Evolution of ocean temperature and ice volume through the mid-Pleistocene climate transition

Earth's climate underwent a fundamental change between 1250 and 700 thousand years ago, the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when the dominant periodicity of climate cycles changed from 41 thousand to 100 thousand years in the absence of substantial change in orbital forcing. Over this time, an increase occurred in the amplitude of change of deep-ocean foraminiferal oxygen isotopic ratios, traditionally interpreted as defining the main rhythm of ice ages although containing large effects of changes in deep-ocean temperature. We have separated the effects of decreasing temperature and increasing global ice volume on oxygen isotope ratios. Our results suggest that the MPT was initiated by an abrupt increase in Antarctic ice volume 900 thousand years ago. We see no evidence of a pattern of gradual cooling, but near-freezing temperatures occur at every glacial maximum.     

Interglacial hydroclimate in the tropical West Pacific through the Late Pleistocene

Records of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (P(CO(2))) and Antarctic temperature have revealed an intriguing change in the magnitude of interglacial warmth and P(CO(2)) at around 430,000 years ago (430 ka), but the global climate repercussions of this change remain elusive. Here, we present a stalagmite-based reconstruction of tropical West Pacific hydroclimate from 570 to 210 ka. The results suggest similar regional precipitation amounts across the four interglacials contained in the record, implying that tropical hydroclimate was insensitive to interglacial differences in P(CO(2)) and high-latitude temperature. In contrast, during glacial terminations, drying in the tropical West Pacific accompanied cooling events in northern high latitudes. Therefore, the tropical convective heat engine can either stabilize or amplify global climate change, depending on the nature of the climate forcing.     

Evolution of the eastern tropical Pacific through Plio-Pleistocene glaciation

A tropical Pacific climate state resembling that of a permanent El Ni?o is hypothesized to have ended as a result of a reorganization of the ocean heat budget approximately 3 million years ago, a time when large ice sheets appeared in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We report a high-resolution alkenone reconstruction of conditions in the heart of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) cold tongue that reflects the combined influences of changes in the equatorial thermocline, the properties of the thermocline's source waters, atmospheric greenhouse gas content, and orbital variations on sea surface temperature (SST) and biological productivity over the past 5 million years. Our data indicate that the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 3 million years ago did not interrupt an almost monotonic cooling of the EEP during the Plio-Pleistocene. SST and productivity in the eastern tropical Pacific varied in phase with global ice volume changes at a dominant 41,000-year (obliquity) frequency throughout this time. Changes in the Southern Hemisphere most likely modulated most of the changes observed.     

热带东太平洋中上层食物网结构指数分析

根据2017年6月—2019年2月在热带太平洋东部海域(14°03′N～30°22′S, 179°36′E～114°29′W)开展的6个航次金枪鱼延绳钓渔获采样资料及胃含物组成数据,运用12个食物网网络分析指数,研究热带东太平洋中上层食物网结构特征。结果显示,本食物网物种(类群)数为83,连接数为542,食物网的平均营养级为2.4,顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为10.85%、83.13%、6.02%。食物网不同营养级物种的比例、杂食性指数(omnivorous,O=92.77%)、连接复杂性指数(connection complexity index,C_SC=13.22)和特征路径长度(characteristic path length,P=1.85)的分析表明,该食物网结构处于较稳定状态;聚类系数(clustering coefficient,C_C=0.242)表明食物网物种间可形成几个连接性较密切的子网络结构;由连接密度(linkage density,D=6.53)和连通度指标(connectance,C_l     

Early warming of tropical South America at the last glacial-interglacial transition

Glaciation in the humid tropical Andes is a sensitive indicator of mean annual temperature. Here, we present sedimentological data from lakes beyond the glacial limit in the tropical Andes indicating that deglaciation from the Last Glacial Maximum led substantial warming at high northern latitudes. Deglaciation from glacial maximum positions at Lake Titicaca, Peru/Bolivia (16 degrees S), and Lake Junin, Peru (11 degrees S), occurred 22,000 to 19,500 calendar years before the present, several thousand years before the B?lling-Aller?d warming of the Northern Hemisphere and deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada, United States (36.5 degrees to 38 degrees N). The tropical Andes deglaciated while climatic conditions remained regionally wet, which reflects the dominant control of mean annual temperature on tropical glaciation.     

