蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分影响的室内模拟研究

通过室内模拟试验研究蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分的影响,以蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度和雨强为试验变量,试验处理设置如下:降雨强度设置为大雨、中雨、小雨;蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度分别为1 cm、2.5 cm、4 cm,覆盖面积为土柱表面积的90%,以裸土作为对照。分别测定降雨完成后10 h内的湿润锋迁移过程和48 h内0～5 cm(上层),5～10 cm(中层)和10～15 cm(下层)的土壤含水率变化情况。结果表明:蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分分布具有一定影响,降雨入渗结束后,覆盖蚯蚓粪处理的土壤含水率在较短时间内低于裸土,但5～15 cm土层含水率不断增加,并逐渐高于裸土,表明蚯蚓粪覆盖能够延缓降雨入渗,并影响黄土区土壤水分再分配过程,对降雨后表层以下的水分增加具有促进作用,有利于提高黄土区降水的利用率。     

砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响

为研究不同粒径砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,进行模拟试验.试验以砂石粒径大小为因子,设3个粒径水平:0.5,2.5,4.5 cm,以裸土为对照.结果表明:地面砂石覆盖能够有效抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水率较高的阶段,抑制作用更加明显;砂石覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用与砂石粒径密切相关,在相同的覆盖厚度(5 cm)和同一含水率条件下,砂石覆盖的粒径越大,对蒸发的抑制能力越低;砂石覆盖能明显改变土壤蒸发过程,覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发与裸土相比不仅降低而且更加平稳;在41d的连续蒸发过程中,覆盖条件下的累计土壤蒸发量与时间呈近似线性关系,而裸土为对数关系.     

砂石条形覆盖下土壤水分蒸发动态研究

砂石覆盖已被证实有提高农作物产量的作用,为了研究条形砂石覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响,采用精度较高的重力传感器称重测量系统测定水分蒸发动态,进行了5种砂石覆盖度(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%)、2个灌水量(25 mm和35 mm)和2种土壤(砂土和土)的土壤水分蒸发试验。结果表明:砂石覆盖能够有效地抑制土壤蒸发,且抑制作用与砂石覆盖度密切相关。蒸发初期砂石覆盖度越大,日蒸发量越低,但后期日蒸发量趋于稳定(0.6 mm)。相同覆盖度下,土累积蒸发量(Ec)低于砂土。砂石覆盖度增加后累积蒸发量Ec随时间变化过程曲线逐渐降低;同时总蒸发量Et相应减小,蒸灌比也依次减少,蒸发量差ΔE增大,表现为覆盖度为100%的Et仅为裸土的65%左右;裸土的Et占灌水量I的50%左右,而覆盖度为100%的Et占灌水量I的35%左右。Ec与时间的关系符合Gardner理论关系,从而得出Ec与时间和覆盖度的两参量函数关系。     

不同砂石覆盖度和粒径对土壤水分蒸发的影响

为探讨不同砂石覆盖度和砂石粒径对土壤蒸发的影响,进行室内蒸发模拟试验。通过5个覆盖度(0,25%,50%,75%和100%)和2个砂石粒径(0.5cm和1cm)处理,历经10d的土柱蒸发试验,研究土壤蒸发量随蒸发时间的变化及蒸发剖面含水量的分布规律。结果表明:砂石覆盖能有效抑制土壤累积蒸发量的增长,覆盖度越大,粒径越小,其抑制效果越明显,蒸发越趋于平稳。不同砂石覆盖度下的累积蒸发量与时间变化符合Gardner理论关系,累积蒸发量与时间和覆盖度间存在两因素函数关系,从而得出蒸发速率与时间和覆盖度的两因素函数关系。砂石覆盖能降低土壤蒸发速率,保持土壤水分,覆盖度越大,土壤蒸发后的剖面含水量越大。相比于塿土,相同粒径条件下砂石覆盖对砂土蒸发的抑制作用更有效。     

秸秆纤维网覆盖下纤维用量对土壤蒸发的影响

为研究不同纤维用量下秸秆纤维网覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,以不同的秸秆纤维用量为因子,设100、300、500 g/m2三个用量水平,以裸土为对照,进行了模拟试验。结果表明:用秸秆纤维网覆盖土壤表面能够有效抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水量较高的阶段,抑制作用更加明显;秸秆纤维网覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用与秸秆纤维用量密切相关,在相同的秸秆纤维网性状和同一土壤含水量条件下,秸秆纤维用量越大对蒸发的抑制能力越强;秸秆纤维网覆盖能明显改变土壤蒸发过程,覆盖条件下的土壤与裸土相比,蒸发量不仅降低而且更加平稳;在26 d的连续蒸发过程中,覆盖条件下的累计土壤蒸发量与时间呈近似线性关系,而裸土则为对数关系。     

