利多卡因、布吡卡因行山羊硬膜外阻滞的效果比较

选择 30只腹部手术的山羊随机分成 2组 ,每组 1 5例。行硬膜外穿刺后 ,分别注入 2 %利多卡因 8mg/kg和 0 75 %的布吡卡因 2mg/kg ,观察利多卡因、布吡卡因对山羊的阻滞效果。结果表明 :利多卡因、布吡卡因硬膜外阻滞起效时间分别为 (3 3± 1 5)min、 (1 5 5± 4 5)min ;感觉阻滞上界固定时间为 (1 2 0± 1 5)min、 (2 9 2± 8 6)min ;阻滞平面维持时间为 (72 5± 1 0 4)min、 (1 58 0± 2 5 4)min ;阻滞的最高平面为T 9 0± 1 3、T 8 0± 2 1 (T为胸椎 )。肌肉松弛均良好     

利多卡因、布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞对犬循环系统影响的研究

选择 1 4条健康的成年犬 ,随机分为 2组 ,利多卡因组 8只 ,布吡卡因组 6只。分别用 2 %利多卡因和 0 5 %布吡卡因行硬膜外阻滞麻醉 ,测定 2组心率和动脉压的变化 ,观察其对心血管系统的影响。结果 :利多卡因连续硬膜外阻滞下 ,犬心率在注药后 5min开始下降 ,下降最大幅度为基础值的 (82 8± 5 4) % ,但注药 1 0min后心率变化不明显 ;收缩压在 30min后下降到最低 ,降至基础值的 (84 3± 3 9) % ,舒张压在 45min下降至基础值的 (80 3± 6 6) %。布吡卡因组犬心率在注药后 30min下降到最低 ,平均为基础值的 (72 6± 7 6) % ;收缩压和舒张压在 30min下降至最低 ,但平均降幅分别为基础值的 (83 3± 2 8) %和 (82 2± 7 1 ) % ,而后缓慢上升。结论 :利多卡因硬膜外阻滞对犬的心率和动脉压没有明显影响 ;布吡卡因对犬的心率抑制作用较明显 ,但对动脉压没有明显影响。     

利多卡因、布吡卡因行犬硬膜外阻滞时的药代动力学

为研究利多卡因(lidocaine)和布吡卡因(bupivacaine)行硬膜外阻滞时的药代动力学特征,将16只健康犬随机分成2组(n=8),硬膜外阻滞时按体质量分别注入2%利多卡因6mg/kg和0.5%布吡卡因2mg/kg,在注药后的3、5、8、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、75、90、120、150、180min分别采取股动脉血,用气相色谱法测定血药浓度,比较2组药代动力学指标。结果表明,利多卡因和布吡卡因的药-时曲线均符合一室开放模型,t1/2ka分别为(3.55±0.73)min和(7.76±0.38)min,tpeak分别为(18.8±2.2)min和(35.6±1.5)min,Cmax分别为(4.67±0.37)mg/L和(1.38±0.08)mg/L,AUC分别为(739±73)μg.mL-1.min和(366±45)μg.mL-1.min,CL分别为(12.2±4.6)mL/min和(5.5±0.67)mL/min。     

丙泊酚复合硬膜外阻滞对犬的麻醉效果及其对呼吸系统的影响

本试验采用连续输注丙泊酚配合硬膜外麻醉,研究其对犬的麻醉效果和对呼吸系统的影响.选用成年杂种犬12只,随机分为两组.丙泊酚复合硬膜外阻滞为Ⅰ组(丙泊酚诱导量6 mg/kg体重,镇静维持剂量0.35±0.4 mg/kg体重·min,向硬膜外腔注射6 mg/kg体重的利多卡因);静脉连续输注丙泊酚为Ⅱ组(丙泊酚诱导麻醉6 mg/kg体重,麻醉维持剂量0.71±0.6 mg/kg体重·min).评价犬的麻醉效果和对呼吸系统的影响.单纯连续丙泊酚组镇痛、镇静和肌松效果良好,但是对呼吸系统的影响较大.丙泊酚配合硬膜外麻醉镇痛、肌松和镇静效果良好,对呼吸系统影响较小.连续注射丙泊酚配合硬膜外对犬进行麻醉过程平稳,麻醉效果良好,对呼吸系统影响较小,苏醒较快,未出现不良反应.     

