塔尔公牛冻精对河北本地西杂牛的杂交改良效果。结果表明:F1代0～12月龄平均日增重为0.82 kg/d,F2代为0.97 kg/d,F2代前期生长速度更快;F1代12～18月龄平均日增重为0.88 kg/d,F2代为0.78 kg/d,12月龄后F1代更具生长优势;F2代宰前活重、胴体重、高档牛肉重(米龙、黄瓜条和外脊等)、眼肌面积和背膘厚等指标均略优于F1代,其中F2代背膘厚为3.35 cm,显著大于F1代(2.46 cm)。综上,用德系西门塔尔牛改良河北当地西杂牛的生长、肉质性状具有一定成效。     

宁乡猪不同杂交组合主要消化器官与部分胴体性状的相关性分析

为探讨猪消化器官与胴体性状之间的关系,试验测定了宁乡猪不同杂交组合猪群体共计69个个体的胃、肝脏重量,大小肠重量和长度及9项重要胴体性状指标,并分别就单项消化器官指标与胴体性状的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,主要消化器官重量与胴体重、胴体斜长的相关性显示出了一致的变化规律,均存在显著或极显著的正相关(P0.05或P0.01),小肠长与胴体斜长达到极显著正相关(P0.01),大肠长与眼肌面积存在显著的正相关(P0.05),其结果可为后续相关研究提供重要参考。     

新桃源猪杂交利用研究

用大约克、长白公猪与新桃源母猪杂交，测定杂种一代生长与胴体性状。结果表明，新桃源猪与大约克、长白公猪杂交，均可获得较好的杂交效果，并以大×桃最好。大×桃组平均产仔 １１．５ 头，６０日龄窝重平均１８１．０６ｋｇ，育肥猪日增重７０５ｇ，料重比３．４１，胴体瘦肉率６２．２１％ ，长桃组平均产仔１２．３３头，６０ 日龄窝重平均１７８．９１ｋｇ，育肥期日增重６８８ｇ，料重比３．５２，胴体瘦肉率６１．５４％ 。因此，大约克是利用新桃源猪生产商品瘦肉型猪的较优杂交父本     

猪PPARGC1A基因多态性与生长性状的关联分析及其表达

本研究通过直接测序检测PPARGC1A基因启动子区多态位点g.17949513GA在535头杜洛克猪、长白猪以及大约克猪中的遗传结构,并与达到目标体重日龄、平均日增重等生长性状进行关联分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR检测PPARGC1A基因在大约克猪和金华猪背脂和背最长肌组织中的表达量。结果表明,在试验群体中G等位基因的频率高于A等位基因。在长白猪中基因型频率最高的是GG,而杜洛克猪和大约克猪中GA基因型的频率最高。GG基因型个体达到目标体重日龄低于AA基因型和GA基因型,平均日增重高于AA基因型。不同基因型个体之间的100 kg体重活体背膘厚和料重比差异不显著(P0.05)。PPARGC1A基因mRNA水平在大约克猪中显著高于金华猪(P0.05)。综上所述,PPARGC1A基因g.17949513GA位点与生长性状显著关联,该基因的差异表达对生长发育具有一定的影响,可作为猪生长性状选育的潜在分子标记。     

晋汾白猪生长发育性状的选育研究

晋汾白猪是以马身猪、太湖猪、长白猪和大白猪为育种素材,通过复杂杂交育种和标记辅助选择而育成的一个瘦肉型猪新品种。试验对6个世代后备猪生长发育性状的选育结果进行分析,结果发现,后备公猪6世代与0世代相比,初生重提高了0.13 kg,断奶重提高了0.56 kg,70日龄体重提高了1.69 kg,180日龄体重提高了12.46 kg,70~180日龄平均日增重提高了107.00 g,差异均显著(P<0.05);后备母猪180日龄体重6世代比0世代显著提高了10.84 kg(P<0.05)。后备公猪和母猪4、5世代的初生重、断奶重、180日龄体重和70~180日龄日增重均显著高于0世代(P<0.05)。选育结果表明,晋汾白猪的生长发育性状取得了较大的遗传进展。     

