玉米群体冠层特征与光截获及产量关系的研究

研究通过3年试验，证明了玉米群体冠层特征及群体内光分布和光合效率随种植密度和施N量而有明显变化。叶面积大小是导致冠层特征变化的主导因子。平展型单交种丹玉13的籽粒产量高限出现在最大LAI变化于4.10-4.7之间，其冠层垂直方向上最大叶面积密度趋于由中部向中上部推移。叶片倾角和消光系数调节幅-于明显增加，光合速率、     

不同玉米品种冠层光分布和湿度比较研究

为阐明宜机收和普通玉米品种群体冠层不同层次光分布和湿度变化特征,在大田条件下采用随机区组试验方法,以郑单958、粒收1号为供试材料,设置4个种植密度(45 000,60 000,75 000,90 000株/hm²),测定了两品种冠层不同层次的透光率和相对湿度、干物质量、叶面积指数,并调查田间空秆率及产量。结果显示,两品种冠层底层和穗位层相对湿度表现为粒收1号低于郑单958。在4个密度下粒收1号的叶面积指数低于郑单958,穗位层透光率高于郑单958;吐丝期和灌浆中期两品种各层次干物质积累量没有显著差异,成熟期粒收1号各层次干物质积累量均显著低于郑单958,但粒收1号叶片干物质转运量较高。高密度(90 000株/hm²)下粒收1号空秆率低,产量较高。可见,宜机收玉米品种粒收1号群体冠层光分布合理,微环境良好,物质生产转运通畅,植株个体在密度增加过程中能充分利用有限资源,空秆率低,产量高,耐密性强。     

小麦冠层结构与光分布研究

１９８７～１９８９年分别在江苏沐阳和南京卫岗进行了小麦冠层结构与光分布及产量形成关系的研究。结果表明，小麦叶面积指数、最大叶面积密度出现的高度及叶倾角影响光在冠层内的分布，消光系数的垂直分布可反映叶面积和光的空间分布状况。低产群体的最高叶面积指数小于４．０，最大叶面积密度出现部位较低，消光系数分布均匀，但漏光严重，光能利用率低；过旺群体最大叶面积指数过大，最大叶面积密度出现部位较高，消光系数呈上大、中小分布，光在冠层上部递减迅速，中下部光环境差，叶片早衰，净同化率低；高产群体叶面积及其垂直分布合理，孕穗期最大叶面积密度出现在相对高度０．６０～０．６５处，冠层中下部消光系数较大，上部较小，利于光向冠层深处透射，冠层５０ｃｍ处透光率４０％～６０％，地面透光率２．５％～３．０％，净同化率较高，产量最高。     

水稻不同穗型对冠层特征及群体光分布和物质生产的影响

研究了水稻不同穗型对冠层特征及群体光分布和物质生产的影响，结果表明，水稻不同穗型群体在光分布、消光系数；冠层形成与发展，以及干物质生产速率等方面存在明显差异，与半直立或弯曲穗型群体相比，在叶面积指数相同情况下，直立穗型群体的消光系数低，群体内部光分布比较均匀，因此，在叶面积较大时，直立穗型群体的干物质生产和产量高于半直立或弯曲穗型群体。但在叶面积指数较小时，弯曲穗型群体的光吸收量相对较多，更有利于     

小麦冠层结构与分光分布研究

１９８７￣１９８９年分别在江苏沐阳和南京卫岗进行了小麦冠层结构与光分布及产量形成关系的研究。结果表明，小麦叶面积指数、最大叶面积密度出现的高度及叶倾角影响光在冠层内的分布，消光系数的垂直分布可反映叶面积和光的空间分布状况。低产群体的最高叶面积指数小于４．０，最大叶面积密度出现部低较低，消光系数分布均匀，但漏光严重，光能利用率低；过旺群体最大叶面积指数过大，最大叶面积密度出现部位较高，消光系数呈上大     