犬硬膜外阻滞对腹部手术应激的初步研究

8例犬间隔1个月分别施行2次腹部手术,第1次采用硬膜外阻滞(试验组,n=8),第2次采用硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉(对照组,n=8)。分别于麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)、切开腹壁时(T2)、手术30min(T3)、手术完毕时(T4)、手术后24h(T5)、手术后48h(T6)7个时间静脉采血,采用放射免疫法测定血浆皮质醇、白细胞介素-2浓度,采用比色法测定血糖浓度。结果:(1)对照组血浆皮质醇浓度平均值显著高于试验组(P<0·05),尤其在T3、T4时显著高于试验组(P<0·05)。对照组在T3、T4时血浆皮质醇浓度显著高于T0(P<0·05),而试验组各时间与T0比较均无显著差异(P>0·05);(2)对照组血浆白细胞介素-2浓度平均值极显著低于试验组(P<0·01),尤其在T1、T2、T5和T6时显著低于试验组。对照组在T5时、试验组在T3、T4时其血浆白细胞介素-2浓度均显著低于T0;(3)对照组血糖浓度平均值显著高于试验组,尤其在T4时显著高于试验组。对照组在T3、T4、T5和T6时、试验组则在T4时其血糖浓度均显著高于T0。结论:硬膜外阻滞组与硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉比较,硬膜外阻滞能够更有效缓解犬腹部手术的应激反应。     

褪黑素对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体功能的影响

为探讨褪黑素对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体功能的影响,将48只山羊随机分为4组,生理盐水组（saline,SL组）、内毒素组（LPS组,1 mg&#183;kg^-1）、褪黑素组（MT组,1 mg&#183;kg^-1）和褪黑素保护组（MT＋LPS组）。各组分别在处理后第3和第6小时各宰杀6只羊,取肝组织,提取肝线粒体和肝线粒体DNA（mtDNA）,检测线粒体膜电位（MMP）、ATP酶（ATPase）活性及心磷脂（CL）和肝线粒体DNA氧化产物8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷（8-OH-dG）含量。结果显示,与生理盐水组相比,内毒素血症时山羊肝线粒体MMP显著下降,ATPase活性抑制,CL含量显著减少,8-OH-dG水平明显增加;而与内毒素组比,褪黑素保护组山羊肝线粒体MMP明显升高,ATPase活性恢复,CL含量明显增加,8-OH-dG水平显著降低。结果提示,褪黑素能减轻内毒素诱导的山羊肝线粒体损伤,保护肝线粒体功能。     

褪黑素对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为探讨褪黑素对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响，将48只山羊随机分为4组，生理盐水组（NS组）、内毒素组（LPS组，1mg／kg）、褪黑素组（MT组，1mg／kg）和褪黑素保护组（MT＋LPS组），每组分别在处理后第3和6h各宰杀6只羊，取肝组织，提取肝线粒体，检测肝线粒体中超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果显示，内毒素血症时山羊肝线粒体中抗氧化酶的SOD、GSH-Px、GR和CAT活性降低，T-AoC活力下降，MDA含量明显增加，而褪黑素保护组肝线粒体抗氧化酶活性普遍回升，MDA含量明显下降。提示，褪黑素能减轻内毒素血症山羊因脂质过氧化造成的肝线粒体损伤，保护肝线粒体功能。     

不同CO2气腹压对山羊肝、肾功能的影响

选择21只健康山羊随机均分为A、B、C 3组。分别用1.33、2.0、2.4kPa的气腹压值进行充气腹试验,以探讨不同CO2气腹压对山羊肝、肾功能的影响。结果表明:CO2气腹压可引起ALT、AST、ALP、Tbil、Crea升高和U-rea降低;在放气后1或2、3 d时,B、C 2组与A组相比较对肝、肾功能的影响差异显著;在放气后4d,A组肝、肾功能基本能恢复到气腹前水平,B、C 2组放气后4d尚未恢复到气腹前水平。当气腹压≥1.06 kPa时,均能够保证山羊的腹腔充分膨胀隆起。本试验确定了在山羊腹腔镜手术充气腹时,应选用1.06kPa≤PP≤1.33kPa气腹压值为宜,从而为今后开展山羊腹腔镜手术奠定了理论基础。     

犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术对肝、肾功能的影响

选择8条健康杂种犬进行腹腔镜下肝部分切除,于麻醉前、术后4h及术后第1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15天采取静脉血进行肝肾功能指标监测.结果显示,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶及碱性磷酸酶于术后第1天升到高峰;尿酸、尿素氮和肌酐于术后4h即达到高峰;白蛋白和总蛋白略微有所下降,于术后第1天降到最低;而r谷氨酰基转移酶术后变化不大.结果表明,犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术仅仅短期内对肝、肾功能产生影响,且肝、肾功能在术后一段时间内可恢复.     