MC4R基因主效位点在中外猪种中的遗传多样性及其与生长肥育性状的关联性分析

采用PCR-TaqI-RFLP技术,检测了9个中国地方猪种、3个外来猪种和1个培育猪种的612个个体及白色杜洛克×二花脸资源家系418头F2个体在MC4R基因D298N主效位点的遗传变异,统计分析了MC4R基因型与日增重、腹脂率及肩、胸、腰、臀部膘厚等生长肥育性状的关联性。结果表明:(1)G等位基因在中国地方猪种、长白和杜洛克中呈高频分布,而大白和南昌白猪具有高频率的A等位基因;(2)GG基因型个体的胸、腰、臀部膘厚较AA基因型和AG基因型个体厚,GG基因型个体的240日龄重、至240日龄平均日增重大于AA基因型个体,GG基因型个体的腹脂率高于AA基因型个体,差异显著。试验结果进一步验证了MC4R基因对猪生长肥育性状的影响效应。     

贵州剑白香猪内脏器官生长发育测定

本试验对2月龄（20头）、4月龄（5头）、8月龄（16头）和11月龄（6头）四个不同生长时期的八世代剑白香猪进行内脏器官测定,探讨剑白香猪内脏器官的生长发育规律和最佳适宰期以及作医用实验动物的可行性,结果表明：大肠翻后重、肾和花油重的前、后平均月增重均高于4～8月龄;脾脏的平均月增重呈现上升趋势;心脏在4～8月龄平均月增重最快8～11月龄又高于2～4月龄;肺、小肠、胃、肝、胴体长的平均月增重均呈现下降趋势：11月龄八世代剑白香猪和成人内脏器官的重量极其相似,是猪一人异种器官移植的理想供体。     

MC4R基因遗传变异与猪生长性状的相关性分析

为了揭示猪生长性状分子辅助选择标记在不同群体中的遗传效应,本研究采用PCR-RFLP技术,在杜洛克猪、大白猪、长白猪和豫南黑猪群体中对生长性状相关候选基因MC4R的遗传多样性进行检测,并分析其与猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比的相关性。本研究结果显示:MC4R的D298N变异位点在4个猪群中均存在多态性,其中G等位基因为优势等位基因;性状关联分析结果显示,在杜洛克猪群体中,GG基因型个体的平均日增重显著高于AA基因型(P0.05)、料重比显著低于AA基因型(P0.05);在长白猪群体和大白猪群体中GG基因型个体的平均日增重具有高于AA、AG基因型的趋势,料重比有低于AA、AG基因型,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。     

杜洛克猪HMGA1基因多态位点与生长、饲料利用性状的关联分析

试验对HMGA1基因的两个SNPs位点进行分析,研究了HMGA1基因核苷酸多态性与生长、饲料利用性状的关联性。利用大白猪和民猪重测序结果比较发现了HMGA1基因的两个SNPs位点（g.-543 T > C和g.1356 C > T）,利用Sequenom质谱测序平台对杜洛克猪g.-543 T > C和g.1356 C > T位点进行基因分型,并分析该位点多态性与生长、饲料利用性状的关联性。结果发现,杜洛克猪群体g.-543 T>C位点,CT与CC基因型相比,90日龄体重升高了2.15 kg（P<0.05）,30 kg体重日龄降低了3.21 d（P<0.05）,断奶重升高,剩余采食量降低,100 kg体重日龄减少,30~100 kg平均日增重、40~90 kg平均日采食量、40~90 kg平均日增重均降低。杜洛克猪群体g.1356 C>T位点,CC与TT基因型相比,90日龄体重升高了0.37 kg（P<0.05）;平均日采食量降低0.13 kg/d（P<0.05）,100 kg背膘厚降低0.43 mm（P<0.05）,剩余采食量降低了70.42 g（P<0.05）,30 kg体重日龄降低了0.56 d（P<0.05）;40~90 kg平均日采食量降低了0.17 kg（P<0.05）,断奶重升高,100 kg体重日龄增大,30~100、40~90 kg平均日增重均降低;CT与TT基因型结果与上结果类似。结果初步表明HMGA1基因两个SNPs位点的突变有利于杜洛克猪的生长、饲料利用效率的提高。     

