花铃期干旱对不同部位棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响

以美棉33B为材料,于棉花中部果枝开花时进行干旱处理(土壤相对含水量由(75±5)%自然减少直至吐絮),研究花铃期干旱对棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响。结果表明,花铃期干旱处理,棉铃对位叶净光合速率降低,且中部降幅上部下部;棉铃对位叶可溶性糖含量下部和上部果枝增加而中部降低,蔗糖含量增加而淀粉降低,表明干旱促进叶片光合产物向蔗糖分配;棉铃对位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶活性降低、酸性转化酶活性先降低后增加,且对中部和上部的影响大于下部,表明蔗糖合成受抑制,而其降解先抑制后促进,降低可供外运的蔗糖水平。干旱条件下铃重降低,中部降幅上部下部。因此,棉铃对位叶蔗糖合成减少和外运受抑制是花铃期干旱条件下铃重降低的蔗糖代谢基础。     

棉铃对位叶生理特性的基因型差异及其与铃重形成的关系

在大田栽培条件下,研究了4个基因型棉铃对位叶花后碳氮比,可溶性蛋白含量及内源保护酶活性动态变化的基因型差异及其与铃重形成的关系.试验结果表明,棉铃对位叶花后N代谢活跃,内源保护酶活性高,叶片生理活性较强的基因型(如苏棉15和科棉1号),其铃重的快速增长期长,单铃棉纤维干重高,最终铃重较高;反之,棉铃对位叶生理活性弱、功能期短的基因型(如德夏棉1号),棉铃对位叶中C/N高,内源保护酶活性低或下降过快,造成铃重快速增长期缩短,单铃纤维干重降低,最终铃重较低;美棉33B棉铃对位叶中C/N和内源保护酶活性变化特征介于上述两种类型之间.由以上结果可以得出,在本试验条件下,棉铃对位叶生理特性的基因型差异是导致不同铃重形成的重要生理原因之一.     

播期对棉铃对位叶蔗糖代谢及棉铃产量性状、纤维品质的影响

【目的】探讨棉铃对位叶蔗糖代谢机制及棉铃产量性状、纤维品质对不同播期条件的响应。【方法】以棉铃产量性状具有明显差异的两个陆地棉品系A705和A201为供试材料,于2016―2017年进行大田试验研究,在不同播期(早播2016年4月12日,2017年4月15日;晚播2016年5月6日,2017年5月28日)条件下,研究棉铃对位叶非结构性碳水化合物(蔗糖、己糖、淀粉)和蔗糖代谢关键酶(液泡酸性转化酶、细胞壁酸性转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶)的动态变化及差异,及不同播期对棉铃产量性状和纤维品质的影响。【结果】晚播棉铃铃期更长,铃重、单铃种子质量、籽指和纤维上半部平均长度增加,衣分和马克隆值降低。晚播导致棉铃对位叶细胞壁酸性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶活性降低,蔗糖浓度升高,可能为棉铃的发育提供了更充足的碳源。【结论】晚播相对低温条件下,棉铃发育更完全,在生产上适当晚播可以提高纤维品质。     

氮肥与缩节胺配合对Bt棉源库特征和铃重的影响

氮肥和缩节胺配合对 Bt棉的棉铃发育影响表明 ,提高 Bt棉的中部外围和上部铃重可促进整株铃重增加 ,进一步提高产量。其生理机制表现为各部位棉铃对位叶叶绿素、Ru BPase和 ATP含量提高 ,棉铃中 IAA含量增加 ,蔗糖转化酶活性以及纤维素合成能力增强 ,子棉积累量增多。即整株源库活性的协调 ,特别是中部外围和上部铃及其对位叶与相应的中部和内围生理活性差异缩小是整株铃重提高的重要原因     

初花期源库比变化对棉花下部"铃-叶系统"生理特征的影响

对棉花初花期进行去叶和去蕾处理,研究改变棉花源库比对早期"铃-叶"系统生理状态的影响.结果表明,源库比改变明显地影响着棉叶和棉铃中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,但蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉的含量对源库比变化的反应程度不同.减库处理可以提高叶片中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,促进子棉中碳水化合物的积累,提高单铃重,并促进后期果枝叶中叶绿素的合成,延长叶片功能期,但是不利于棉子中蛋白质的合成;减源处理促进前期果枝叶中叶绿素含量,但是使后期果枝叶中叶绿素含量快速下降,表现出早衰迹象;并且减源处理不利于叶片中蛋白质的合成.     

