颗粒肥料离散元仿真边界参数系统化研究

离散元边界参数对仿真精确性具有重要的影响。为提高离散元仿真精度,以大颗粒尿素颗粒为研究对象,利用Plackett-Burman休止角仿真试验进行了重要边界参数的筛选,确定影响显著的参数依次为尿素颗粒间滚动摩擦因数、颗粒间静摩擦因数和颗粒与ABS板间静摩擦因数,且3种边界参数影响尿素颗粒堆积特性,休止角随着3种边界参数的增大而增大。利用自制静摩擦因数测量仪和虚拟仿真标定方法分别对颗粒与ABS板间的静摩擦因数、颗粒间静摩擦因数和颗粒间滚动摩擦因数进行研究,并对确定值进行了堆积过程的仿真和试验验证,仿真休止角与实际试验休止角相对误差仅为0.36%,不同含水率下的实际试验休止角与标定参数下的仿真休止角相对误差均不大于3.25%,表明仿真确定的边界参数和仿真模型的有效性。     

包衣玉米种子离散元参数分析与标定

为确定最优包衣玉米种子离散元仿真接触参数组合,以真实试验和不同参数组合下仿真得到的包衣玉米种子休止角和堆积角的误差为响应值,标定包衣玉米种子离散元仿真参数。采用经典力学理论建立量化描述散体颗粒的运动力学方程,通过分析力学方程确定主要接触参数。通过Central Composite试验建立模型参数与响应值之间的多元二次回归方程,利用遗传算法NSCA-Ⅱ对多元二次方程进行多目标优化,获得最佳包衣玉米种子离散元模型接触参数组合:种间静摩擦因数为0.432、种间滚动摩擦因数为0.082、种间碰撞恢复系数为0.178。结合台架试验和仿真试验,通过斜面滑动试验,得到马齿形玉米种子与有机玻璃间静摩擦因数为0.116 4。验证试验得到堆积角仿真试验结果为27.83°,与实测落种测得堆积角数值之间的误差为1.76%,结果表明,标定的包衣玉米种子离散元模型接触参数准确可靠,可用于离散元仿真试验。     

控释肥颗粒群仿真接触参数标定与试验

接触参数影响控释肥颗粒离散元仿真结果。为了精准模拟控释肥颗粒力学行为与运动规律,本文基于离散元法对控释肥颗粒的接触参数进行标定与试验。首先,建立控释肥离散元基础模型,并利用台架和仿真试验相结合的方法,在EDEM中对控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间接触参数进行标定。其次,通过碰撞弹跳试验、斜面滑移试验和斜面滚动试验测得控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.539、0.507和0.105。最后,通过堆积试验、最陡爬坡试验和正交旋转组合试验,得到控释肥颗粒间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.38、0.25和0.09,并通过无底圆筒提升试验和排肥台架试验进行验证。试验结果表明,堆积角实际值与仿真结果的相对误差为1.54%,排肥量实际值与仿真结果4种转速下的相对误差分别为4.38%、4.23%、4.41%、4.36%,所标定的控释肥接触参数精准有效,可为控释肥离散元仿真提供数据和模型支撑。     

蒜种颗粒离散元模型参数标定

为确定蒜种离散元模型仿真参数,采用多球聚合的方法建立了蒜种离散元模型,并对可实现测量的模型参数(蒜种-钢板恢复系数、蒜种-蒜种恢复系数、蒜种-钢板静摩擦因数、蒜种-蒜种静摩擦因数)进行了物理试验测定。对不易测量的模型参数(蒜种-钢板滚动摩擦系数、蒜种-蒜种滚动摩擦系数)进行了仿真试验标定,应用、建立了两种不易测量的接触参数与蒜种堆休止角、密相区域圆半径的二次回归模型,最终求解寻优得到参数最优值。通过上述试验方法,得到蒜种离散元模型参数:蒜种-钢板恢复系数为0.511,蒜种-蒜种恢复系数为0.487,蒜种-钢板静摩擦因数为0.473,蒜种-蒜种静摩擦因数为0.503,蒜种-钢板滚动摩擦因数为0.111,蒜种-蒜种滚动摩擦因数为0.108。最后,在得到的接触参数下进行仿真验证试验,结果表明:蒜种堆休止角、密相区域圆半径的仿真值与实际值的相对误差分别为1.36%、1.50%,无明显差异,排种功率、排种速度的仿真与试验值在整体变化趋势上具有一致性,验证了蒜种离散元模型与仿真试验的有效性,可为大蒜播种机械仿真设计与优化提供参考。     