麦秸覆盖条件下土壤蒸发阻力及蒸发模拟

模拟覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发对于农田水管理具有重要的作用。该文分析了留茬和秸秆覆盖模式下影响土面蒸发的因素,提出了留茬覆盖模式下蒸发阻力和土面蒸发模型,基于试验数据确定了公式中的参数。主要结果和结论:当表层2 cm土壤含水率高于0.23 cm3/cm3(约60%田持)时,土面相对蒸发量(土面蒸发量与20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量比值)基本保持稳定;当表层2 cm土壤含水率在0.05~0.23 cm3/cm3之间时,土面相对蒸发量随土壤含水率的降低而线性减小。覆盖会明显降低土壤蒸发,覆盖阻力随秸秆覆盖量增加呈指数增长。当表层2 cm土壤含水率在0.05~0.23 cm3/cm3之间时,土壤表面阻力随土壤体积含水率降低而线性增加。验证结果显示建立的土面蒸发模型及相应阻力参数能较好的模拟覆盖条件下的土面蒸发量。     

基于人工降雨试验的残茬覆盖水土保持效益评价

基于人工降雨试验,研究不同残茬覆盖度在4°坡对黑土坡面水土保持效益的影响。试验设置3个平行条件,分别为4个雨强(30,60,90,120 mm/h),5个残茬覆盖度(15%,35%,55%,75%以及裸土对照组)以及2种土壤初始含水量(8%和30%,分别对应干、湿运行)。结果表明:对黑土坡面进行残茬覆盖处理,能够起到抑制土壤产流产沙的作用,且覆盖度越高,其抑制作用越明显。15%,35%,55%,75%覆盖度下保水效益可以分别可以达到30%,27%,57%,72%;保土效益分别可以达到36%,53%,89%,94%。根据保水保土效益与覆盖度的关系建立了指数函数关系式。与保水效益相比,残茬覆盖处理的保土效益更为明显。残茬覆盖不仅能提高黑土养分,更是保护黑土的有效方式。     

秸秆双层覆盖对盐碱地水盐运动影响初步研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方式,研究了秸秆双层覆盖对盐碱土的改良效应及机制,以期对盐碱地的改良提供理论依据。结果表明:1)与对照相比,不同的秸秆覆盖模式均能降低土壤水分的累积蒸发量,T4处理(土表与土表下35~40 cm处覆盖秸秆量之比为2∶1)在45 d内土壤水分累积蒸发量较CK(无秸秆覆盖的对照)低36.73 mm,抑蒸率为65.89%,抑蒸率最大,对土壤水分蒸发的抑制效果最好。2)秸秆处理均在不同程度上抑制了土壤返盐,其中T4处理返盐率最小,远低于对照处理。3)土壤水分累积蒸发量与土壤累积含盐量存在高度正相关关系。4)秸秆双层覆盖对土壤水分蒸发和土壤返盐的抑制效果大于秸秆表层覆盖和秸秆深层覆盖,并且,在不同的秸秆双层覆盖的处理中,T4处理的控盐保水效果最好,是一种较好的改良盐碱土的方法。     

不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响

[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。     

秸秆覆盖对盐渍化土壤水盐影响的试验研究

研究了不同秸秆覆盖量处理对盐渍化土壤蒸发量、含水率及含盐量动态变化的影响。结果表明,（1）随着秸秆覆盖量增加,土壤蒸发量逐渐减少,当秸秆覆盖量为7 500 kg/hm2时,日蒸发量减少幅度趋于稳定。（2）秸秆覆盖量为10 500,7 500,4 500,1 500 kg/hm2时,蒸发抑制率依次为80.54%,79.01%,62.45%,37.93%。（3）随着秸秆覆盖量增加,不同土层含水率逐渐增加。当秸秆覆盖量为7 500 kg/hm2时,0—10 cm土层含水率达到最大值,比对照实验增加了9.28%;0—10 cm土层含盐量下降幅度最大,含盐量减少了3.21%。因此,秸秆覆盖盐渍土壤能够减少土壤水分蒸发损失,提高水分利用效率,抑制盐渍化土壤可溶性盐分的表聚作用,对改良盐渍化土壤具有显著效果。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.