氮素调控棉花纤维蔗糖代谢及纤维比强度的生理机制

以棉纤维比强度高(科棉1号,平均比强度为35 cN tex^-1)和中等(美棉33B,平均比强度为32 cN tex^-1)的2个基因型为材料,于2005年在江苏省农业科学院(长江流域下游棉区)和江苏省邳州县宿羊山镇(黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置氮素水平(零氮为0 kg hm^-2,适氮为240 kg hm^-2,高氮为480 kg hm^-2)试验,研究氮素调控棉纤维蔗糖代谢及纤维比强度的生理机制。结果表明,棉铃对位叶氮浓度随铃龄变化的趋势符合幂函数曲线[ , YN为棉铃对位叶氮浓度(%),t为铃龄(d),a、b为参数]。高氮水平下的a值显著增加,导致铃龄24 d前纤维中蔗糖代谢相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶)活性和蔗糖转化量、纤维素最大累积速率以及铃龄24 d纤维比强度降低;零氮水平下的b值显著增加,与铃龄24 d后纤维蔗糖代谢相关酶活性和蔗糖含量峰值降低、纤维素快速累积持续期缩短以及铃龄24 d后纤维比强度增幅减小的关系密切。上述变化特征在品种间一致,是棉纤维发育对棉铃对位叶氮浓度做出的重要生理响应,进而导致高氮、零氮水平下的成熟纤维比强度显著降低。铃龄24 d是氮素调控棉纤维蔗糖代谢及纤维比强度的转折期,该时期的棉铃对位叶氮浓度分别为3.15% (南京)、2.75% (徐州)时有利于高强纤维的形成。     

花铃期增温对棉花干物重累积的影响及其生理机制

以遗传背景相近的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种泗棉3号和泗杂3号为材料,于2010年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站(118º50′E, 32º02′N)模拟全球温室化气候,研究花铃期增温对棉花干物质累积的影响及其生理机制。结果显示,增温2~3℃(龄期日均温33.5~35.2℃)的条件下,主茎功能叶SPAD值降低,蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)上升,但净光合速率(P_n)下降;棉铃对位叶可溶性蛋白含量大幅上升(Δ%>50%)、可溶性糖及可溶性氨基酸含量小幅下降(P<0.05)、C/N值显著下降(P<0.05);叶片POD、CAT活性大幅下降、MDA含量显著上升;泗杂3号相关指标变化幅度较泗棉3号小。说明尽管2~3℃的增温幅度较小,但在花铃期日均温(33.5~35.2℃)的条件下,植株已处于显著的热胁迫状态,光合产物累积能力受到抑制,棉铃对位叶光合产物输出能力显著下降, 棉株总干物质累积量下降20%左右;增温条件下植株水分吸收能力下降并因此受到一定程度的水分胁迫,但此条件下光合能力下降主要由非气孔因子所致,与叶片膜结构的严重受损关系密切;泗杂3号抗高温能力高于泗棉3号。     

花铃期渍水对棉纤维糖代谢的影响及其与纤维比强度的关系

以美棉33B为材料,2007和2009年在江苏南京池栽条件下设置渍水试验,研究花铃期渍水对棉纤维糖代谢的影响及其与纤维比强度的关系。结果表明,渍水条件下花后17~38 d纤维蔗糖和β-1,3-葡聚糖含量均值分别降低24.86%~81.30%和8.59%~36.30%,纤维素最大累积速率在受渍害较轻条件下增加而受渍害较重条件下降低,但快速持续期缩短,成熟期纤维素含量降低,比强度下降3.57%~10.03%。受渍害较轻条件下,花后17~38 d纤维蔗糖合酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性均值分别增加8.45%~24.59%和12.79%~18.20%,生成碳源用于维持生存代谢,而受渍害较重条件下分别降低7.06%~8.16%和11.40%~11.64%;蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性在花后17 d后降低。因此,渍水条件下纤维加厚发育期碳源供应不足、碳代谢消耗增加或代谢被抑制是最终比强度下降的重要原因。     