绿豆种子离散元仿真参数标定与排种试验

为提高绿豆精密排种过程离散元仿真模拟试验所用仿真参数的准确度,进一步优化排种部件,基于绿豆种子的本征参数,采用Hertz Mindlin with bonding粘结模型建立种子仿真模型,分别采用自由落体碰撞法、斜面滑动法、斜面滚动法对绿豆种子与接触材料(有机玻璃、Somos8000树脂)间仿真参数进行标定,结果表明：绿豆与有机玻璃碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.445、0.458、0.036,与Somos8000树脂碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.434、0.556、0.049。以种间接触参数为因素,以实测堆积角与仿真堆积角相对误差为指标,进行了最陡爬坡试验、三因素五水平旋转组合设计试验,以最小相对误差为优化目标,对试验数据寻优分析得到：绿豆种间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.3、0.23、0.03。对标定结果进行排种验证试验,结果表明：仿真试验漏吸率与台架试验漏播率最大相对误差为4.71%、重吸率与重播率最大相对误差为4.94%、单粒率与合格率最大相对误差为0.98%,证明标定结果可靠。该研究结果可为绿豆精密排种装置的设计与仿真优化提...     

黏土与松土部件互作的离散元仿真标定与试验

为了提高白萝卜收获机关键部件松土铲的离散元仿真结果与实际情况的吻合度，利用台架实验和EDEM软件仿真相结合的方式，对黏壤土与松土铲之间接触的离散元仿真参数进行标定。以堆积角和滚动距离作为响应值，通过四因素三水平正交组合试验，分别建立土壤与土壤、土壤与触土材料之间的回归模型，并对回归模型进行分析，得到土壤含水率为(21±0.1)%时模型参数的解最优，分别为：土壤与土壤之间JKR为8.884J/m²,恢复系数为0.275,静摩擦因数为0.504,滚动摩擦因数为0.038;土壤与接触材料之间的仿真参数JKR为6.975J/m²,恢复系数为0.428;静摩擦因数为0.054;滚动摩擦因数为0.054。为了验证离散元仿真模型参数最优解与实际情况的吻合度，开展了基于最优参数下的台架实验与仿真试验，结果表明：台架实验松土铲的黏土量与仿真的相对误差为5.70%,仿真结果与台架试验基本一致，验证了离散元仿真参数模型的可靠性。     

饲料油菜薹期收获茎秆破碎离散元仿真参数标定

针对饲料油菜机械化收获中的切碎、抛送等关键环节离散元仿真缺乏准确模型的问题,以抽薹期饲料油菜茎秆为研究对象,利用EDEM仿真软件开展饲料油菜茎秆破碎离散元仿真模型参数标定研究。试验测定了饲料油菜本征参数,应用Hertz-Mindlin基本模型进行饲料油菜茎秆颗粒堆积仿真试验,通过二水平因子试验、最陡爬坡试验和响应曲面试验,确定了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数等基本接触参数。在此基础上,应用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触模型进行饲料油菜茎秆弯曲破坏仿真试验,通过响应面分析确定了饲料油菜茎秆颗粒法向接触刚度、切向接触刚度、临界法向应力与临界切向应力等饲料油菜茎秆破碎离散元仿真模型的主要参数。以确定的参数进行堆积角仿真试验,结果表明,仿真结果与实测值相对误差为2. 27%;不同直径油菜茎秆破碎仿真试验表明,仿真结果与实测值相对误差不大于4. 21%,说明标定方法正确可行,标定参数准确可靠。     