杂交棉标杂A1和石杂2号超高产冠层特性及其与群体光合生产的关系

在田间自然条件下, 以标杂A₁、石杂2号为材料, 研究了超高产(3 500 kg hm^-2以上)杂交棉冠层的叶面积配置、叶倾角和光分布等冠层特性的变化及与群体光合生产的关系。结果表明, 超高产条件下杂交棉叶面积指数高且持续期长, 群体叶面积配置与光分布较均匀, 花铃期冠层中部有较好的透光性, 吐絮期底部漏光损失较小, 整个冠层仍保持较高的光吸收率。超高产杂交棉不仅群体光合速率峰值高, 而且高值持续时间长, 生育后期非叶器官仍维持较高的光合能力, 特别是茎的光合贡献率为常规高产棉花的1.6~4.9倍, 这是杂交棉在生育后期能保证群体光合优势的一个重要原因。超高产杂交棉的棉铃干物质空间分布与叶分布、光分布和冠层光合分布的比例吻合程度较高, 保证了光能的有效利用, 促进同化物及时向棉铃转运, 有利于挖掘杂交棉品种的增产潜力。     

种植密度对不同生育期玉米品种光温资源利用率和产量的影响

探究不同生育期玉米光温利用、物质生产和产量形成对密度的响应,以期为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产高效栽培提供理论依据。试验于2019—2020年以东单60 (中晚熟)和大丰30 (中早熟)为试验材料,设置45,000 (D1)、60,000(D2)、75,000 (D3)和90,000 (D4)株hm^-2 4个种植密度,测定了叶面积指数、冠层光分布、物质生产与转运、光温利用和产量及其构成等指标。结果表明,大丰30和东单60分别在90,000株hm^-2和75,000株hm^-2密度下达到最高产量18,787.5kghm^-2和16,953.0kghm^-2,较低密度分别提高了37.7%和41.4%,且高产下大丰30籽粒含水率较东单60低11.5%。随着种植密度的增加,群体叶面积指数明显提高,上部冠层光能截获率显著增大,而中部冠层光能截获率显著下降且东单60降低幅度高于大丰30,下部冠层光能截获率无显著差异。对于光能辐射利用而言,大丰30花前截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别高7.9%...     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的冠层结构与光合特性

旨在阐明甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的冠层结构与光合特性。以甬优籼粳杂交稻(A)为研究对象,以三系杂交粳稻(B)、超级常规粳稻(C)和超级杂交籼稻(D)为对照,在机插高产栽培条件下,对不同类型水稻的叶片受光姿态和群体冠层光分布、光合特性系统比较研究。结果表明:(1)上3张叶片的长度、宽度表现为ABDC,叶基角表现为DABC,披垂度表现为DBCA。冠层上部叶面积密度表现为DABC,冠层下部叶面积密度表现为CBAD,最大叶面积密度表现为ADBC,最大叶面积密度出现的相对高度表现为DABC。冠层上部相对光照表现为ABCD,冠层下部相对光照表现为BACD,冠层平均相对光照表现为BACD,冠层消光系数表现为CDBA。(2)抽穗期群体叶面积指数、高效叶面积率均呈DABC趋势,有效叶面积率呈ABCD趋势;颖花/叶和实粒/叶均表现为ABCD。经济产量、生物产量均表现为ABCD,经济系数呈DCBA趋势;蜡熟期和成熟期剑叶的叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、PSII的光化学效率及净光合速率呈ABCD趋势;抽穗至成熟期剑叶的MDA含量呈DCBA趋势,SOD、POD、CAT活性呈ABCD趋势。与其他3种类型水稻相比,甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的冠层结构与光合特性具有显著优势,这是甬优系列杂交稻产量潜力正常发挥的生态生理基础,也是进一步提高亚种间杂交稻群体生产力的重要途径。     

杂交棉标杂A1和石杂2号超高产冠层特性及其与群体光合生产的关系

在田间自然条件下, 以标杂A₁、石杂2号为材料, 研究了超高产(3 500 kg hm^-2以上)杂交棉冠层的叶面积配置、叶倾角和光分布等冠层特性的变化及与群体光合生产的关系。结果表明, 超高产条件下杂交棉叶面积指数高且持续期长, 群体叶面积配置与光分布较均匀, 花铃期冠层中部有较好的透光性, 吐絮期底部漏光损失较小, 整个冠层仍保持较高的光吸收率。超高产杂交棉不仅群体光合速率峰值高, 而且高值持续时间长, 生育后期非叶器官仍维持较高的光合能力, 特别是茎的光合贡献率为常规高产棉花的1.6~4.9倍, 这是杂交棉在生育后期能保证群体光合优势的一个重要原因。超高产杂交棉的棉铃干物质空间分布与叶分布、光分布和冠层光合分布的比例吻合程度较高, 保证了光能的有效利用, 促进同化物及时向棉铃转运, 有利于挖掘杂交棉品种的增产潜力。     

新疆石河子棉区高密条件下冠层结构和光分布特征

对新疆石河子5个棉花主栽品种全生育期的干物质积累、生长参数、产量和盛铃期的冠层结构、光渗透能力和光分布等进行了测量分析。结果表明,作物生长速率、铃生长率以及子棉产量等均与总受光量呈正相关关系,净同化率则与单位叶面积受光量呈正相关关系,说明受光量是决定干物质生产和产量的重要因素;单位叶面积受光量即光的渗透能力与单位土地面积总受光量呈正相关关系、而与LAI呈负相关关系,说明冠层结构也是影响冠层受光量的主要因素;总受光量与LAI呈显著的正相关关系,说明LAI最大值并未达到最适宜水平。新疆地区棉花高产棉田的主要特征可以总结为叶数少、叶片大、冠层结构为椭圆形。由于叶面积指数尚未达到最适宜水平,增加种植密度可能是提高产量的一个途径。     

水稻抽穗期叶色诊断指标与叶面积指数及结实期光强的关系

叶色是氮素营养诊断最常用的指标，获得准确的叶色诊断指标是水稻精确定量施氮的基础。叶色诊断指标实际上就是稻谷产量最高时的最适叶色。已有报告指出，叶色诊断指标受到群体大小和结实期光照条件的影响。研究的目的是，找出叶色诊断指标随群体大小和光照条件而变化的规律，为精确定量施氮提供理论和技术依据。2004—2005年早季和晚季，在广州以两系杂交稻粤杂122为试材，设置8种不同氮肥处理，进行2年4季田间试验，抽穗期测定叶色(SPAD)和叶面积指数(LAI)，成熟期测产。结果表明：(1)不同季节的最适叶色存在明显差异，4季变动于39~45之间。根据产量与叶色的定量关系，可以准确、快速地确定特定条件下的叶色诊断指标。(2)稻谷产量与抽穗期群体指数(SPAD与LAI的乘积)呈开口向下的抛物线关系。抽穗期SPAD、LAI和结实期日照时数，可以解释不同年度、季节和不同氮肥处理的稻谷产量变异的86%。最适群体指数随着结实期日照时数的增加而提高。(3)最适叶色随着日照时数的增加而提高，随着LAI的增加而降低，3者之间存在显著的定量关系。应用这一关系，可根据结实期光照条件，估计出异地异季的叶色诊断指标。     

水稻卷叶性状生理生态效应的研究 Ⅰ.叶片姿态、群体构成及光分布特征

以珍汕97B为遗传背景的两个卷叶近等基因系分别与明恢63所配叶片为半卷及平展的杂交组合为材料,进行栽培密度试验,对其叶片姿态及群体结构进行分析。结果表明,卷叶性状可显著降低叶片的披垂程度,减少叶片投影面积,增加群体上层叶面积的比例,改善群体内部透光状况。并且使群体叶面积系数偏小,卷叶群体成穗数偏少,但通     

Enlargement Quotient to Estimate Leaf Area in Two Cultivars of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench)

Two cultivars of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench) were used to compare the relationship between linear dimensions of leaf and leaf area. Formula A = eL² (where A = leaf area, e = enlargement quotient and L = midrib length of leaf) determined leaf area more accurately.     

种植密度对晒红烟田间光照强度及烟叶产质量的影响

为了探讨晒红烟种植密度对烟田群体内光照强度、烟叶产量和品质的影响,以当地主栽品种大叶黄为供试材料,设置3个不同种植密度处理。结果表明,随着行距的加大、种植密度的降低,晒红烟群体内光照强度增加,中、下部烟叶光照强度增加明显,T3处理较对照增幅分别达6.77%~36.22%,23.14%~81.49%;随密度降低,晒红烟叶面积系数、群体产量显著降低,T3处理分别较对照降低12.38%,4.44%;个体产量显著升高(21.43%~35.71%),1,2级烟叶比例增加(16.17%~23.57%,16.56%~22.92%);烟叶产值以密度为20 510株/hm2显著高于其他处理。随密度降低,晒红烟总糖和还原糖含量降低,总氮、烟碱以及钾氯比值升高,其中,中、上两部位钾氯比值增加幅度分别为53.20%~132.51%,7.23%~19.68%;中、上部位烟叶香气物质总量增加(13.03%~65.53%,44.41%~54.05%),感官质量明显提高。综合分析认为,种植密度为16 660株/hm2时,烟叶群体结构矛盾有效缓解,烟叶化学成分趋于协调,感官质量最优,产值较高。     

不同光质对叶用莴苣光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

通过研究不同光质(白光、红光、黄光和蓝光)对叶用莴苣叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,结果表明：不同光质对叶用莴苣叶绿素含量和Chla/Chlb影响差异显著。不同光质对叶片的净光合速率和CO2羧化效率影响很大,净光合速率以红光处理最强,黄光次之;CO2羧化效率以黄光的最大,红光次之。不同光质处理下叶用莴苣叶片的ΦPSII、ETR、qP、NPQ都以黄光处理最大,红光次之,Fv/Fm以红光下最大,黄光次之,蓝光最小。由此表明,黄光最有利于叶用莴苣的生长发育。     

Water-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought

Ten cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. “Walp.”) genotypes were grown in a growth chamber under well-watered conditions up to early flowering and were then either subjected to water deficit or were continually well-watered. Water deficit was induced by withholding irrigation until the soil water potential was −75 kPa, which was then maintained for 10 days. Variation in water use efficiency (WUE), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf gas exchange (i.e. assimilation, transpiration, stomata conductance and internal CO₂ concentration) in response to water deficit were investigated. Water deficit treatment reduced mean water use by 21%. This caused between 11 and more than 40% reduction of biomass across the genotypes. Reductions in biomass were due to decline in leaf gas exchange and leaf area during water deficit. Water deficit improved the WUE of two genotypes (IFH 27-8 and Lobia) by approximately 20%, but caused moderate to huge reductions in most genotypes. High relative water content (RWC) of leaves was maintained in some of the genotypes by stomata closure and a reduction of leaf area. Drought avoidance by maintaining high leaf water content was negatively associated with leaf area as well as SLA. High assimilation rate under water deficit was associated with high RWC. Decline in assimilation rate were due mainly to stomata closure, however, some evidence of non-stomatal regulation were also found. WUE and instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE, a molar ratio of assimilation to transpiration) were not directly associated, but IWUE and leaf internal CO₂ concentration (c_i) were negatively related while c_i was also moderately related with SLA. Overall, significant genotypic variations in leaf gas exchange parameters were found, which can give some indications of superiority when comparing cowpea genotypes for agronomic fitness under drought. The lack of relationship between WUE and IWUE was due to the instantaneous measurement of leaf gas exchange, which can be corrected by calculations to reflect the entire season.     

Solar radiation interception and canopy expansion of sweet corn in response to phosphorus

Insufficient phosphorus (P) availability decreases the yield of Zea mays, particularly for sweet corn crops grown in cool environments. This research examined the mechanisms of yield reductions with initial emphasis on canopy expansion processes that affect the interception of solar radiation. Experiments in two consecutive seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) were grown at a low P site (Olsen P = 6 μg ml⁻¹) at Lincoln, New Zealand. Each experiment contained five rates of P application. In 2001/2002 rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg P ha⁻¹ were applied. In 2002/2003 an additional 0, 0, 10, 20 or 40 kg P ha⁻¹ was applied to the same plots producing total P treatments of 0, 50, 110, 170 or 240 kg P ha⁻¹ summed over the two seasons.When P availability was limited (0 or 50 kg P ha⁻¹) the rates of leaf tip and fully expanded leaf appearance were slower in both seasons. Phyllochrons (°Cd leaf tip⁻¹) were 5 °Cd longer in crops that received 0 kg P ha⁻¹ than those fertilised with ≥100 kg P ha⁻¹. The area of individual leaves was also reduced by low P inputs but the ranking of leaf area by main stem leaf position was conservative. The leaf area of the largest leaf of the unfertilised crops was at least 22% less than the maximum measured leaf area in both seasons. In contrast, P fertiliser application had no effect on leaf senescence.The rate of leaf appearance per plant, individual leaf area and plant population were integrated to calculate green leaf area index (GLAI) and to estimate accumulated radiation interception (RI_cum) for these crops. The total RI_cum throughout the season in the unfertilised crops was 12–28% less than for those crops that received ≥100 kg P ha⁻¹ in both seasons. This difference partly explained the differences in crop biomass production in response to P availability. A sensitivity analysis showed that RI_cum was equally sensitive to changes of the rate of leaf appearance and the area of individual leaves in response to P supply. Both processes need to be incorporated in mechanistic models of P effects on Z. mays which can be used to design efficient P fertiliser strategies.     

基于APSIM模型模拟水氮调控对旱地春小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶面积的影响

本研究针对水氮调控对旱地春小麦(‘定西42号’)叶面积的影响,采用大田试验数据与农业生产系统模型(agricultural production system simulator, APSIM)的结合,分别设定不同降水和施氮梯度对叶面积的变化趋势进行研究,试验获取2015-2017年定西田间试验不同水氮肥施入的试验数据,并对模型予以检验。APSIM模型对叶面积模拟精度较高,决定系数(R2=0.96)、归一化均方根误差(NRMSE=27.37%)、模型一致性指标(D=0.91)。结果表明:(1)随施氮量的增加,叶面积指数呈现先增后减的趋势;(2)随降水量的增加,叶面积整体呈现单一增长趋势;(3)水氮耦合作用中,降水量在自然降水基础上增加20%,施氮量为157.5 kg/hm2时,叶面积指数最高达2.766。本研究为田间试验水氮肥的施入量提供科学依据,为旱地春小麦增产提供了理论参考。     

Leaf Growth, Reproduction Growth and Yield in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

In three genotypes of cotton differing in height, reproductive growth increased with the increase in number and size of the leaves and was maximum when leaf area was also maximum. After this stage though the leaf area continued to remain high for 3 weeks and then declined, more buds were shed than produced. Within genotypes the taller type LRA 5166 produced more leaves with greater area than MCU-5 whereas the dwarf type KD (CAKD) had more leaves with lesser area than MCU-5. The maximum leaf area as well as the yield of seed cotton were one and a half times in LRA 5166 than in MCU-5. Though the maximum leaf area in MCU-5 was also one and a half times than in KD (CAKD) , their seed cotton yields were the same. Since even during the period of maximum reproductive growth substantially more number of leaves were produced by LRA 5166 and KD (CAKD) than MCU-5 , maintenance and retention of bolls appeared to depend not only on leaf number and area but on their photosynthetic efficiency and perhaps nutrient reserves.