风洞环境下喷头及助剂对植保无人飞机喷雾飘移性的影响

为探究和减少植保无人飞机喷雾施药过程中的雾滴飘移,采用由单个旋翼与喷头组成的喷雾单元,在可控风洞环境条件下进行了模拟飞行喷雾试验,控制风洞条件为风速5 m/s、喷雾压力0.3 MPa及旋翼转速2300 r/min不变,对比研究了11种喷头、4种代表性助剂以及不同温度/相对湿度条件对雾滴飘移的影响,采用飘移潜在指数(DIX)及相对减飘率(DPRP)两项指标进行对比评估。结果表明:在温度/相对湿度为20℃/RH 80%条件下,不同类型喷头喷雾药液在空中垂直面和水平距离上的飘移沉积量分布均呈现显著的规律性变化趋势,与对照喷头F110-03相比,喷头飘移潜在性从大到小依次为:TR80-0067>ST110-0067>XR110-01>ST110-015>TR80-01>ST110-02>XR110-03>对照F110-03>IDK系列,其中IDK120-01与IDK120-015喷头的减飘移效果相近并为最好;在30℃/RH 40%条件下,采用XR110-01喷头,分别添加助剂0.5%Silwet DRS-60、1.0%"迈飞"(MF)和1.0%Y-20079后,与不添加助剂的对照相比,平均减飘率分别为43.3%、15.6%和5.2%,表明不同助剂对飘移的影响不同,需考虑助剂类型及其减飘效果合理选用;在20℃/RH 40%、20℃/RH 80%、30℃/RH 40%和30℃/RH 60%条件下,XR110-01喷头与添加1.0%MF助剂组合有利于空中飘移的减少,尤其是高温/低湿条件下,添加助剂的减飘移效果较好。该研究结果可为植保无人飞机的喷头选择、喷雾助剂筛选和实际应用提供参考和指导,并为进一步研究喷头及助剂的减飘技术提供数据基础。     

Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.     

Comparison of wind tunnel and field experiments to measure potential deposition of fenpropimorph following volatilisation from treated crops

The potential for short-range transport via air, i.e. volatilisation from the area of application and subsequent deposition on adjacent non-target areas, was investigated for the fungicide fenpropimorph in a wind tunnel system and under outdoor conditions in a higher-tier field study. Fenpropimorph 750 g L(-1) EC was applied post-emergence to cereal along with a reference standard lindane EC. Stainless steel containers of water were placed at different distances downwind of the application area to trap volatile residues during a study period of 24 h following application. Meteorological conditions in the wind tunnel as well as on the field were constantly monitored during the study period. The wind tunnel system was a partly standardised system on a semi-field scale, i.e. wind direction and wind speed (2 m s(-1)) were constant, but temperature and humidity varied according to the conditions outside. In the field experiment, the average wind speed over the 24 h study period was 3 m s(-1) and no rainfall occurred. Three different measuring lines were installed on the non-target area beside the treated field to cover potential variations in the wind direction. However, no significant differences were observed since the wind direction was generally constant. Fenpropimorph was detected in minor amounts of 0.01-0.05% of the applied material in the wind tunnel experiment. Even at a distance of 1 m beside the treated field, no significant deposition occurred (0.04% of applied material after 24 h). In the field, less than 0.1% of the applied fenpropimorph was detected at 0 m directly beside the treated field. At 5 m distance the deposition values were below 0.04%, and at 20 m distance about 0.01%. In general, the amounts of deposited fenpropimorph detected in the partly standardised wind tunnel system and the higher-tier field study were in good agreement.