猪链球菌2型多重耐药菌株的人工诱导

采用6种常用抗菌药物对临床分离的38株猪链球菌2型进行敏感性检测,从中选择3株对红霉素和环丙沙星敏感的菌株,采用体外递增药物浓度的方法分别诱导成对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株,按临床检验标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的方法测定了红霉素和环丙沙星对同一亲本的敏感株和诱导耐药株的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并测定在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下敏感株和诱导耐药株的MIC变化情况。微量稀释法测定的MIC结果显示:在所选的6种抗生素中,氟苯尼考和氨苄西林对临床分离的38株猪链球菌的作用最好,抑菌率都为100%,红霉素及环丙沙星有一定作用,耐药率分别达39.5%(15/38)和28.9%(11/38),而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、四环素的抑菌效果最差,耐药率达100%。浓度递增法成功诱导了猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药性,其MIC值分别由0.001 8 mg/L上升至128 mg/L。在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下,抗菌药物对部分猪链球菌2型菌株的MIC值下降。结果提示:逐步增加药物浓度可以诱导猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药性,而且猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性的产生可能与耐药性相关的主动外排机制有关。     

In vitro sensitivity of New Zealand strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae to some antibiotics

Extract

Over the last year or so, there have been two major veterinary matters which have undoubtedly shaped this Association's current policy, and, because of their importance, I believe they may well continue to do so for many years.     

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from clinically healthy sows in China

Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. Because transmission is generally thought to occur between healthy carrier sows and their offspring, it is important to understand which antimicrobial agents are likely to be effective against the strains isolated. This study is the first to report on the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis isolated from clinical healthy sows. From 2005 to 2007 a total of 421 S. suis isolates were recovered from sows in China and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. High-level resistance were found with tetracycline (91.7%) and sulfisoxazole (86.7%), followed by clindamycin (68.4%), erythromycin (67.2%), tilmicosin (66.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (59.1%). These six antimicrobial agents presented the highest MIC(50) values and the antibiogram (19.2%) most frequently observed. Lower resistance rates among the beta-Lactams support their use as the primary drugs to treat the infection of S. suis. However, appropriate dosing or combination antibiotic therapeutic regimens should be adhered to in view of the resistant and intermediate strains to penicillin (9.5% and 42.3%), ampicillin (4.0% and 29.9%) and ceftiofur (22.1% and 37.3%), respectively.     

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 183 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs to selected antipseudomonal agents

During the years from 1993 to 2000, 183 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from different pathological specimens originating from dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against 10 antipseudomonal agents were obtained on 183 P. aeruginosa strains. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles showed that among beta-lactam antibiotics, imipenem was the most active compound. Out of the 183 strains tested, 96.7% were sensitive to imipenem. Cefoperazone showed good in vitro activity against 86.9% of the tested strains. Against ceftazidime, 77.0% of strains showed sensitivity. An old penicillin, carbenicillin, gave only 71.6% sensitive strains. Sensitivity to amikacin was 87.4% and it was 83.1% to gentamicin. Pipimedic acid, a first-generation quinolone, was the least active compound of all those tested, 47.0% were resistant. The in vitro sensitivity against enrofloxacin showed that 71.0% strains were sensitive and 26.2% showed resistance. Almost all strains tested, 93.4%, were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin. Besides imipenem, the quinolone antibiotics, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against P. aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs.     

In vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli of swine origin to carbadox and other antimicrobials

Swine fecal Escherichia coli isolates were tested with the Microtiter broth dilution method for susceptibility to carbadox and 11 other antimicrobials. Of the 138 strains, 136 were resistant to sulfadiazine, 120 to tetracycline, 95 to streptomycin, and 63 to carbadox. Resistance to the remaining antimicrobials also was noted in various degrees, with the exception of amikacin, to which all strains were susceptible. Carbadox-resistant strains also were resistant to other antimicrobials. The multiple resistance pattern was most common to sulfadiazine and tetracycline or a combination of sulfadiazine, tetracycline, and streptomycin.     

