Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking

A number of brain systems have been implicated in addictive behavior, but none have yet been shown to be necessary for maintaining the addiction to cigarette smoking. We found that smokers with brain damage involving the insula, a region implicated in conscious urges, were more likely than smokers with brain damage not involving the insula to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction, characterized by the ability to quit smoking easily, immediately, without relapse, and without persistence of the urge to smoke. This result suggests that the insula is a critical neural substrate in the addiction to smoking.     

A memory retrieval-extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse

Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned responses to drug cues, but the extinguished responses typically reemerge after exposure to the drug itself (reinstatement), the drug-associated environment (renewal), or the passage of time (spontaneous recovery). We describe a memory retrieval-extinction procedure that decreases conditioned drug effects and drug seeking in rat models of relapse, and drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. In rats, daily retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes or 1 hour but not 6 hours before extinction sessions attenuated drug-induced reinstatement, spontaneous recovery, and renewal of conditioned drug effects and drug seeking. In heroin addicts, retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes before extinction sessions attenuated cue-induced heroin craving 1, 30, and 180 days later. The memory retrieval-extinction procedure is a promising nonpharmacological method for decreasing drug craving and relapse during abstinence.     

Inactivation of Penicillins G and K by Liver and Kidney

The inactivation of penicillin K is more rapid in the renal-ligated rabbit than in the renal-ligated, eviscerate preparation. Inactivation of penicillin K occurs in the presence of surviving liver and kidney slices. Small amounts of penicillin G were inactivated by liver slices; larger amounts disappeared in the presence of kidney slices. The inactivation of penicillin K in the presence of rabbit liver and kidney slices is demonstrable anaerobically as well as aerobically.     

等离子体对玉米优势腐败菌黄曲霉灭活作用的研究

以玉米优势腐败菌黄曲霉为试验对象,采用低温等离子体技术对污染黄曲霉菌的玉米籽粒进行处理,研究不同等离子体处理功率、处理时间和真空度对黄曲霉杀菌效果的影响.结果表明,杀菌最佳工艺为:等离子体处理功率447W、等离子体处理时间160s、真空度80Pa;在此条件下,等离子体对黄曲霉的杀菌率为85.42％.     

差示扫描量热法在稗草种子灭活中的应用

[目的]为了减少热除草设备的能耗、提高工作效率,研究稗草种子灭活的升温速率和最高温度。[方法]采用差示扫描量热法(DSC),研究了升温速率和最高温度对稗草种子玻璃化转变的影响。同时,对加热后的种子进行发芽率试验。[结果]升温速率是影响稗草种子玻璃化转变的重要因素。升温速率为5 K/min时,玻璃化转变不明显;升温速率为20 K/min时,玻璃化转变明显,玻璃化温度为75.9℃;升温速率增加到25 K/min时,玻璃化转变滞后,玻璃化转变温度为80.2℃。对加热后的种子进行发芽率试验,发现玻璃化转变是种子退化的重要原因。升温速率为5 K/min、最高温度为91℃时,稗草种子的发芽率为57%。而当升温速率达到20 K/min、最高温度为91℃时,种子全部丧失活性。[结论]影响杂草种子灭活的升温速率和最高温度,对于热除草设备的设计和田间作业参数设置具有重要的参考意义。     

茶多酚钝化大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)的研究

探索钝化豆类中胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)的生物抑制方法.通过测定胰蛋白酶活性来间接反映大豆STI的活性.在探明STI对胰蛋白酶抑制效果的基础上,进行了茶多酚(TP)在不同浓度、pH值、温度和时间条件下对鲜豆奶中的STI及STI标准品(KSTI及BBI)的钝化效果.结果表明:鲜豆奶中的STI和STI标准品均对胰蛋白酶活性具有很强的抑制作用;当鲜豆奶试液、KSTI及BBI的添加浓度分别为0.5 mg/ml、28.0 μg/ml和21.0 μg/ml时,对胰蛋白酶活性的抑制程度最大,抑制率分别为86.67%、100.00%和97.94%;当TP试液与鲜豆奶试液的比例为1:2(体积比)时,TP对STI的钝化效果最好,抑制率为52.30%;当TP:KSTI为25:1(质量比)、作用温度45 ℃、pH4.5、作用时间90 min时,TP对KSTI的抑制率达83.15%;当TP :BBI为20:1(质量比)、作用温度40 ℃、pH4.5、作用时间60 min,TP对BBI的抑制率达76.58%.     