Dynamical response of the tropical Pacific Ocean to solar forcing during the early Holocene

We present a high-resolution magnesium/calcium proxy record of Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) from off the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, a region where interannual SST variability is dominated today by the influence of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Temperatures were lowest during the early to middle Holocene, consistent with documented eastern equatorial Pacific cooling and numerical model simulations of orbital forcing into a La Ni?a-like state at that time. The early Holocene SSTs were also characterized by millennial-scale fluctuations that correlate with cosmogenic nuclide proxies of solar variability, with inferred solar minima corresponding to El Ni?o-like (warm) conditions, in apparent agreement with the theoretical "ocean dynamical thermostat" response of ENSO to exogenous radiative forcing.     

Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age

A 420-year history of strontium/calcium, uranium/calcium, and oxygen isotope ratios in eight coral cores from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, indicates that sea surface temperature and salinity were higher in the 18th century than in the 20th century. An abrupt freshening after 1870 occurred simultaneously throughout the southwestern Pacific, coinciding with cooling tropical temperatures. Higher salinities between 1565 and 1870 are best explained by a combination of advection and wind-induced evaporation resulting from a strong latitudinal temperature gradient and intensified circulation. The global Little Ice Age glacial expansion may have been driven, in part, by greater poleward transport of water vapor from the tropical Pacific.     

热带太平洋雌性黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学研究

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)是3个热带金枪鱼鱼种之一,也是我国远洋金枪鱼渔业的主要捕捞对象之一。本研究根据我国金枪鱼渔业观察员在热带太平洋海域(14°1'S-11°41'N,158°43'E-128°24'W)采集的229尾雌性黄鳍金枪鱼样本,基于组织切片法对其繁殖生物学特征进行研究。结果表明:成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为主,性成熟个体占样品总数的36.7%;运用Logistic模型拟合的性成熟比率(P)与叉长(L_F)关系曲线(成熟度曲线)方程为P=1/1+e~([-0.072(LF-138.13)]),对应的50%性成熟叉长为138.13 cm;在南半球,纬度越高,性成熟比率和性腺成熟指数越高。东太平洋和中西太平洋(以150°W为界)黄鳍金枪鱼群体的成熟度表现出区域性差异,东太平洋群体的成熟进程比中西部快,且产卵活动存在季节性差异。东太平洋和中西太平洋群体成熟度的性腺成熟指数变化规律相似。比较肉眼观测法和组织切片法,发现肉眼观测法对Ⅱ、Ⅴ期的判断准确率较高,对Ⅰ、Ⅳ期的判断准确率低。     

热带太平洋中东部大眼金枪鱼摄食强度的时空变化

根据中国金枪鱼渔业观察员项目于2006年2—11月在东太平洋水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集的数据,对大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obseus摄食强度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:小个体大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较大个体大眼金枪鱼的高,叉长小于140 cm的大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3—4月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较小,5—11月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3月大眼金枪鱼的空胃率相对较高,5—11月大眼金枪鱼空胃率均低于15%;200～350 m水层中大眼金枪鱼的摄食活动非常活跃。各月份(χ2=227.95,P<0.0001)和不同叉长组(χ2=364.61,P<0.0001)大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度均存在显著性差异,且不同水层(χ2=178.50,P<0.0001)大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度也存在显著性差异。     

热带太平洋中东部大眼金枪鱼摄食强度的时空变化

根据中国金枪鱼渔业观察员项目于2006年2—11月在东太平洋水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集的数据,对大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obseus摄食强度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明：小个体大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较大个体大眼金枪鱼的高,叉长小于140 cm的大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3—4月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度较小,5—11月大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度相对较大;3月大眼金枪鱼的空胃率相对较高,5—11月大眼金枪鱼空胃率均低于15%;200～350 m水层中大眼金枪鱼的摄食活动非常活跃。各月份（χ2=227.95,P〈0.0001）和不同叉长组（χ2=364.61,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度均存在显著性差异,且不同水层（χ2=178.50,P〈0.0001）大眼金枪鱼的摄食强度也存在显著性差异。     