布比卡因药物体积对犬硬膜外麻醉效果的影响

本次试验旨在探究不同体积布比卡因用于犬硬膜外麻醉对感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的影响,比较盲扎与神经刺激器引导犬硬膜外麻醉的成功率。试验分为6个试验组,BL组(3组)利用解剖结构定位并进行硬膜外麻醉,S组(3组)利用神经刺激器引导进行硬膜外麻醉。注射药物后持续监测犬的体征变化、感觉阻滞(Sensory blockade,SB)、运动阻滞程度(Motor blockade,MB)等指标,直至犬完全恢复。试验结果表明,使用0.5%布比卡因进行犬硬膜外麻醉产生感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的持续时间和阻滞程度随药物体积增加(0.1 mL/kg·bw、0.2 mL/kg·bw、0.4 mL/kg·bw)而增加。盲扎法与神经刺激器法对硬膜外麻醉的成功率无显著影响。     

Analgesic and physiological effect of electroacupuncture combined with epidural lidocaine in goats

Objective

To investigate physiological and antinociceptive effects of electroacupuncture (EA) with lidocaine epidural nerve block in goats.

Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks as an alternative to epidural anesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing stifle surgery under general anesthesia.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, clinical comparison.AnimalsTwenty dogs weighing 37 ± 11 (mean ± SD) kg, aged 3 (1–8) [median (minimum–maximum)] years undergoing elective unilateral tibial-plateau leveling osteotomy.MethodsDogs were assigned randomly to receive either epidural anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.5 mg kg^?1 + morphine 0.1%, 0.1 mg kg^?1, in 0.2 mL kg^?1; EPID) or femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (Bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.1 mL kg^?1, was administered at each site; F + S) guided by electrolocation. All patients received a standard general anesthesia technique. Pain and sedation were scored (on scales of 0–10 and 0–3, respectively) pre-operatively, at extubation, and at 1, 4 and then every 4 hours thereafter up to 24 hours. Postoperatively, hydromorphone was administered to any patient with a pain score of >5 or whenever the blinded caregiver determined that more hydromorphone was necessary. Intraoperative heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end tidal isoflurane (FE′ISO), body temperature, post-operative pain scores, time to first hydromorphone dose after surgery, time to first feeding, time to first drinking, time to first urination, time to first ambulation (walk on a lead) and cumulative dose of hydromorphone were recorded.ResultsIntra-operatively, FE′ISO and MAP were significantly lower in the EPID group (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). Postoperatively, the cumulative hydromorphone consumption (p = 0.04) and the incidence of urinary retention (p = 0.03) were higher in the EPID group.Conclusion and clinical relevance F + S is a practical alternative to EPID that produces less urine retention and reduces opioid consumption in the 24 hours after surgery. EPID might be associated with a lower isoflurane requirement and lower systemic blood pressure.     

氨基胍对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为探讨氨基胍对内毒素血症山羊肝线粒体自由基代谢的影响,将48只健康山羊随机分为4组,生理盐水(SL)组、内毒素(LPS)组、氨基胍(AG)组和氨基胍(AG LPS)保护组.每组分别取肝组织,提取肝线粒体,检测T-SOD、T-AOC、CAT、GSH-Px和GR活性及MDA含量的变化.结果显示,内毒素血症时山羊肝线粒体中SOD、GSH-Px、GR和CAT活性降低,T-AOC活力下降,MDA含量明显增加,而氨基胍保护组肝线粒体抗氧化酶活性普遍回升,MDA含量明显下降.提示,氨基胍能减轻内毒素血症山羊因脂质过氧化造成的肝线粒体损伤,保护肝线粒体功能.     

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive effect of epidural tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine in goats

Objective To compare the anti‐nociceptive effect of tramadol, a combination of tramadol‐lidocaine, and lidocaine alone when administered in the epidural space. Study design Experimental randomized cross‐over study. Animals Seven healthy male goats, aged 9–11 months, weight 17.5–25.5 kg. Methods Treatments were lidocaine, 2.86 mg kg^?1, tramadol‐lidocaine (1 mg kg^?1 and 2.46 mg kg^?1, respectively) and tramadol (1 mg kg^?1) given into the epidural space. The volume of all treatments was 0.143 mL kg^?1. Nociception was tested by pin prick and by pressure from a haemostat clamp. Times to the onset and duration of anti‐nociception in the perineal region were recorded. Recumbency and ataxia were noted. Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded before and at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours after the administration of each treatment. Statistical comparison used one‐way anova with a post hoc Duncan’s test as a post hoc. Significance was taken as p < 0.05. Results Times (mean ± SD) to onset of and duration of loss of sensation, respectively in minutes were; lidocaine, 3 ± 1 and 85 ± 11), tramadol‐lidocaine 4 ± 1 and 140 ± 2; tramadol 12 ± 1 and 235 ± 18. Onset and duration times were significantly longer with tramadol than the other two treatments. Duration was significantly longer with tramadol‐lidocaine than with lidocaine alone. With lidocaine treatment all goats were severely ataxic or recumbent, after tramadol‐lidocaine mildly ataxic, and after tramadol not ataxic. Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates did not differ significantly from baseline after any treatment. Conclusions and clinical relevance The combination of tramadol‐lidocaine given by epidural injection produced an anti‐nociceptive effect in the perineal region, which was rapid in onset and had a longer duration of action than lidocaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long‐duration obstetrical and surgical procedures but surgical stimuli were not investigated in this study.     