Microscopic and ultrastructural lesions of the ureter and renal pelvis in sows with regard to Actinobaculum suis infection

Tissues from ureter and renal pelvis of 18 sows naturally (n = 15) and experimentally (n = 3) infected with Actinobaculum suis (former Actinomyces, Eubacterium suis) were studied using light and scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy. The results were compared with the findings from 11 clinically healthy sows as controls. The lesions in both the ureter and renal pelvis of naturally and experimentally infected animals were similar. In severe cases there were necrotizing ureteritis and pyelitis with accumulation of bacterial colonies in some cases. Several superficial epithelial cells were found phagocytosing necrotic debris. In mild cases the main lesions included epithelial cell hyperplasia, desquamation of the superficial epithelial cells and goblet cell metaplasia with intraepithelial cyst formation. The goblet cells were found in the superficial as well as in the intermediate cell layers. Generally, it was observed that severe purulent ureteritis and pyelitis/ pyelonephritis in sows were to be expected only in mixed infection of A. suis with other bacteria. The findings were compared and discussed with the changes in the infected urinary bladder of sows and the alterations induced by urinary tract infection in man.     

Temperature sensitivity studies on selected strains on Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG324), a tylosin resistant strain of low virulence, was compared with four other strains with respect to their survival at temperatures from 46.1 to 48.9 degrees C. MG324 was found to be more resistant than the other strains tested.     

In vitro susceptibilities of canine urinary bacteria to selected antimicrobial agents

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted on bacteria that were isolated from urine specimens collected by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs with urinary tract infections. Antimicrobics to which greater than or equal to 90% of these urinary bacteria were susceptible in vitro included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Escherichia coli; ampicillin, TMP-SMZ, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Proteus mirabilis; ampicillin chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci; cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae; ampicillin, TMP-SMZ, and gentamicin for isolates of Streptococcus faecalis, Str faecium, and Str zymogenes; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, and gentamicin for isolates of Str viridans; and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of Str canis. No antimicrobial agent tested was effective in vitro at the 90% level for isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but gentamicin was closest, at 89%.     

In vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to chick ceca exposed to selected carbohydrates

This investigation was designed to study the effect of selected carbohydrates on the in vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to the ceca of chickens 1 and 2 weeks of age. Ceca were surgically removed from chickens immediately after euthanasia, inverted on glass rods, and then rinsed with sterile saline before being exposed to S. typhimurium in a solution of saline containing the carbohydrate to be evaluated. Attachment of S. typhimurium to ceca was reduced in 1-week-old chicks in the presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, L-fucose, D-galactose, L+arabinose, and D+mannose. Minimal or no reduction in attachment of S. typhimurium was noted when ceca from 2-week-old chicks were exposed to the same compounds. Carbohydrates investigated and found to be ineffective for reduction of S. typhimurium attachment to chick ceca were D+fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.     

猪附红细胞体对不同宿主红细胞的体外感染试验

本试验在猪附红细胞体体外培养的基础上,用猪附红细胞体的阳性血液体外感染家兔、昆明小白鼠、犬、羊、牛及人的健康红细胞。结果表明,上述宿主的健康红细胞均可不同程度地发生感染,其中体外感染家兔红细胞,在第36小时感染率最高,为45.0%;感染昆明小白鼠红细胞,在第24小时感染率最高,为40.3%;感染人红细胞,在第48小时感染率最高,为30.0%,呈现轻度感染;而对其他宿主红细胞,呈现一过性感染。     

In vitro susceptibility of avian Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida to danofloxacin and five other antimicrobials.

The in vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry was determined to danofloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, and five other commonly used antimicrobials. A total of 1737 E. coli field isolates and 107 P. multocida isolates were tested by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Europe, Japan, South Africa, and North America during the period 1989-91. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was determined using the Sensititre broth microdilution technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of danofloxacin, furaltadone, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole that prevented growth of 90% of the bacteria were 0.25 > 64, > 64, > 64, > 128, and > 16 micrograms/ml, respectively, against E. coli isolates and 0.25, 64, 64, 16, 128, and 8 micrograms/ml, respectively, against P. multocida isolates. Danofloxacin demonstrated considerable in vitro potency against these important poultry pathogens, many of which showed extensive resistance to the other antimicrobials tested.     

In vitro susceptibility of rabbit strains of Clostridium spiroforme to antimicrobial agents

Using an agar dilution method we measured the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 antimicrobial agents against 11 strains of iota-toxigenic strains of Clostridium spiroforme. Each strain was isolated from a separate outbreak of toxic diarrhoea of rabbits. Vancomycin and bacitracin, both agents used to treat intestinal clostridioses of humans and other animals, had a relatively high MIC (8 micrograms/ml or more). Metronidazole was uniformly active against C. spiroforme. With MIC of 8 micrograms/ml or more, both lincomycin (11 strains) and erythromycin (9 strains) were relatively inactive against C. spiroforme, conversely, penicillin G was active (MIC for 8 strains was 0.5 micrograms/ml or less). Exposure to any one of these drugs has been implicated as a predisposing factor for C. spiroforme mediated diarrhoea of rabbits. The greatest variation in MIC was seen for erythromycin (8-fold), penicillin G (8-fold) and tetracycline (16-fold).     

In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of strains of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolated in The Netherlands between 1996 and 1999.

All the strains of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolated in the Netherlands between 1996 and 1999 were tested in the agar gel diffusion test for their sensitivity to amoxycillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulphonamide (TMP/S). The percentages of strains sensitive to amoxycillin and tetracycline decreased in successive years from approximately 62 per cent to 14 per cent, and four strains were resistant to enrofloxacin or TMP/S. Twelve multiresistant strains were tested against seven alternative antibiotics; they were resistant to all of them except clavulanic acid-potentiated amoxycillin.     

In vitro susceptibilities of field isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type to 15 antimicrobials

In vitro susceptibilities of 16 Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type field isolates to 15 antimicrobial agents were determined using a broth microdilution method. The most effective antimicrobials were fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides, with MIC values under 2 microg/ml. Resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin and spectinomycin was observed.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter suis strains

Helicobacter suis is a very fastidious porcine gastric pathogen, which is also considered to be of zoonotic importance. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility cannot be determined using standard assays, as this agent only grows in a biphasic medium with an acidic pH. Therefore, a combined agar and broth dilution method was used to analyse the activity of nine antimicrobial agents against nine H. suis isolates. After 48 h microaerobic incubation, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by software-assisted calculation of bacterial growth. Only for enrofloxacin a bimodal distribution of MICs was demonstrated, indicating acquired resistance in one strain, which showed an AGT→AGG (Ser→Arg) substitution at codon 99 of gyrA. In conclusion, the assay developed here is suitable for determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of H. suis isolates, although activity of acid sensitive antimicrobial agents may be higher than predicted from MIC endpoints.     

4株猪链球菌的病原生物学特性分析

对4株新分离猪链球菌NJ25、SH29、SH40和RC4726进行病原学特性分析,以评估其对公共卫生的威胁性。利用中国疾病预防控制中心传染病所制定的猪链球菌2型鉴定方案,对4株新分离猪链球菌NJ25、SH29、SH40和RC4726进行毒力相关基因检测、细菌染色体酶切片段多态性分析(PFGE)、多位点序列分型(MLST),并用C57BL/6小鼠作致病性试验。结果显示,NJ25株为ST7序列型,SH29、SH40为ST1序列型,3株菌的基因型均为sly+mrp+ef+;RC4726的7个管家基因座位分别为aroA(18)、cpn60(34)、dpr(24)、gki(12)、mutS(1),recA(1)、thrA(4),是一个新的MLST型,基因型为sly+mrp-ef-。PFGE分析显示NJ25、SH29、SH40与SC84有60%的相似性,RC4726与SC84的相似性仅为20%。用108CFU攻击C57BL/6小鼠,除RC4726外,NJ25、SH29、SH40均能致小鼠发病、死亡。结果表明,NJ25、SH29、SH40可能是高致病性猪链球菌,RC4726是1株非致病性猪链球菌。