基于Ecopath的热带东太平洋生态系统模型构建及其比较

建立2017年东太平洋生态系统Ecopath模型,并与1997年模型进行比较。结果表明:(1)生态系统总体能量转化效率为18.78%,表明该生态系统能量的利用效率已达到最适程度。生态系统杂食指数和联结指数分别为0.323和0.272,表明功能组的聚合度较低,食物网内部结构复杂程度较低,较易受到外界环境因素和捕捞的干扰。总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值为2.593,表明该生态系统不成熟。(2)对比两个阶段的系统总流量、总生物量以及总循环流量指标,与1997年相比,2017年生态系统规模扩大,食物网复杂程度升高,成熟度增大但仍然处于发展阶段。(3)假设黄鳍和大眼金枪鱼这两个主要捕捞种类的大、小个体相对资源量统计存在不确定性,并考虑3个比例水平分别构建3个生态系统模型,结果表明,这一相对资源量统计误差,明显影响了对生态系统的认识。因此,在今后类似的研究中,应充分考虑主要捕捞种类不同体长组的营养结构及其对生态系统的影响。     

东太平洋热带海域大青鲨长度组成、肝重指数特征分析

大青鲨(Prionaceglauca)是一种大型中上层鲨鱼,隶属于真鲨目、真鲨科、大青鲨属。最大全长(TL)可达到400cm,最大体重为205.9kg,最大年龄为20龄,分布于66°N～55°S三大洋海域[1,2]。在我国南海和东海也有记录[3]。该鲨鱼是金枪鱼渔业最重要的兼捕鱼种。一般在捕获后割取鳍条,鱼体丢弃海中。1997年全球产量仅为520t,2000年达到8186t,2001年增加到10087t。主要生产国是巴西、西班牙、葡萄牙和新西兰[4]。在公海,除娱乐性渔业主捕少量鲨鱼外,大量的鲨鱼是被主捕其他鱼类的渔业所兼捕。在二十世纪90年代初期,估计丢弃的鲨鱼量为260000～30…     

东太平洋热带海域大青鲨长度组成、肝重指数特征分析

大青鲨(Prionaceglauca)是一种大型中上层鲨鱼,隶属于真鲨目、真鲨科、大青鲨属。最大全长(TL)可达到400cm,最大体重为205.9kg,最大年龄为20龄,分布于66°N～55°S三大洋海域[1,2]。在我国南海和东海也有记录[3]。该鲨鱼是金枪鱼渔业最重要的兼捕鱼种。一般在捕获后割取鳍条,鱼体丢弃海中。1997年全球产量仅为520t,2000年达到8186t,2001年增加到10087t。主要生产国是巴西、西班牙、葡萄牙和新西兰[4]。在公海,除娱乐性渔业主捕少量鲨鱼外,大量的鲨鱼是被主捕其他鱼类的渔业所兼捕。在二十世纪90年代初期,估计丢弃的鲨鱼量为260000～30…     

The cretaceous-tertiary transition

The fossil sequences from cores across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary show a, range of transition times and transition time intervals depending on the fossil indicators and the location of the site. These variations, together with the pattern of iridium distribution with depth at some sites, differences in total amounts of iridium, variations in noble metal abundances normalized to extraterrestrial concentrations, the depositional effects that might be expected in a reducing environment, and the clay mineralogy of the boundary layer clays, put into question the interpretation that an extraterrestrial event was the cause of the faunal changes and the iridium anomaly in the vicinity of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. It seems more likely that an explanation for the changes during the transition will come from continued examination of the great variety of terrestrial events that took place at that time, including extensive volcanism, major regression of the sea from the land, geochemical changes, and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes.