接种AM真菌对脱毒马铃薯产量的影响

在苗盘和大田条件下研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯菌根侵染率和产量的影响。在苗盘试验条件下,接种Glomus mosseae(BEG167)和Glomus versiform(G.v)2种菌种。在灭菌土壤中,接种BEG167和G.v,脱毒马铃薯侵染率分别达到27%和32%;BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加54.2%。未灭菌土壤上接种BEG167和G.v,侵染率则分别为44%和27%,而对照的侵染率为22%;接种BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加25.2%;在灭菌和未灭菌土壤条件下,接种G.v均降低了组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量。在大田试验条件下,采用混合菌种(BEG167+G.v,体积比1:1)作为接种剂。接种菌根菌剂使脱毒马铃薯侵染率由21%提高到47%,薯块产量增加21%。上述结果证明,在苗盘和大田条件下,接种菌根真菌都能侵染马铃薯根部,并能增加产量。     

Growth photosynthetic activity and antioxidant responses of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) crop under salinity stress condition

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviating the adverse salt effects on growth was tested in bajra (Pennisetum glaucum). Towards this objective we analyzed the photosynthetic activity, proline, phosphatase activity and various antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM salinity levels in AM inoculated and non inoculated bajra plants. Total chlorophyll content was significantly higher in moderate salinity condition in AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculated plants, which lead to increase in growth and nutrient uptake capacity of mycorrhizal plants. Antioxidant activity was either increased or decreased due to responses to different salinity stress conditions. Proline accumulation was induced by salt and it was more in shoot of non-AM inoculated plants, but in roots proline accumulation was higher in AM plants at all levels of salinity. This work suggests that the AM fungus helps bajra plants to perform better under moderate salinity levels by enhancing the antioxidant activity and proline accumulation as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants.     

Effect of salinity on growth and yield of Desi and Kabuli chickpea cultivars

To evaluate the effects of different level of Na salinity (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m(-1)) on growth, yield and yield component of Kabuli (Hashem and Jam) and Desi (Kaka and Pirooz) chickpea cultivars a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was carried out in Research Greenhouse of Mokrian Agricultural Extension Center near Mahabad, Iran at 2006. Seeds of four chickpea cultivars were grown under 0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m(-1) levels of salinity until maturity. Salinity reduced the plant growth, flower, pod and seed number and seed weight. As increase in salinity, the undesirable effect of Na+ was more pronounced and reached the highest value at 9 dS m(-1) in all cultivars. Four chickpea cultivar have different responses to salinity and the Kabuli cultivars seemed to have a greater capacity for salt tolerance compared to Desi cultivars. Hahshem cultivar has the highest salinity tolerance among all cultivars.     

Rice yield modeling under salinity and water stress conditions using an appropriate macroscopic root water uptake equation

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the application of different macroscopic root water extraction models for prediction of rice grain yield based on data obtained in a greenhouse experiment. In this experiment, the irrigation treatments were continuous flooding (control), intermittent flooding (1- and 2-day intervals) and the salinity levels of irrigation water were 0.6 (control), 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 dS m(-1) in the year of 2005 and 0.6 (control), 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m(-1) in the year of 2006. A local cultivar (Ghasrodashty/Komphiroozy) was planted in pots under greenhouse condition during years 2005 and 2006. Grain yield and evapotranspiration at different treatments were determined. The effect of salinity and water stress on root-water uptake coefficient was determined by FAO and Homaee and Feddes methods and grain yield was predicted by production functions. The FAO method did not predict the interaction effects of salinity and water stress on reduction of water uptake coefficient especially at high salinity levels, while the Homaee and Feddes method predicted properly the effects of salinity and water stress on root-water uptake coefficient. Further, yield was predicted by using the root-water uptake coefficient suggested by FAO and Homaee and Feddes methods. The results indicated that the FAO method did not predict the yield properly especially in continuous flooding and salinity level of more than threshold values, but the Homaee and Feddes method predicted the grain yield with minimum error.     

不同丛枝菌根真菌种类对生姜生长的影响

研究盆栽条件下,接种不同丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）种类对生姜不同生育时期农艺性状的影响及其在生姜根内的定殖情况。采用生姜组培苗,于幼苗期分别接种12株AMF进行生姜农艺性状比较试验,在温室盆栽接种后每隔30 d对生姜根系进行取样分析,比较菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度的大小,以观察不同AMF菌株对生姜苗的侵染动态。结果表明,所有接种AMF组的生姜植株,其生长量均高于空白对照组。结合不同菌株在根系的侵染率,筛选出生姜AMF优势种类为：细凹无梗囊霉（Acaulospora scrobiculata）、网状球囊霉（Glomus reticulatum）、隐形球囊霉（Paraglomus occltum）、摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）。说明苗期接种这4个优势菌种,能够促进生姜生长,是适宜生姜生长的优良AMF菌株。     

广西百色市芒果树根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌资源初探

为探明广西百色市芒果根际土壤丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM）真菌的分布情况,本研究对广西芒果主产区的芒果根际土壤及根系样本进行AM真菌分离,并比较不同施肥制度下芒果根际土壤的AM真菌种类和根系菌根侵染情况。采集5个主施有机肥的芒果园（OT）和5个主施化肥的芒果园（CT）根际土壤,采用湿筛倾析法分离土壤中的AM真菌孢子,通过富集和诱导培养纯化其中的AM真菌,进行分子和形态鉴定。采用墨水醋染色法对根系样本进行染色及内生真菌侵染率的测定。共分离出6种AM真菌,OT处理分离出无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora sp.）1种,近明球囊霉属（Claroideoglomus sp.）1种,类球囊霉属（Paraglomus sp.）1种;CT处理分离出无梗囊霉属2种,近明球囊霉属1种。2种施肥制度分离出的AM真菌种类较少,且分离出的AM真菌种类均较常见,并无特有种。根系染色发现,OT处理菌丝分布较多,AM真菌结构丰富,可明显观察到丛枝和泡囊结构,还发现有少量的深色有隔真菌（dark septate endophytes, DSE）;CT处理的菌丝相对较少,泡囊结构和丛枝也较少,DSE相对较多。方差分析结果显示,施肥类型、芒果品种和树龄对AM真菌的根外菌丝、泡囊结构以及孢子密度均有不同程度的影响,其中施用有机肥较化肥对AM真菌的根外菌丝和泡囊结构均有显著的促进作用。综上,本研究筛选所得菌种丰富了我国AM真菌菌种库,并为筛选果树高效AM真菌菌剂奠定物质基础,也为果园管理提供了新方向。     

不同品种茶树根际AM真菌群落结构分析

对陕西安康汉水韵茶园栽培的5个品种茶树根际丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌群落结构特征进行分析,以期丰富我国茶树AM真菌种质资源库。结果表明,不同品种茶树根际AM真菌种丰度及种属组成等存在差异。其中,紫阳群体种茶树根际分离的AM真菌最多（6种）,陕茶1号、龙井长叶、龙井43和福鼎大白茶各分离到5、4、4种和3种。龙井长叶茶树根际AM真菌孢子密度最高（每克干土含3.57个孢子）,龙井43最低（每克干土含1.10个孢子）。紫阳群体种茶树的AM真菌物种多样性Shannon-Wiener和均匀度指数均达到最高,分别为0.63和0.096,龙井长叶最低（0.18和0.027）。龙井长叶的菌根定殖率最高（29.5%）,福鼎大白最低（15.8%）。不同茶树品种AM真菌种类组成的相似性系数维持在0.111~0.750,其中,龙井长叶与龙井43茶树根际AM真菌种类组成相似性系数最高,而福鼎大白和紫阳群体种相似性系数最低。研究表明,不同品种茶树根际AM真菌群落结构存在一定的差异,根际土壤中鉴定的AM真菌资源对进一步筛选和研发茶树专用AM真菌菌剂,促进茶产业发展具有重要意义。     

A vegetation reconstruction method to plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum spectabile</Emphasis> Boreau using drip-irrigation with saline water on a coastal saline soil in region around Bohai Gulf

Soil salinity and saline groundwater are major constraints to the cultivation of crops and landscape plants in coastal regions. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization in these areas, there is an urgent need to improve the landscape to meet the increasing demand of living environments for cities and districts. The aim of this study was to propose a method to plant Sedum spectabile Boreau, a common landscape flower plant, on a very heavy coastal saline soil using drip-irrigation with saline water in region around Bohai Gulf. The salinity levels of irrigation water were 0.8, 3.1, 4.7, 6.3a, nd 7.8 dS/m, respectively. The results showed that the revegetation method, which mainly included ‘ridge planting + saline water drip-irrigation’, was effective in planting Sedum spectabile Boreau for reclaiming coastal saline silt soil. An soil matric potential (SMP) higher above ?5 kPa after transplanted and ?10 kPa after growing season ended, and 6 mm of irrigation water can be used as indicators for Sedum spectabile Boreau drip-irrigation scheduling with 100 % survival rate when irrigated with saline water at <7.8 dS/m in initially saline soils with a gravel–sand layer after tillage. This method is combined with comprehensive utilization of the saline water, agronomic measures, collaborative repair of the soil and plants to offer new views and theoretical support for the protection and development of saline land in coastal regions.     

球囊霉属3种AM真菌对香蕉枯萎病的影响

以巴西蕉(Musa AAA Giant Cavendish cv.Baxi)试管苗为材料,在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae(Nicol.&Gerd.)Gerdemann、G.aggregatum(Schenck&Smith)Koske和G.etunicatum Becker&Gerdemann对香蕉枯萎病(fusarium wilt of banana)的影响。结果表明:巴西蕉植株的菌根侵染率为23.13%~44.72%,接种AM真菌促进了巴西蕉植株的营养生长,显著地增加地上部分和根系的干重,显著减少根际土壤周围镰刀菌数量,对植株的株高、叶片数和叶片长度略有提高;降低香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻香蕉枯萎病的危害。单接种AM真菌显著促进巴西蕉植株地上和根部分P和K含量和吸收量;与单接种镰刀菌的植株相比,双接种混合AM真菌与镰刀菌处理能显著提高植株地上部分P的含量和吸收量及根系部分K的含量和吸收量。结果还表明,混合接种剂的生长防病效果好于单一接种剂。     

Influence of water and soil salinity on emergence and early development of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) cultivars and effect of physiological age of seed tubers

Summary Applying saline solutions (EC 3.2 up to 7.0 dS/m) to seed tubers of different cultivars planted in tuff delayed shoot emergence and root and shoot development. Fresh weight of most cultivars was decreased by 60% but cv. Serrana Inta was more tolerant to salinity and fresh weight was decreased by 20%. When planted in 500 cm³ pots containing loessial soil some seed tubers rotted and plant growth was severely inhibited, possibly because soil aeration was impeded. Physiologically ageing seed tubers for 33 days at 6°C decreased sensitivity of most cultivars to moderate salinity whereas ageing for 68 days increased sensitivity to high salinity. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 2977-E, 1990 series.     

长春花接种丛枝菌根真菌对柑橘黄龙病菌的抑制效果

通过筛选获得具有显著促生和抗病能力的AM真菌菌株,为防治柑橘黄龙病提供理论依据和基础,并探索防治新途径。采用盆栽法,于长春花幼苗期分别接种17株AM真菌进行长春花农艺性状和对柑橘黄龙病的抗病性比较试验,研究不同丛枝菌根真菌菌株对长春花的促生效果及对柑橘黄龙病的抑制效果。结果表明,长春花接种AM真菌后,菌株GZ10、GZ5和JX70能显著促进植株生长,其中接种GZ10的株高和茎径分别比CK增加了23.1%和12.1%,接种GZ5的叶片数比CK增加了12.9%;接种菌株GZ1、BNMJ和PWJ有效提高了长春花对柑橘黄龙病的抗病和耐病能力,其相对防效分别为78.39%、66.87%和69.75%。     

Response of soybean plants to two inoculation methods with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of Glomus sp. strain R-10 under field condition

ABSTRACT

Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has a great potential to reduce input of phosphorus fertilizer. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that transplanting of pre-inoculated plants (pre-inoculation) with AM fungal inoculum Glomus sp. strain R-10 (R-10) is more effective for increasing AM fungal colonization and soybean yield than placing R-10 inoculum into field soil (direct inoculation). We cultivated pre-inoculated and direct inoculated plants with and without R-10 in the same field. On the contrary to the hypothesis, hyphal colonization was increased by direct inoculation, but decreased by pre-inoculation in an early growth stage. Shoot phosphorus concentration, shoot dry weight, and yield also showed the same trend as the hyphal colonization. These results indicated that pre-inoculation with R-10 would be less effective for increasing AM fungal colonization and yield than direct inoculation. It may be due to a colonization strategy of R-10 and short duration for establishment of seedling.     

Effect of saline soil on grain quality of rices differing in salinity tolerance

Four varieties of rice, differing in salinity tolerance and grown in saline soil (electrical conductivity 5–6 dS/m) at Sadhoke, Punjab, Pakistan, had lighter grain and higher Na content than control samples. Grains of three out of the four rices grown on saline soils had higher brown rice protein (higher nutritional value), less translucent grain, lower starch and amylose content, and lower K than their control samples, but these differences were not related to salinity tolerance. Alkali spreading value and gel consistency were not affected by culture in saline soil. Cooked rice Instron hardness increased in saline culture in two higher-protein samples of the four rices. Amylograph peak viscosity was suppressed by saline culture.     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对澳洲坚果幼苗磷利用效率的影响

基于云南热区澳洲坚果种植区季节性干旱及先天性低有效磷的土壤特征,探讨丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)接种对具有排根的引种作物-澳洲坚果幼苗磷利用的影响,为外来物种的本地驯化栽培提供理论依据。在正常水分与水分胁迫条件下,对盆栽的澳洲坚果幼苗分别接种土著丛枝菌根真菌(native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae),测定接种不同AMF对澳洲坚果幼苗生长、菌根定殖、酸性磷酸酶活性、柠檬酸分泌及磷素吸收等的影响。结果表明,接种土著AMF(N-AM)处理对澳洲坚果幼苗排根或非排根的侵染率显著高于接种摩西球囊霉(G-AM)处理,正常水分条件下N-AM处理的侵染率最高;两种水分条件下,接种AMF的植株地上部和地下部干重更高,正常水分处理下达到最大。菌根侵染率与排根产生量之间显著正相关,水分胁迫显著抑制了植株的排根产生量;与不接种相比,接种处理能显著提高排根产生量。接种AMF后根系对磷素的活化、吸收及转化能力显著升高,表现为接种的澳洲坚果幼苗根系、茎秆和叶片中全磷含量较高,两种水分条件下均表现为N-AM>G-AM>CK;菌根与排根相互协调共同发挥作用,显著改善了澳洲坚果幼苗根系对磷素的活化和吸收能力,且菌根比排根发挥了更大作用,尤其在水分胁迫条件下。两种AMF均能与澳洲坚果幼苗建立共生关系,N-AM处理的幼苗各指标显著优于G-AM处理,可能是由于拥有多样性优势的土著AMF在澳洲坚果幼苗根系中定殖能力较强或是AMF真菌对外来物种澳洲坚果有正反馈作用。     

Suppression of Botryosphaeria canker of apple by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Stem brown canker or Botryosphaeria canker disease impairs the growth and kills the shoots, limbs and even trunks of infected apple trees. Apple roots are usually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which may have a positive influence on plant growth and suppression of diseases. In order to assess the efficacy of AM to suppress the disease severity and plant growth enhancement, nine AMF inoculation treatments (Sclerocystis dussi, Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. bagyaraji, G. leptotichum, G. monosporum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed AM culture and a non-mycorrhizal control treatment) were used in this present study. Two-year-old potted apple plants, maintained under glasshouse conditions, were either pre-inoculated with AMF followed by stem inoculation with Botryosphaeria ribis or simultaneously inoculated with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM. The results indicated that the incidence of canker was less severe in plants inoculated with AMF in comparison to non-mycorrhizal control. Timing of inoculation also had a significant effect on disease development and plant survival. Plants pre-inoculated with mycorrhiza performed better over those inoculated simultaneously with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM fungi. Furthermore, AM inoculation resulted in improved survival and growth of AMF-colonized plants; though, it varied by species of AM fungi utilized.     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Due to long-term trends in global climate change and the expansion of maize production in drought-prone regions, the development of drought-tolerant maize varieties is of high importance, particularly for maize producers in developing nations where plant breeding improvements are more easily adopted than high-input agronomic practices. Prior advances in breeding for drought-tolerant maize have often involved selection for beneficial morpho-physiological traits such as a reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and an improved harvest index (HI). Although maize is an effective host of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) in infertile and drought conditions, few maize breeding and physiological research programs have examined the potential of AM symbiosis to improve maize drought tolerance. The objective of this review is to highlight the morpho-physiological responses and potential mechanisms through which AM colonization might improve maize drought tolerance and, in doing so, to examine the potential of this symbiotic relationship to serve as an effective tool for improving cultivar drought tolerance. In this review, we briefly describe the general effects of AM symbiosis on plant water relations, and then extensively examine the effects of AM colonization on pre-flowering, flowering, and post-flowering maize morpho-physiology under drought-stress conditions in greenhouse and field settings. We then suggest potential areas for future research related to (a) the adoption of cropping practices promoting AM colonization and survival; (b) the further understanding of AM effects on maize morpho-physiology; and (c) the creation of AM-colonized, drought-tolerant maize cultivars through conventional breeding as well as molecular and genomic techniques. We conclude by discussing practical considerations associated with the use of AM for maize drought-stress research and large-scale, commercial maize production.     

Measurement of soil salinity using electromagnetic induction in a paddy with a densic pan and shallow water table

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has become a monoculture in the saline lands of the Ebro Valley, Spain. The studied farm has produced rice since the 1970s; one exception was 1999, which enabled us to map the soil salinity. The farm had lateral salinity variations mirrored by the development of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) planted in 1999. Our objective is to prove the value of a non-deterministic method using electromagnetic induction (EMI) to map the salinity of the rootable layer in the unfavorable circumstances of a paddy having shallow saline and quasi-artesian water table underneath a continuous densic layer. From our EMI readings and soil sampling, we draw a map of the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts (ECe) of the upper soil layer (0–40 cm), with ECe ranging from 1.6 to 20.8 dS m^?1 and a mean of 7.9 dS m^?1. A main achievement was the establishment of an easy procedure not requiring either: (i) knowledge regarding the salinity of the water table or the relationships between EMI readings and the deep soil composition; or (ii) a normal distribution of the EMI readings or of the ECe; or (iii) assumptions about the physical dimensions of the EMI readings. Our procedure will allow ECe to be mapped on other similar salt-affected paddies, helping to decide if a paddy can be planted with alternate crops for production, weed control, or soil structure improvement.     

广西红壤区甘蔗根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌种类的 18S rDNA 基 因序列分析鉴定及多样性分析

为探明广西红壤区甘蔗根际土壤丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌多样性特点,本研究通过 18S rDNA 基因序列分析对来自广西红壤蔗区 33 个样地的甘蔗根系和根际土壤样品的 AM 真菌种属进行了鉴定,并分析了 土壤理化性质对 AM 真菌侵染率和多样性的影响。结果表明：3 类红壤类土壤中,赤红壤的根外菌丝量、根内菌丝和 丛枝平均侵染率最高,分别为 13.59%、24.18%、1.29%;砖红壤的泡囊平均侵染率最高,为 19.17%。所构建的 AM 真 菌克隆文库中共发现了 24 个 OTU,分别属于 AM 真菌的 7 科 12 属 24 种,其中球囊霉科含 5 属 10 种,多样孢囊霉科 含 1 属 2 种、无梗囊霉科含 1 属 1 种、巨孢囊霉科含 2 属 2 种,近明囊霉科含 1 属 5 种,原囊霉科和类球囊霉科各含 1 属 2 种;3 类土壤的优势科和优势属分别为球囊霉科和根生囊霉属。红壤的 AM 真菌物种丰富度和香浓维纳指数最高, 砖红壤最低。3 类土壤的理化因子与 AM 真菌的物种丰富度均无显著相关。3 类土壤的根内菌丝侵染率与 pH 值均呈正 相关,与有机质、总氮及有效磷含量呈负相关。     

土著AM真菌对荔枝实生苗生长和光合特性的影响

通过施用苯菌灵抑制丛枝菌根(arbuscuIar mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的侵染.研究土著AM真菌对'白蜡'和'黑叶'2种荔枝实生苗的营养生长、矿质养分和光合特性的影响.盆栽试验结果表明:苯菌灵处理显著地降低了'白蜡'和'黑叶'的菌根侵染率,品种间也存在显著差异;苯菌灵处理抑制了'白蜡'的生物量和株高,但是提高了'黑叶'的相应指标,两者的菌根依赖性分别8.22%和-10.50%;苯菌灵处理降低了2个品种的吸磷量和吸钾量,降低'白蜡'的吸氮量,而增加'黑叶'的吸氮量;苯菌灵处理对光合参数的影响与其对生物量的影响相同,即降低'白蜡'的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,而增加'黑叶'的相应指标.这些结果表明,土著AM真菌对荔枝实生苗生长的影响与其对光合作用的影响密切相关,不同的品种对土著AM真菌侵染的反应存在很大的差异.