Comparative analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine in the epidural space of the conscious dog

Objective To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and sensory blockade of epidural bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Study Design Prospective randomized study. Animals Six young adult medium‐sized crossbred dogs weighing 25.7 ± 7.1 kg. Method Dogs were chronically implanted with a lumbosacral epidural catheter. Acepromazine sedated dogs received all treatments: 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.14 mL kg^?1 (LB5) or 0.22 mL kg^?1 (HB5); 0.5% ropivacaine at 0.14 mL kg^?1 (LR5) or 0.22 mL kg^?1 (HR5); 0.75% bupivacaine at 0.22 mL kg^?1 (HB7.5) or 0.75% ropivacaine at 0.22 mL kg^?1 (HR7.5). Loss of sensation was tested at the level of the perineum, hind toe webs, flank, and caudodorsal rib areas before injection, and post‐injection (PI) up to 150 minutes PI. Systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before injection, and every 10 minutes PI until 150 minutes PI. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed prior to injection, and at 30, 60 and 150 minutes PI. Results No statistical differences existed between groups for the cardiopulmonary data or time to onset of block. Group HR7.5 had lower systolic (10–70 minutes PI) and diastolic (10–70 minutes PI) blood pressures and group HR5 had lower mean (10–90 minutes PI) and diastolic (10–90 minutes PI) blood pressures compared to baseline. Heart rate was lower compared to baseline in groups LR5 and HB7.5. A significant, but mild metabolic acidosis developed in groups LR5 and HB7.5 (150 minutes PI). No differences were present for the duration of block between groups, but duration of block in the dorsocaudal rib area was shorter in group HR5 compared to HR7.5. Conclusion Epidural ropivacaine and bupivacaine at the doses used have mild effects on the cardiopulmonary system, and extent of block are similar. Clinical Relevance The 0.75% concentration of bupivacaine and ropivacaine at 0.22 mL kg^?1 appeared to contribute to greater success of block (>80%) at dermatomes L₅–L₇.     

Dexamethasone impacts zinc levels in goats by regulating zinc transportation in the colon and the metabolism in the liver

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on zinc metabolism in goats. In this study, 10 goats were randomly divided into two groups. One group was injected with dexamethasone (Dex group) and the other group was injected with saline (Con group). Dex treatment significantly decreased hepatic zinc levels (p < .01) and increased Zn transporters 1 (ZNT‐1) expression (p < .05). The concentration of zinc in the cecal and colonic contents was significantly increased (p < .05). However, zinc levels were increased only in the colon tissues (p < .05) but not in the cecal tissues (p > .05). A dramatic increase in Zrt‐, Irt‐related proteins 14 (ZIP‐14) expression (p < .05) following Dex treatment was also observed and likely induced the elevated zinc levels in the colon, and a significant reduction in Zip‐14 methylation (p < .05) may be responsible for the observed increase in Zip‐14 expression. Together, these results indicate that Dex influences zinc homeostasis by increasing hepatic ZNT‐1 and colonic ZIP‐14 expression. Additionally, these results provide valuable information for the clinical application of Dex.     

连续低剂量黄曲霉毒素B1对大鼠肝肾损伤作用

用含有不同质量浓度黄曲霉素B1（AFB1）（0、4、20、25、50μg／kg）的污染饲料连续饲喂各试验组大鼠60d,于7、15、30、60d静脉取血,测定各组大鼠肝功能与肾功能生化指标。每周检测大鼠体质量,试验第60天断头处死大鼠,检测肝肾组织病理学变化并计算各组大鼠的脏体系数。试验期间备组受试动物未发现明显的中毒症状和异常情况,60d内无受试动物死亡。与对照相比,不同剂量组AFB1对大鼠体质量无显著性影响;连续喂饲7d,大鼠血清AST和BuN含量显著升高（P〈0．05）;连续喂饲15d,大鼠血清AsT、BUN和ALB含量显著升高（P〈0．05）,连续喂饲30d,大鼠血清BUN含量显著升高（P〈0．05）,连续喂饲60d,大鼠血清CR和BUN含量显著升高（P〈0．05）。在各测试质量浓度条件下,大鼠虽未发现明显的中毒症状和异常情况,试验期间无动物死亡,但与空白对照相比,各剂量组AFBl对大鼠均产生了显著的肝肾组织病理学损伤,中毒程度与给毒剂量成正相关性。随着毒素暴露时间延长,大鼠肝脏对低剂量AFBl表现出一定的耐受性,而大鼠的肾脏损伤与毒素暴露时间表现出显著的积累效应。