基于离散元的赤芍移栽接触参数标定

为确定赤芍在移栽过程中的仿真参数以进行离散元仿真试验,以物理试验测量土壤堆积角为基础,选取土壤间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数以及土壤的表面能作为试验因素,以土壤堆积角为试验指标,进行四因素三水平离散元仿真试验设计,建立了土壤接触参数与堆积角的回归模型。以实际堆积角值为目标进行了回归模型参数优化。通过实际物理试验完成了赤芍与土壤间的静摩擦系数、碰撞恢复系数、滚动摩擦系数以及碰撞恢复系数的标定。试验结果表明,土壤接触参数近似组合为碰撞恢复系数为0.223、静摩擦因数为0.630、滚动摩擦因数为0.373、土壤表面能为0.340 J/m³,该组合离散元仿真所得土壤堆积角为31.57°,与实际测量结果误差仅为1.2%。赤芍与土壤接触参数为：碰撞恢复系数为0.25、静摩擦因数为0.84、滚动摩擦因数为0.37。研究结果可以为后期移栽离散元仿真分析奠定基础。     

桑园土壤非等径颗粒离散元仿真模型参数标定与试验

为获取土壤离散元仿真模型的土壤颗粒物理参数和接触参数,本文采用试验与仿真相结合的方法,以桑园土壤为例,对土壤颗粒的接触参数进行了仿真标定。首先利用粉体仪、斜面仪、等应变直剪仪等,分析了试验地不同深度土壤的粒径分布,测量了试验地不同深度土壤休止角、滑动摩擦角、剪应力、内聚力、内摩擦角;然后,根据实测土壤粒径分布,利用EDEM软件建立了非等直径土壤球形颗粒模型。在此基础上,以土壤颗粒间及土壤与65Mn钢间的静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数、恢复系数为试验因素,土壤休止角、土壤-65Mn钢滑动摩擦角为目标值,建立了基于中心组合试验设计（CCD）方案,并利用Design-Expert软件对仿真试验结果进行了分析,得到了仿真标定的土壤-土壤间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为0.89、0.45和0.43;标定的土壤-65Mn钢间静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和恢复系数的最优值分别为1.15、0.05和0.4。利用以上标定的最优参数对桑园土壤进行了休止角与滑动摩擦角仿真试验,试验结果表明,休止角仿真值与试验值相对误差为1.69%,土壤-65Mn钢的滑动摩擦角仿真值与试验值相对误差为2.88%。在此...     

燕麦和箭筈豌豆混合种子离散元模型参数标定与试验

为了更好地应用离散元法研究燕麦和箭筈豌豆种子的混播过程,提高种子离散元模型的准确性,结合实际试验和仿真试验对仿真参数进行了标定。通过抽样分别测量了燕麦和箭筈豌豆种子的本征参数,并建立了种子离散元模型。采用碰撞试验、斜面滑动试验和斜面滚动试验,分别对燕麦种子和箭筈豌豆种子与ABS塑料板间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数及滚动摩擦因数进行了标定,得到燕麦和箭筈豌豆种子与ABS塑料板间的碰撞恢复系数分别为0.441、0.435,静摩擦因数分别为0.506、0.454,滚动摩擦因数分别为0.059、0.047。基于堆积试验,利用最陡爬坡试验和二次回归正交旋转组合试验方法,以混合种子堆积角的EDEM仿真值与实际值的相对误差为指标,确定种间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.320、0.327、0.042。利用螺旋排种装置对标定结果进行了验证,得到仿真试验与实际试验的混合种子质量流率平均相对误差为1.76%,燕麦和箭筈豌豆种子的排种质量比平均相对误差为2.03%,验证了仿真试验的可靠性,标定的结果可用于燕麦和箭筈豌豆种子混播过程的离散元仿真试验。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。