饲用植酸酶的营养学意义与生产

挑战集团是由中国农业科学院创办的大型高新技术股份制农业企业集团公司．集科研开发、生产经营、技术服务、国内国际贸易于一体，以高科技含量的饲料添加剂、预混料和兽药为主要发展方向。其核心企业为北京挑战农业科技有限公司。集团投资成立了北京挑战牧业科技有限公司、天津市挑战生物技术有限公司、温州海螺挑战生物工程有限公司等企业．为集团的腾飞奠定了坚实的基础。集团注重科技创新，现已研制开发出的20多个系列的200余种产品具有较高的科技附加值和广泛的市场适用性，深受用户好评，覆盖奎圆25个省（市、区）．并远销欧美及东南亚地区，为我国饲料行业的科技进步和发展做出了突出贡献。 集团在行业内率先倡导绿色安全理念。为畜牧业发展和人类健康做出了积极贡献，多次受到农业部和中国饲料工业协会的表彰，在社会上享有较高声誉。其中“饲用植酸酶的生产与应用技术项目”在“第二届中国饲料与经济高层论坛”上入选“中国饲料重大科技进步与应用奖”。[编者按]     

Glycemic index of cracked corn, oat groats and rolled barley in horses

Muscle glycogen synthesis depends on glucose availability. This study was undertaken to determine the glycemic and insulinemic response of horses to equal amounts of hydrolyzable carbohydrates (starch and sugar) in the form of one of three grain meals or intragastric administration of a glucose solution. In a randomized crossover design, seven horses were fed each of three grain meals (cracked corn, steamed oat groats, or rolled barley) or were infused intragastrically with glucose solution at 2 g of hydrolyzable carbohydrate (starch plus sugar) per kilogram of BW. The quantity of hydrolyzable carbohydrate ingested was not different among all treatments (P = 0.70). Plasma glucose concentration peaked in all four treatments by 1.5 to 2 h after feeding. Plasma glucose concentration remained higher than baseline in oat groats or barley-fed horses throughout 8 h, whereas plasma glucose returned to baseline by 5 to 6 h in corn-fed horses or after glucose administration. Meal consumption was slower in oat groats-fed horses than in corn-fed ones, which may confound the glycemic and insulinemic responses observed after grain feeding. Plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) was 63% both in corn and oat groats and 57% in barley-fed horses compared with that of horses administered glucose (P = 0.13). Serum immunoreactive insulin concentration peaked between 2 and 3 h after feeding or glucose administration, and barley-fed horses had lower serum immunoreactive insulin concentration by 3 to 4 h than corn-fed horses or after glucose administration (P < 0.05). We conclude, in horses, ingestion of oat groats, corn, and barley result in similar plasma glucose AUC and, compared with the glycemic index of 100 as the glucose reference, corn, oat groats, and barley had a glycemic index of approximately 60.     

日粮中果寡糖对奶山羊血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫机能的影响

为研究奶山羊日粮中果寡糖添加水平对血清主要生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫机能的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重相近的8月龄崂山奶山羊4只,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计。对照组饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,分别添加含0.8%、1.2%及1.6%(以有效含量计)不同水平果寡糖的试验日粮。试验共分为4期,每期35 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组血清中总蛋白及高密度脂蛋白的含量分别提高9.46%(P0.05)和8.15%(P0.05),尿素氮和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量分别降低6.15%和13.33%(P0.05),1.6%果寡糖组尿素氮和总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量分别降低5.69%(P0.05)、23.12%(P0.05)、16%(P0.05),但各试验组对球蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶及谷丙转氨酶无显著影响。试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组丙二醛含量在14 d与28 d与对照组差异均显著(P0.05)。试验28 d时,试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性分别比对照组提高12.71%(P0.05),13.72%(P0.05)。果寡糖能显著提高山羊血清碱性磷酸酶及IgA、IgG含量(P0.05),对溶菌酶及IgM无显著影响。结果提示,饲料中添加果寡糖能在不损伤机体肝脏和心脏的前提下起到良好的降血脂作用,促进机体蛋白质和氨基酸的合成,促进血清IgA、IgG和IgM的分泌,其中以1.2%的添加量为最佳。     

低血糖生成指数燕麦颗粒牛奶的开发及测试

低血糖生成指数膳食对人体的血糖水平影响较小,有助于人体健康状况的改善、糖尿病的预防以及糖尿病患者的血糖控制。本文从燕麦和牛奶这两种原料入手,加入维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维等营养元素,开发了一款营养价值高、风味独特的燕麦颗粒牛奶。通过单因素试验、正交试验,确定最优方案为:淀粉添加量1.6%、麦芽糖醇添加量4.0%、燕麦颗粒添加量3.0%。此时燕麦颗粒牛奶具有独特的谷物与牛奶的香气,香醇适口,且稳定性良好。本研究对于开发糖尿病患者适用的乳制品,以及推动我国乳品行业向健康方向发展具有重要的现实意义。     

低血糖生成指数液态奶的开发及测试

为获得营养均衡的调制牛奶,满足人体的多种营养需求,添加多种维生素和矿物质,设计出一款适用于糖尿病人、亚健康人群、体重管理、皮肤管理等人群饮用的低血糖生成指数(Glycemic Index,GI)的牛奶.稳定性试验结果表明,静置12天后,牛奶无显著脂肪上浮,体系稳定性良好;人体GI值试验结果表明,调制牛奶的餐后血糖值上升...     

高核苷酸添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化及免疫指标的影响

<正>核苷酸(nucleotide,NT)是组成细胞的重要成分,它广泛参与细胞构成、供能、代谢等生命过程,是体内不可缺少的成分。外源核苷酸对初生动物,尤其是处     

Glycemic Status and Predictors of Relapse for Diabetic Cats in Remission

Background

It is unknown if diabetic cats in remission have persistent abnormalities of glucose metabolism and should be considered prediabetic, or have normal glucose tolerance.

Objective

To characterize glycemic status of diabetic cats in remission and to determine predictors of relapse.

Animals

A total of 21 cats in diabetic remission and 28 healthy control cats.

Methods

At a median of 107 days after remission, screening blood glucose concentration was measured on entry to the clinic. After a 24‐hour fast in hospital, fasting blood glucose, fructosamine and feline pancreatic lipase concentrations were measured, and 3 hours later, a simplified IV glucose tolerance test (1 g glucose/kg) performed. Twenty cats were monitored for relapse for at least 9 months.

Results

Of the 21 cats in remission, 19% (4/21) had impaired fasting glucose concentration and 76% (16/21) had impaired glucose tolerance. Of cats followed up for 9 months after testing, 30% (6/20) had relapsed and required insulin treatment. Fasting blood glucose concentration ≥7.5 mmol/L (≥135 mg/dL) (odds ratio [OR] = 12.8) and severely impaired glucose tolerance (≥5 hours to return to <6.5 mmol/L or <117 mg/dL; OR = 15.2) were significantly associated with relapse. Blood glucose concentration >14 mmol/L; 252 mg/dL at 3 hours was significantly associated with relapse (OR = 10.1).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Most cats in diabetic remission have impaired glucose tolerance and a minority have impaired fasting glucose concentration and should be considered prediabetic. More severe glucose intolerance and impaired fasting glucose concentration are predictors of relapse. Ongoing glucose monitoring of diabetic cats in remission is recommended.     

牛至油对济宁青山羊营养物质表观消化率、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

为探讨牛至油对济宁青山羊营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及抗氧化指标的影响,选用40只生长期济宁青山羊,按体重随机分成4组(对照组和试验组Ⅰ～Ⅲ),每组10个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅰ～Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加200、500、800 mg/kg牛至油,试验期38 d。结果表明:试验Ⅱ组干物质表观消化率和粗蛋白质表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅲ组酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清白蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清丙二醛(MDA)显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合试验结果,在本试验条件下,生长期济宁青山羊日粮中牛至油的适宜添加水平为500 mg/kg。     

Effect of dietary selenium source, level, and pig hair color on various selenium indices