山西白猪高产仔母系育肥性能与胴体品质测定

以马身猪、太湖猪(二花脸类群)和长白猪为育种素材,采用标记辅助选择技术结合群体继代选育法,经7年6个世代育成山西白猪高产仔母系。结果发现,该品系6世代个体186.48日龄体重达100 kg,30~100 kg阶段日增重708.35 g,每千克增重耗料3.14 kg;体重100 kg屠宰,屠宰率为77.00%,胴体瘦肉率为57.93%,眼肌面积为32.20 cm²。山西白猪高产仔母系生长发育快,胴体品质好,是一个优良的专门化品系。     

Comparison of production traits between pigs with and without the Escherichia coli F4 receptors in a White Duroc x Erhualian intercross F2 population

To evaluate the influence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 receptors on production traits in pigs, ETEC F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad adhesion phenotypes and 27 traits related to growth, carcass, meat quality, and length of the small intestine in a White Duroc x Erhualian intercross population were measured. Performance data revealed that pigs with the F4ab or F4ac receptor (adhesive phenotypes) had greater (P < 0.01) ADG during the fattening period (from 46 to 240 d) and carcass weight and length at 240 d than pigs lacking the receptors (nonadhesive phenotype). Conversely, animals having the F4ad receptor had less (P < 0.01) ADG during the fattening period and carcass weight than those lacking the receptor. In total, 8 adhesion patterns (A to H) for the 3 F4 strains were observed in this experimental population. Pigs with both F4ab and F4ac receptors (phenotype B) had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, carcass weight, and length at 240 d compared with pigs without the F4 receptors. No difference was found (P > 0.05) in traits related to meat quality, fatness, and length of the small intestine between pigs with or without the receptors. On the basis of the antagonistic relationship between susceptibility to F4ab/ac and production traits, we speculate that the prevalence of the ETEC F4ab/ac adhesive phenotype in pig populations is attributable to balanced natural and artificial selection.     

A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting the length of small intestine in a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian intercross resource population

The small intestine is a vital organ in animal gastrointestinal system, in which a large variety of nutrients are absorbed. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the length of porcine small intestine, phenotypic values were measured in 1034 individuals at 240 d from a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian intercross F₂ population. The length of small intestine showed strong correlation with growth traits and carcass length in the F2 population. A whole‐genome scan was performed based on 183 microsatellites covering the pig genome in the F₂ population. A total of 10 QTL for this trait were identified on 8 pig chromosomes (SSC), including four 1% genome‐wide significant QTL on SSC2, 4, 7 and 8, one 5% genome‐wide significant QTL on SSC12, and five 5% chromosome‐wide significant QTL on SSC5, 7, 13 and 14. The Erhualian alleles were generally associated with shorter length of the small intestine except the alleles on SSC7 and 13. The QTL on SSC4 overlapped with the previously reported QTL for the length of small intestine. Several significant QTL on SSC2, 8, and 12 were consistent with previous reports. The significant QTL detected on SSC7 was reported for the first time. All QTL identified in this study corresponded to the known region significantly associated with growth traits, supporting the important role of the length of small intestine in pig growth.     

鲁西斗鸡体尺、体重及屠宰性状间的典型性相关分析

对鲁西斗鸡的体尺、体重和屠宰3组14个性状进行测定,并对这些变量进行了典型性相关分析。结果表明,体尺指标(胸深、胸宽、胫长、体斜长、龙骨长)间的相关系数为0.682~0.767;体重性状(初生重、180日龄重、日增重)间的相关系数为0.306~0.935,屠宰性能(胴体重、屠宰率、半净膛重、半净膛率、全净膛重,全净膛率)各项指标间高度相关,相关系数为0.945~0.986。体重性状和体尺性状间、体重性状与屠宰性状间及体尺性状与屠宰性状间的第一个典型相关系数差异极显著,其典型相关系数分别为0.705、0.560和0.878,贡献率分别为0.979、0.984和0.820。     