高压脉冲电场对微生物的致死动力学模型

通过建立微生物存活率与脉冲电场强度的数学模型,电场强度从2.5 kV/cm到20 kV/cm,获得青霉的临界电场强度Ec=2.02kV/cm>大肠杆菌Ec=1.80kV/cm>酵母菌Ec=0.339 kV/cm;而且比较模型的回归系数k,青霉的k值是最小的,酵母菌的k值是最大的,说明酵母菌对电场最敏感,而青霉菌对电场耐受力最强.     

Inactivation of horizontal cells in turtle retina by glutamate and aspartate

Glutamate and aspartate completely suppress the activity of horizontal cells but only partially affect the response of receptor cells to light. The changes observed in the receptor responses are consistent with the interruption of a synaptically mediated process rather than with a direct action on the receptor membrane.     

Inactivation by nitrogen mustard of single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA bacteriophages

Nitrogen mustard inactivates bacteriophage containing single-stranded DNA and RNA as well as double-stranded DNA. Inactivation may occur by intrastrand cross-linkage in DNA or RNA as well as by interstrand crosslinkage between complementary strands of DNA.     

促排卵卵泡大小与妊娠率及妊娠结局的关系

目的通过超声观察药物诱发排卵卵泡发育情况、卵泡大小与妊娠率、妊娠结局的关系,旨在探索促排卵正常成熟卵泡大小范围值及最易妊娠卵泡径线范围值。方法2005.03-2006.09广东医学院附属医院和湛江市霞山妇幼保健院对因排卵功能障碍所致不孕妇女190例进行药物诱发排卵治疗共476个促排卵周期,采用超声监测排卵,并按卵泡大小分组对照观察其周期妊娠率及妊娠结局。结果促排卵正常成熟卵泡直径范围为20~30 mm,平均直径(25.12±3.26)mm;正常排卵周期共373个,周期排卵率78.36%;妊娠172例,周期妊娠率46.11%;卵泡直径24~28 mm组、20~23 mm组2、9~30 mm组的周期妊娠率分别为65.52%、23.28%、20.37%,自然流产率分别为6.02%、40.74%、45.45%,周期妊娠率前组显著高于后两组(P<0.01);周期自然流产率前组显著低于后两组(P<0.01)。结论超声对促排卵正常成熟卵泡大小范围值及最易妊娠卵泡径线范围值的探索与研究,将有利于指导临床医生及时调整治疗方案及用药剂量,提高促排卵周期妊娠率及妊娠成功率,减少和预防并发症的发生。     

玉米大斑病菌毒素的结构鉴定和钝化反应

玉米大斑病菌（Ｅｘｓｅｒｏｈｉｌｕｍ ｔｕｒｃｉｃｕｍ）在改良Ｆｒｉｅｓ培养液中培养可以产生ＨＴ－毒素。ＴＬＣ分析表明：１号小种毒素至少有２种毒性成分,２号小种毒素至少有３种毒性成分。通过ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＨＲＭＳ、ＮＭＲ分析表明组分Ｉ的分子式为Ｃ６Ｈ６Ｏ３,分子量１２６．０３２８,其化学结构为５－羟甲基－２－呋喃甲醛。组分Ⅱ分子量为１２４,初步推测为２,５－二甲醛呋喃。毒素钝化试验表明,代森锰锌、Ｎａ     

Inactivation of TNF signaling by rationally designed dominant-negative TNF variants

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key regulator of inflammatory responses and has been implicated in many pathological conditions. We used structure-based design to engineer variant TNF proteins that rapidly form heterotrimers with native TNF to give complexes that neither bind to nor stimulate signaling through TNF receptors. Thus, TNF is inactivated by sequestration. Dominant-negative TNFs represent a possible approach to anti-inflammatory biotherapeutics, and experiments in animal models show that the strategy can attenuate TNF-mediated pathology. Similar rational design could be used to engineer inhibitors of additional TNF superfamily cytokines as well as other multimeric ligands.