高品质陆地棉铃-叶系统干物质质量的发育遗传研究

 应用加性-显性发育遗传模型及条件与非条件的统计分析方法,对6个高品质陆地棉品种（系）及其30个F₁组合的伏桃与对位果枝叶的干物质质量进行了研究。非条件方差分析表明,果枝叶质量在棉铃体积增大期主要受加性效应控制,内部充实期主要受显性效应控制;铃壳质量在不同发育时期均以加性效应为主;铃重在前中期主要受显性效应控制,后期以加性效应为主。条件遗传分析表明,影响果枝叶质量的净遗传效应在铃龄38 d至45 d达到高峰;控制铃壳质量的基因表达分别在铃龄17 d至24 d和铃龄38 d至45 d出现两个高峰;影响铃重性状的基因分别在铃龄17 d至24 d和铃龄31 d至38 d出现两个表达活跃的高峰,此后基因的表达量急剧下降。遗传相关分析表明不同发育时期的铃壳质量均与最终铃重成极显著的加性正相关。     

高产条件下与棉铃发育有关的养分流研究

通过在不同肥料和缩节安化控条件下对棉株不同部位铃重变化研究表明 ,与对照相比 ,高产棉株上部铃重得到了更大的提高。在养分分配机理上表现为上部铃对位果枝叶的氮磷钾积累增加 ,14 C光合产物输出加快 ,输入棉铃的全氮和可溶性糖流量及 14 C光合产物速度加快。而且输导结构也得到改善 ,这说明在长江下游棉区 ,通过合理栽培技术应用 ,能有效协调养分分配 ,促进上部铃增重 ,实现产量水平新突破     

Effects of Drought on the Sucrose Metabolism of Subtending Leaves of Cotton Bolls at Different Fruiting Branches and Boll Weight during Flowering and Bolling Stages

This study aimed to illustrate the mechanism of sucrose metabolism in subtending leaves of cotton bolls and its relationship with boll weight under drought stress during flowering and bolling stages. The 2-year-long experiments were conducted using pools of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, NuCOTN 33B, subjected to drought stress (relative water content reduced naturally until the boll opening stage) on the day of anthesis of the middle fruiting branches (MFB), using well-watered conditions as the control. The net photosynthetic rate declined under drought stress in the boll's subtending leaf, respectively, and the decline range was MFB>upper fruiting branch (UFB)>lower fruiting branch (LFB). Drought stress increased the soluble sugar contents of subtending leaves at LFB and UFB but decreased them at MFB. Sucrose content was increased and starch content decreased concomitantly, indicating that drought facilitated the partitioning of photosynthate into sucrose. Drought stress also depressed the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase, while acid invertase activity was initially decreased and then increased. The changes of MFB and UFB exceeded those of LFB, indicating that sucrose synthesis was inhibited, the degradation was first inhibited then promoted, causing a reduction in the amount of sucrose available for export. As a result, the boll weight declined during drought, and the decline range was MFB>UFB>LFB. In conclusion, the decreased sucrose synthesis and the impaired sucrose efflux of subtending leaves of bolls were the main causes for decreased boll weight under drought conditions during flowering and bolling stages of cotton.     

Effects of Planting Date on Sucrose Metabolism in the Leaf Subtending to Cotton Boll,Within-boll Yield Components and Fiber Quality

[Objective] The present study aimed to investigate how sucrose metabolism in the leaf subtending to cotton boll, within-boll yield components and fiber quality respond to varying planting dates. [Method] Two upland cotton lines A705 and A201 differing in cotton boll traits were field tested in 2016-2017. Two different planting dates were designed with early planting on April 12, 2016, and April 15, 2017, and late planting on May 6, 2016, and May 28, 2017, respectively. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (sucrose, hexose, starch) and key sucrose metabolism enzymes in the leaf subtending to cotton boll were examined including vacuolar acid invertase, cell wall acid invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase. The differences between two planting dates were compared for within- boll yield components, fiber quality and sucrose metabolism related characteristics. [Result] Late planting lengthened the period of cotton boll maturation relative to early planting. Boll weight, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage and micronaire were decreased. Late planting reduced the activities of cell wall acid invertase and sucrose synthase responsible for sucrose degradation, and in turn led to the increment of sucrose concentration in the subtending leaves which might enhance the carbon supply to the opposite bolls. [Conclusion] Lower temperature due to late planting could contribute to the more full development of cotton bolls. Late planting is an alternative consideration in improvement of fiber quality in cotton cultural practices.     