宁乡猪及杜宁二元杂种猪的胴体与肉质性状测定

为评价宁乡猪和杜洛克猪的杂交效果,本实验分别测定了91头宁乡猪和76头杜宁二元杂种猪的胴体性状和肉质性状指标,并对不同性状指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:在胴体性状方面,与宁乡猪相比,杜宁二元杂种猪的体直长、体斜长、胴体重、肋骨数和眼肌面积极显著提高,背膘厚和皮厚极显著降低;在肉质性状方面,杜宁二元杂种猪的肉色红度(a^*)、pH_45min和熟肉率极显著高于宁乡猪,pH24h显著低于宁乡猪。相关性分析显示,宁乡猪体斜长和胴体重存在极显著正相关(r=0.71),a^*值与黄度(b^*)值之间存在高度正相关(r=0.58);杜宁二元杂种猪体直长与体斜长存在极显著正相关(r=0.64),亮度(L^*)值与b值极显著相关(r=0.54)。说明杜宁二元杂种猪在导入杜洛克血缘后,其胴体性状较宁乡猪得到较大改善,但肉质性状改善效果不明显。     

Correlated responses of carcass and reproductive traits to selection for rate of lean growth in swine

Mass selection for an index of increased postweaning average daily gain and decreased backfat thickness was practiced for five generations. Litter size and weight for 221 gilt litters, birth weight and nipple number for 2,242 piglets and weaning weight at 42 d of age for 2,111 pigs were recorded. Carcass measurements were taken on 331 pigs. Differences between means of the lines (select control) were regressed on cumulative selection differential of the index. These regression coefficients were negative (P greater than .10) for total number born, number born alive, number weaned per litter, nipple number and carcass backfat thickness. Coefficients were positive (P greater than .10) for individual pig and litter weights at birth and weaning and for the carcass traits of length, longissimus muscle area and percentage of ham and loin. Absolute values of realized genetic correlations of index with traits evaluated were all .35 or less except the correlation with carcass backfat, which was -.84. None of these was significant; therefore, index selection for lean growth should have little effect on litter size and weight but may have a beneficial effect on carcass backfat.     

Heterosis and recombination effects on pig growth and carcass traits

The primary objective was to estimate breed, heterosis, and recombination effects on growth and carcass traits of two different four-breed composite populations of pigs. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) included purebred and crossbred pigs originating from Yorkshire, Landrace, Large White, and Chester White breeds, and Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) included pigs from Duroc, Hampshire, Pietrain, and Spot breeds. Data were recorded on purebred pigs, two-breed cross pigs, and pigs from generations F1 through F6, where F1 pigs were the first generation of a four-breed cross. Pig weights were recorded at birth and at 14, 28, 56, 70, and 154 d of age. Average daily gain was calculated for intervals between weights, and ultrasonic backfat measurements (A-mode) were taken at 154 d of age. Feed intake was measured between 70 and 154 d of age on mixed pens of boars and barrows. Carcass backfat, length, and loin muscle area were measured on barrows at slaughter. Mixed-model analyses were done separately by experiment, fitting an animal model. Fixed effects included farrowing group and sex for growth traits and farrowing group for carcass traits. For ADFI, a weighted mixed-model analysis was done fitting farrowing group as a fixed effect, sire nested within farrowing group as a random effect, and weighting each observation by the number of pigs in each pen. To test feed efficiency, a second analysis of ADFI was done adding ADG as a covariate in the previous model. Included as covariates in all models were direct, maternal, and maternal grandam breed effects, direct and maternal heterosis effects, and a direct recombination effect. Recombination is the breakup of additive x additive epistatic effects present in purebreds during gamete formation by crossbred parents. Effects of direct heterosis significantly increased weights at birth, 14, 56, 70, and 154 d of age in Exp. 1. Effects of direct heterosis significantly increased ADG from birth to 14, 28 to 56, and 70 to 154 d of age in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, effect of direct heterosis significantly increased weights and ADG at all ages. In Exp. 1, recombination significantly reduced loin muscle area. In Exp. 2, recombination significantly increased weights at birth, 14, 28, and 56 d, ADFI from 70 to 154 d, and ADFI adjusted for ADG. The correlation between maternal heterosis and recombination effects for all traits in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 was approximately -0.90. Maternal heterosis and recombination effects were estimable, but greatly confounded.     

The influences of weaning age and weight on carcass traits and meat quality of pigs

The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of weaning age and weight on pigs, and their interaction with carcass traits and meat quality. A total of 468 piglets were obtained from 57 sows and four boars and grouped by age at weaning (D21, 18–24 days; D28, 25–32 days). Each weaning group was subdivided into three weight groups (L, M and H) according to weaning weight. The D28 group had heavier carcass weight, redness and yellowness, but had lower marbling scores and less drip loss than the D21 group (P < 0.05). The pigs with a light weight at weaning had higher carcass weights and lower yellowness than did pigs with a medium or heavy weight at weaning (P < 0.05). Weaning age was found to have a negative correlation with drip loss, while weaning weight was negatively correlated with carcass weight and drip loss (P < 0.05). We concluded that carcass and meat quality traits in pigs were significantly related to their age and weight at weaning. Therefore, we find that piglet weaning age and weight are no less important than post‐weaning growth performance and behavior, with regard to carcass traits and meat quality.     

Alternative housing systems for pigs: influences on growth,composition, and pork quality

Effects of pig birth (first 3-wk period) and rearing environments on growth and muscle quality characteristics of loins were evaluated in three experiments over seasons in west Texas and central Missouri. Housing systems included indoor slatted-floor buildings, indoor deep-bedded buildings, outdoor housing on dirt, and outdoor housing on alfalfa pasture. Experiments were conducted during the growing/finishing phases and pigs were slaughtered at the same age. Loins were collected, vacuum-packaged, and stored for 14 d at 2 degrees C. Pigs born and finished in an outdoor environment during the summer months (Exp. 1) had a greater ADG (0.92 vs 0.82+/-0.06 kg/d, P < 0.05) and had heavier carcass weights (87.9 vs 78.4+/-2.4 kg, P < 0.05) than pigs born and finished in an indoor environment with a slatted-floor finishing building. Carcasses from the outdoor-reared group measured a larger (P < 0.05) loineye area and were fatter (P < 0.01) at the first rib, last rib, and last lumbar vertebra measurements than carcasses from the indoor-reared group. Loin chops from outdoor-reared pigs had darker color scores in the retail display case throughout the 4-d period, measured lower L* values on d 1, and had more discoloration and browning on d 4 than loin chops from the indoor-reared group. During the winter months (Exp. 2), no difference was detected in ADG, carcass measurements, sensory characteristics, or shear force values from indoor-born pigs placed in either an outdoor or indoor finishing environment. Pigs finished on deep bedding (Exp. 3) had heavier carcass weights and more backfat (P < 0.01) than pigs finished on slats, but no differences were detected in sensory panel or shear force results. Overall, carcass measurements, pH, drip loss, sensory panel, and shear force values were similar among the groups finished in different housing systems. Outdoor or deep-bedded systems may increase growth rates of pigs if suitable land area and resources are available, but pork quality of loins will be similar for pigs finished in either conventional or alternative systems.     

Some performance characteristics of prolific breeds of pigs in China

Data on the reproductive, growth and carcass performance of Tai Hu and Da Min pigs are presented. Sow litters of the Chinese breeds average 14 pigs farrowed alive and 12 pigs weaned at 60 days of age. The Fen Jin, Mei Shan and Jia Xin breeds average almost 17 nipples. Body weights at birth, 60, 120, 180 and 240 days, average 0.8, 12.4, 30, 47 and 68 kg, respectively. Crossing Chinese breeds with breeds such as Landrace and Large White results in increased growth rate and a higher percentage of lean meat.     

Effect of MYOG genotypes on growth rate and production traits in Hungarian large white pigs

The effect of the porcine myogenin (Myog) 3' polymorphism on birth weight, growth rate, carcass weight, lean weight, lean meat percentage and back-fat thickness has been investigated in Hungarian Large White pigs. MYOG genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP assay. The obtained MYOGA frequency value was 0.6275. Due to the small number of BB piglets the effect of the MYOG genotypes on birth weight was not significant; however, an increasing tendency was observed from genotype AA to BB. The growth rate difference between MYOG genotypes was significant: BB animals showed the highest growth rate values during the fattening period. Since few results are available on the possible use of MYOG gene polymorphism in selection to improve carcass and growth traits, by this study the authors hope to provide additional data on this particular subject.