The first experiment evaluated the effects of feeding various levels of Se, two Se sources, and hair color on selenosis responses in growing-finishing pigs. The study conducted in two replicates was a 2 x 6 x 2 factorial arrangement in a split-plot design. Sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast added at 0.3, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ppm Se served as the main plot and pig hair color as the subplot. A total of 96 crossbred pigs were allotted and fed their treatment diets for a 12-wk period. White and dark (red or black) hair samples were collected from the dorsal-midline at the 4-, 8-, and 12-wk periods from one pig of each hair color from each treatment pen. Lower pig weights (P < 0.10) and daily gains (P < 0.05) occurred as dietary Se level increased when pigs were fed either Se source. Selenosis responses were somewhat more severe, when the inorganic Se source was fed. Alopecia and hoof separation were encountered after the 8-wk period when pigs were fed inorganic rather than organic Se. Plasma Se increased as dietary level increased (P < 0.01), when organic Se was provided (P < 0.01), and was higher (P < 0.05) when pigs were white-haired. A time x hair color x dietary Se level interaction (P < 0.05) occurred, in which hair Se concentration was higher in dark- than in white-colored pigs and increased as dietary Se level increased as the experiment progressed. The correlation coefficient between dietary Se level and hair Se concentration averaged 0.90 (P < 0.01). Cysteine was the amino acid in the highest concentration in hair, but this and other amino acids were not affected by Se level, Se source, or hair color. A second experiment was a 3 x 6 factorial arrangement in a split-plot design with three 9-mo-old gilts from each of the Yorkshire, Duroc, and Hampshire breeds to determine whether hair Se concentration differed by body location and breed. Hair samples were collected from the shoulder, back, rump, front-leg, belly, and hind-leg areas. Hair Se concentration was higher in red- and white-haired pigs and lower in black-haired gilts (P < 0.01). Higher hair Se concentrations (P < 0.05) occurred from the lower than from the upper body areas. Our results suggest that selenosis occurs at dietary levels > 5 ppm and that white-haired pigs exhibit alopecia sooner than dark-haired pigs. No difference in hair Se concentration occurred when diets were < 1 ppm Se, but as dietary Se level increased dark-haired pigs retained more Se in their hair than white-haired pigs.     

M-mode echocardiographic ratio indices in normal dogs, cats, and horses: a novel quantitative method

A novel method for quantitative echocardiographic interpretations is introduced based on the calculation of ratio indices in which each raw M-mode measurement is divided by the aortic root dimension (Ao). "Aorta-based" indices were calculated with the animal's measured aortic root dimension (Ao(m)) as the length standard. Conversely, "weight-based" indices employed an idealized estimate of aortic dimension (Ao(w)) with a weighted least squares linear regression against the cube root of body weight (Ao(w) = kW(1/3)). Use of these indices circumvented undesirable statistical characteristics inherent in linear regression of echocardiographic dimensions against body weight and, to a lesser extent, body surface area. Compared with the regressions, ratio indices resulted in substantial refinement of the predictive range for each M-mode measurement in dogs, particularly with decreasing body size. Weight-based indices outperformed aorta-based indices in this regard. To refine the predictive range, neither type of index was clearly advantageous in cats compared with the simple average method typically employed for that species. Several of the raw M-mode measurements, however, were correlated with body weight in cats and horses, indicating the need for an appropriate correction for body size in these species. The ratio index method was suitable for this purpose. Summary statistics derived from normal dogs (n = 53), cats (n = 32), and horses (n = 17) are presented for each index, including novel clinical indices calculated from area ratios. The latter were designed to represent body size-adjusted lett ventricular stroke area (ie, volume overload) and myocardial wall area (ie, hypertrophy).     

Thyroid function, metabolic indices and growth performance in pigs fed 00-rapeseed meal

Thyroid function and morphology, liver morphology, some metabolic indices, haematological parameters and growth performance of fattening pigs fed 00-rapeseed meal (00-RPM) were examined. The control group was fed on a standard diet containing 6% sunflower seed meal (SM) during the growing period and 8% during the finishing period. The first experimental group was fed a diet in which SM was replaced by equal (6% and 8%) amounts of 00-RPM. The second experimental group was fed with a higher (8% and 10%) amount of 00-RPM. There were no significant differences between the control and experimental groups in the serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid gland and liver weights were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in both groups fed 00-RPM than in the group fed SM. The epithelium of the thyroid gland was cuboidal or columnar and the follicular area was moderately enlarged in pigs fed 00-RPM. Marked changes in liver histology were not observed. The 00-RPM diet increased (P < 0.01) the serum values of total proteins in the first fattening period. At the end of fattening both groups fed 00-RPM had higher (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) concentrations of plasma glucose than the control group. The inclusion of 10% of 00-RPM during the finishing period increased (P < 0.05) the serum values of insulin. Daily weight gain during the growing and the finishing period was higher (P < 0.05) in the experimental groups than in the control group. The results suggest that 6-10% 00-RPM can be used as a protein source in the diet of fattening pigs without poisonous side effects.     