甜高粱与粒用高粱茎秆生长过程中糖及其代谢相关酶活性的比较

以粒用高粱和甜高粱为材料,对甜高粱与粒用高梁不同时期茎秆的可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量、果糖含量及SS、SPS酶活力进行比较,结果表明:茎秆中的可溶性糖含量、果糖含量在完熟期甜高粱高于粒用高粱,乳熟期茎秆中蔗糖含量甜高粱高于粒用高粱;两种高粱类型的SPS酶活力变化趋势基本相似,从乳熟期到完熟期粒用高粱茎秆中的SPS酶活力明显增高,SS酶活力在粒用高粱茎秆中随生育期呈上升趋势,甜高粱茎秆中SS酶活力到乳熟期达到最大,明显高于粒用高粱.对糖含量与其相关代谢酶活力的相关性分析表明:甜高粱茎秆中利用SPS酶合成蔗糖的效率要高于粒用高粱;两种类型高粱的SS酶活力与其茎秆中的果糖含量存在明显差异,SS的作用模式不同.     

瓜尔豆发育过程中碳水化合物含量的变化

研究了瓜尔豆生长发育过程中叶片、种荚及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性的变化、糖类物质的组成及其含量的动态变化,以揭示可溶性糖的合成对瓜尔豆胚乳中半乳甘露聚糖和淀粉积累的影响。结果表明,进入开花期（播种后45 d）后,叶片、种荚和籽粒中SS和SPS活性均呈降低趋势。籽粒中的SS和SPS活性呈正相关,且显著高于叶片和种荚中相应酶活性。叶片中葡萄糖（Glc）含量高于蔗糖（Suc）。种荚中可溶性糖含量与Suc含量均呈单峰曲线,在籽粒直径5 mm时达峰值,两者呈正相关。Suc是种荚中暂存含量最多的可溶性糖,但其含量与SS和SPS活性无显著相关性,它主要来自叶片。种荚中Suc含量与籽粒碳水化合物总量（可溶性糖+多糖）呈负相关,它是籽粒碳水化合物合成的重要物质来源,还与籽粒库的建成有关。随种子发育,籽粒可溶性糖含量呈逐步下降趋势。籽粒发育前期,叶片同化物以Suc的形式运输并大量积累在种荚中,当籽粒直径达5 mm后迅速由种荚卸载至籽粒。但卸载期籽粒Suc含量较低,且显著低于种荚,说明籽粒Suc迅速转化为其他可溶性糖,并进一步用于多糖合成。籽粒直径为4 mm至5 mm时是种荚由“源”到“库”转换的临界期,这时籽粒中淀粉积累较迅速,半乳甘露聚糖在籽粒直径达5 mm后进入迅速积累期。     

Effects of long‐term elevation of air temperature on sucrose metabolism in cotton leaves at different positions

Global warming could possibly increase the air temperature by 1.8–4.0°C in the coming decade. To forecast the effects of long‐term elevation of air temperature on sucrose synthesis in cotton leaves at different positions, field experiments with the treatments of ambient temperature (control) and elevated temperature (2–3°C) across cotton's boll forming stage were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Results showed that sucrose content in the fourth main‐stem leaves from the terminal (FMLT) during 10–17 days after treatment (DAT) and in the leaves subtending the cotton boll (LSCB) during 17–45 days post‐anthesis (DPA) was lower in the increased temperature treatment than control treatment, but starch content was higher, resulting in higher specific leaf weight (SLW). Lower sucrose content might be attributed to low ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase‐oxygenase (Rubisco) and cytosolic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (cy‐FBPase) activities under elevated temperature for all tested leaves. Comparison of different fruiting branch (FB) positions, sucrose transformation rate just decreased in LSCB growing on FB_2–3 and FB_6–7. Compared with FB_10–11, the leaves at FB_2–3 and FB_6–7 were more sensitive to the increased temperature, showing as that the changing amplitudes of SLW, sucrose content, starch content, initial Rubisco activity and cy‐FBPase activity were greater. Regarding different types of cotton leaves, the effects of elevated temperature on sucrose content, starch content and initial Rubisco activity in FMLT were obvious at the early stage (10–17 DAT), but were not obvious at the late stage. However, the effects were consistent in LSCB from 17 to 45 DPA. In addition, long‐term elevated temperature had smaller impacts on above indices in FMLT than LSCB. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) activities were decreased by elevated temperature in FMLT at the early stage, but were increased in LSCB, suggesting that SPS and SuSy were the key enzymes between FMLT and LSCB in response to elevated temperature.     

