基于GIS的儋州民营胶园精细化施肥配方制定研究

海南民营胶园土壤肥力差异大,而测土配方施肥在民营橡胶园上应用率却很低。为提高民营橡胶园橡胶树施肥精细化程度,节约资源,本研究以儋州民营胶园为研究对象,针对民营橡胶园广泛种植的RRIM600橡胶树品种,应用Arc GIS软件的地统计与空间分析模块,结合叶片营养诊断结果以及叶片养分比例,并参考胶园土壤养分状况,为儋州市适宜种植橡胶的146个行政村制定出32个施肥配方,其N∶P2O5∶K2O∶Mg O在1∶(0.2~0.6)∶(0.4~0.9)∶(0.1~0.4)范围内,并就算出相应肥料种类的施肥量,其中每株橡胶树每年施尿素(N≈46%)在0.4~0.7 kg范围内,过磷酸钙(P2O5≈12%)在0.5~1.1 kg范围内,氯化钾(K2O≈60%)在0.15~0.3 kg,硫酸镁(Mg O≈16%)在0.1~0.5 kg范围内,总的肥料投入量每株橡胶树每年1.3~2.3 kg。对GIS支持下民营橡胶测土配方施肥的推广应用进行探索。     

海南省儋州市橡胶树施肥管理问题与对策

合理施肥是保持我国天然橡胶高产稳产的重要措施。但目前我国胶园在施肥管理方面还存在很多不合理的地方。本文以海南省儋州市为例,通过调研国营农场胶园和民营胶园的施肥管理情况,发现目前胶园施肥管理存在的一些问题,如土壤样品缺乏代表性、样品化验分析时效性差、施肥配方精准化程度较低和缺乏合理的橡胶树施肥技术等,进而提出制定胶园土壤采样标准、加强快速分析测试技术研究、科学制定橡胶专用肥配方和加强施肥环节指导等具体完善措施,从而为提高儋州胶园施肥管理水平奠定一定基础。     

民营橡胶发展提升探析

民营橡胶是我国天然橡胶产业的重要力量和区域特色产业的重要组成部分。本文探讨分析目前民营橡胶生产发展中存在的科学植胶意识不强，胶园生产能力偏低，技术力量薄弱，橡胶树病虫害防控能力不强，民营橡胶产品质量有待提高等问题。提出通过树立科学的植胶观念，增强科学植胶意识，加强橡胶树先进适用技术的集成配套及推广应用，采取多种形式增强民营橡胶技术力量，增强民营橡胶自身病虫害防控能力，提高民营橡胶产品质量水平等途径，提升民营橡胶整体发展质量水平和市场竞争能力。     

橡胶产业升级与关键技术调研——橡胶树采胶及病虫害防控

通过对我国海南、云南、广东三大植胶区橡胶产业发展情况的调研,简要阐述橡胶采胶及病虫害防控方面的现状。探讨分析橡胶采胶及病虫害方面所面临的采胶技术管理执行不够好,橡胶树割面干涸病防控技术仍未获得突破,橡胶树常规病虫危害日趋严重及新病虫害不断涌现,橡胶栽培技术经济合理性研究不够等问题。提出通过切实做好采胶技术管理,割面干涸病防控技术研发,高效安全的采胶技术及新型刺激剂复方的研发,橡胶树突发病虫害监测预报及应急防控技术,橡胶树根病综合防控及植保药物技术研发等建议,发展提升橡胶产业整体水平。     

海南橡胶气象服务进展及效益分析

气象信息服务对提升天然橡胶产业防灾减灾能力有着重要价值。2011年海南橡胶气象台积极与海胶集团合作,陆续建设了海南省橡胶气象服务监测网、橡胶气象信息发布平台、基于web的橡胶气象信息服务系统和手机短信息发布平台,开发了多种橡胶气象服务产品,为胶农及时有效的提供割胶天气预报,最大限度地避免和减少了雨冲胶的次数,为胶农适时进行割胶补刀作业提供了科学决策依据,对橡胶生产产生了良好的经济和社会效益。     

基于气候适宜度的橡胶树产胶年景预测模型

为准确评估不同橡胶树种植区的年产胶潜力的变化,根据2000—2015年遥感和气候数据,分别建立了橡胶产量气象影响指数和橡胶树气候适宜性指数序列,通过统计分析和利用ArcGIS空间分析功能,研发了基于年综合气候适宜度指数的橡胶树产胶年景评估模型,模型空间分辨率1 km×1 km,实现了橡胶树种植区产胶潜力精细化评估,克服了传统意义上依靠单站数据预测橡胶产胶年景的缺陷。结果表明：该模型实现了依靠气候数据客观、定量预测种植区橡胶树在不同区域的年产胶能力变化,能从宏观上区分不同区域的差异,为橡胶树精细化气象决策服务提供技术支撑。     

微信公众平台在海南民营橡胶科技推广中的应用现状和推广建议

回顾橡胶远程科技服务平台的发展历程,介绍热农橡胶科技服务中心微信公众平台的组织构架,分析其在橡胶科技推广中的优势及在海南植胶区推广中存在的问题,从不同主体出发,提出将微信公众平台应用于海南民营橡胶科技推广中的对策建议。     

基于农户视角的橡胶生产技术应用及需求分析——以海南琼中黎族苗族自治县营根镇为例

利用海南琼中14个村委会15个代表性植胶农户的调查数据分析农户的技术应用及需求，并从农户的视角评价科技推广工作。从农户的技术应用、科技推广工作评价、农户的技术服务需求等3个方面进行分析。结果表明：该地区橡胶生产以青壮年劳动力为主，橡胶种植历史不长；农户橡胶栽培割胶技术仍以传统经验为主；胶园抚育管理差和割胶技术水平低是农户认为影响胶园产量的主要因素；割胶技术总体上处于中等偏下水平；农户技术需求重点是胶园抚育管理、死皮复割、根病防治和割胶技术。     

本所召开五个农场代表座谈会 推广橡胶树营养诊断指导施肥

最近,本所召开了五个农场代表座谈会,推广橡胶树营养诊断,指导施肥,努力提高科学种胶水平.在全国科学大会的推动下,本所橡胶研究室迅速开展了橡胶树营养诊断指导施肥的试验.为了尽快把这一技术应用于生产,本所邀请建设、红星、和平、安厚、大南坂等五个农     

论海南民营橡胶的集中加工

针对胶农生产的烟胶片质量差,售价低,胶农得不到应得的收入,而全省成百家民营橡胶加工厂又缺乏原料,吃不饱,效果不高,两者尚不能结合。为此,就全省民营橡胶集中加工标准标准胶的必要性,可能性,可行性及应采取的措施进行综合论述,以谋求解决办法,提高全省民营橡胶的综合经济效益和社会效益。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.