合生素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响

选用三元杂交断奶仔猪108头,随机分为3组。第1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,第2组和第3组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.05%和0.10%合生素的试验日粮,试验期14d,研究合生素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,添加0.05%合生素使仔猪平均日增重提高17.2%,料重比降低36.2%,死淘率降低42.9%;添加0.10%合生素使仔猪平均日增重提高27.3%,料重比降低28.3%,死淘率降低100%,但统计上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。添加0.05%和0.10%合生素,仔猪血清中ALT分别提高28.6%(P>0.05)和63.3%(P<0.01),对仔猪血清中AST、ALP、TP、ALB、GLB、GLU无显著影响(P>0.05),对仔猪血清TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平均有不同程度的提高作用,对仔猪血清中IgG、IgA、IgM、淋巴细胞均无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Genotype, dietary manipulation and food allocation affect indices of welfare in broiler breeders

1. An experiment was performed to compare the welfare of three broiler breeder genotypes (Label Rouge (LA), experimental dwarf (ER) and standard (SR)) fed on a Control or high Fibre diet. The LA birds were fed ad libitum and the other groups were reared to their recommended body weight targets. A group of standard broiler breeders was also fed a restricted amount of food, but to a lesser degree than SR, to achieve the same proportion of body weight (SE) as ER relative to ad libitum-fed dwarfs based on previous research. LA, ER, SR and SE are referred to as 'groups' in the text. 2. Welfare was assessed by comparing time budgets and heterophil-lymphocyte ratios (HL ratios) at 5, 10 and 15 weeks and immune responses at 15 weeks of age. In addition the weight and water content of the gastrointestinal tract at 4-h intervals at the end of the experiment were studied in LA and SR fed on both diets. 3. Body weights of LA, ER and SR fed on the Fibre diets were depressed and LA ate less of the Fibre than the Control diet. The coefficient of variation of body weight at 15 weeks was 7.9% in LA and similar (10.8 to 11.6%) in the other groups. 4. Drinking, litter-directed behaviour, resting and standing were affected by a group x age interaction with restricted birds showing increased drinking over time and less time spent resting compared to LA. The behaviour of ER birds was similar to SE. 5. HL ratios were within the normal biological range although all restricted-fed birds had an elevated HL ratio at 10 weeks of age relative to week 5 whereas LA birds had a reduced HL ratio at 15 weeks relative to 5 and 10 weeks of age. Immune responses were lower in ER and SE and the highest response was in SR. 6. No effects of diet were identified on behaviour, white blood cell counts or HL ratio. 7. With the exception of the crop, the dry weights of digesta in each section of the gut were similar in LA and SR birds. The results suggest that drinker-directed activity might be a substitute for foraging rather than an attempt to increase gut fill. 8. It is concluded that the replacement of standard with dwarf broiler breeders may improve the welfare of commercial flocks of broiler breeders by decreasing the degree of food restriction resulting in favourable changes in behaviour, for example, reduced 'drinker-directed' behaviour.     

Comparison of Neospora caninum distribution, parasite loads and lesions between epidemic and endemic bovine abortion cases

It has been suggested that the abortion herd pattern could influence bovine foetal neosporosis. Here, a comparison of (i) Neospora caninum DNA-detectability by PCR, (ii) N. caninum-associated lesions and (iii) parasite loads in target organs was made between epidemic and endemic abortion cases. We observed that N. caninum DNA was predominantly detected in more than one organ in the foetuses from herds with epizootic rather than endemic abortion cases (P<0.05, Fisher F-test). The highest parasite burdens were found in the heart in foetuses from outbreaks of epidemic abortion and in the brain in endemic cases (P<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). Moreover, foetuses from epidemic outbreaks had significantly higher parasite burdens in heart (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) than endemic abortion cases. Epidemic abortion cases showed higher lesion frequencies in liver (P<0.05, Fisher F-test). This report confirms that the abortion herd pattern is an important factor that influences pathogenesis in natural N. caninum infections.