花生籽仁发育过程中糖分积累特征及蔗糖代谢酶活性分析

花生籽仁的含糖量与其食用品质和加工特性密切相关,为了明确花生籽仁发育过程中糖分积累特征以及与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系,以3个不同蔗糖含量的花生品种为材料,分别比较了它们在籽仁发育不同时期可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量以及蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(SAI)等蔗糖代谢关键酶的活性差异。结果表明不同品种在籽仁发育过程中的糖组分含量及酶活性变化规律相似;无论是合成方向还是分解方向,都以SS活性值相对最高;相关性分析显示,籽仁发育后期蔗糖含量与NI呈极显著负相关,与SPS呈显著正相关。推测可以在花生籽仁趋于成熟时,通过调节NI和SPS活性来提高其蔗糖含量。     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

补光时间和光质对温室甜椒叶片生长、碳代谢的影响

为探究发光二极管(LED)补光对温室甜椒叶片生长及碳代谢的影响,以甜椒品种‘奥黛丽’为试材,设置红光(R)和蓝光(B)组合2:1(2R1B)、4:1(4R1B)、8:1(8R1B)3种光质,2 h(18:00—20:00)、4 h(18:00—22:00)和8 h(18:00—次日02:00)3个补光时间,以不补光为对照(CK),研究补光时间及光质对甜椒叶片生长、元素含量、糖含量及碳代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,光质与补光时间能显著影响甜椒叶片的生长及碳代谢,且两者之间存在交互作用。与CK相比,光质2R1B处理的比叶重、钾、果糖、淀粉含量显著降低;而光质4R1B和8R1B处理的叶片数、总叶面积、叶绿素总量、生物量净积累速率(NAR)、总糖含量及酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性显著高于CK,且8R1B处理略优于4R1B处理,说明红光比例增大有利于叶片生长和碳代谢;光质对甜椒叶片氮、磷、钾、镁元素的含量影响不显著。除光质2R1B处理外,在同一光质下,随着补光时间的延长,甜椒的叶片数、比叶重、叶面积指数(LAI)、NAR、总糖、果糖、淀粉含量及AI、NI、SS...     

施肥和化控对高产棉田叶源活性和棉铃发育的调节

对高产条件下棉株各部位棉铃对位叶生理活性的研究表明 ,氮钾肥和 DPC化控的协调运用有效地增加了棉铃对位叶游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白的含量 ,缩小了中上部、内外围棉铃对位叶 1 ,5 -二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶 ( Ru BPase)的含量间的差距 ,促进了棉铃对位叶光合速率的提高 ,增强了棉株叶源特别是“弱势部位”(棉株外围和上部 )叶源的生理活性 ,达到了促进棉株弱势部位铃重提高的目的 ,从而提高了整株铃重     

脱落酸与赤霉素对瓜尔豆蔗糖代谢酶类的影响

研究了脱落酸与赤霉素对瓜尔豆叶片和种子发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,脱落酸与赤霉素处理均能降低酸性转化酶活性,赤霉素(500mg/L)对中性转化酶与酸性转化酶活性降低程度最大。赤霉素(500mg/L及750mg/L)在整个生育期增加叶片蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,脱落酸(2.64mg/L,1.32mg/L及3.96mg/L)及赤霉素(250mg/L)均不同程度地降低蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。各处理间差异达到显著水平。低浓度的脱落酸(1.32mg/L)降低种子中性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;高浓度的脱落酸(2.64mg/L及3.96mg/L)能提高种子的中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。低浓度的赤霉素(250mg/L)能相对降低瓜尔豆种子内的中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,而高浓度的赤霉素(500mg/L及750mg/L)则明显地升高中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,表现出较强的蔗糖合成与分解能力。 ;