Contribution of soil bacteria isolated from different regions into crude oil and oil product degradation

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Crude oil and oil products are the most widespread environmental pollutants. The most efficient bioremediation is performed by using specific oil-degrading strains....     

Emissions from in situ burning of crude oil in the arctic

The results of an exploratory study of the effects of in situ crude oil spill burning on air quality in the Beaufort Sea region of the Arctic are presented. A scenario is postulated defining the amounts of oil released, the size and number of burnable oil pools, and the duration of the burning period. Estimates are made of the likely emissions of soot, CO, SO₂ and metals based on literature and some experimental work. Assumptions are made about plume rise and dispersion which permit downwind concentrations of emissions to be calculated and compared with air quality objectives. Although the calculated concentrations may contain significant error because of the many assumptions, it is believed that the data demonstrate that concentrations of SO₂ and CO will be acceptably low, concentrations of soot and metals will often be undesirably high within 10 km of the fires, but will be acceptably low at greater distances. It is concluded that burning may be a method of substantially reducing the adverse environmental impact of oil spills in the Arctic.     

Chemical and sensory evaluation of crude oil extracted from herring byproducts from different processing operations

Fish oils extracted from marinated herring (frozen and unfrozen) byproducts and maatjes herring byproducts were evaluated on their chemical and sensory properties. The obtained crude oils had very low content of copper (<0.1 mg/kg oil), and iron values were 0.8, 0.1, and 0.03 mg/kg oil, respectively, for oil from maatjes and frozen and fresh byproducts. For the maatjes oil, a much lower value was found for alpha-tocopherol compared to the other oils. Storage stability results showed that the oils behave differently. Secondary oxidation products were measured for fresh oil, while for the maatjes and frozen byproducts' oil, tertiary oxidation products were detected. Over storage time, the maatjes and frozen byproducts' oils became more intense in odor, correlating positively at the end with sensory attributes of train-oil, acidic, marine and fishy. The best correlation between sensory and chemical analyses was found for FFA and fishy off-odor (r = 0.781).     

The spreading of crude oil spills across a lake

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The spreading of two different crude oils on the surface of lakes in the Mackenzie River delta region near Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada was examined. The crude oils...     

原油在扰动土壤中入渗的实验研究

随着国家发展对能源的迫切需求,石油作为我国能源的主要构成之一,其开采和冶炼也在不断地增加。然而由于某些相关管理环节的不完善引发的污染事故日趋增多,其中原油的土壤污染问题尤为严重。为研究原油在土壤中的入渗过程,通过室内土柱模拟实验,测定了原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率与时间的关系以及被原油污染的土壤中残留物的含量。结果表明:对于同一质地土壤,随着容重的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均降低;容重相同而质地不同的土壤,随着粉粒含量的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均表现为降低趋势;原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可以用对数函数拟合,湿润推进速率与时间的关系可以用幂函数拟合,均达到显著水平。研究原油在土壤中的入渗对于了解原油在土壤中的迁移有着重要的意义。     

茶叶籽贮藏时间对毛油产率与质量的影响

为了揭示茶叶籽贮藏时间对发酵法茶叶籽毛油产率与质量的影响,每2周从贮藏的茶叶籽中取样,利用茶叶籽油发酵法生产工艺进行茶叶籽毛油生产,并对工艺中各项剩余物的含油量及毛油的重要质量指标进行了测定,结果如下。室温条件下,茶叶籽贮藏47周后,毛油产率下降了23.5%、酸值及过氧化值分别升高了44.88%及69.4%,毛油色泽基本没有变化。滤渣、发酵沉淀的质量分别升高了20.27%及23.35%;淀粉、油渣质量分别降低了6.13%及3.64%。滤渣、发酵沉淀、淀粉及油渣含油率分别升高了15.63%、22.77%、206%及12.88%。发酵沉淀质量对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉、油渣及滤渣质量对毛油产率的影响是负向的;发酵沉淀及滤渣含油率对毛油产率的影响是正向的,淀粉及油渣含油量对毛油产率的影响是负向的,影响大小的排序为:油渣淀粉滤渣发酵沉淀。综合分析表明,滤渣是通过滤渣质量的增加导致毛油产率随贮藏时间下降的,其下降作用的贡献占全部下降因素的79.28%。贮藏47周后的茶叶籽仁,利用发酵法生产工艺仍然具有毛油生产价值。该研究可为茶叶籽油合理生产提供理论支撑。     

Effects of crude oil contamination on soils of the Ural region

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Nowadays, crude oil contamination of soil is one of the widespread environmental problems. In this paper, we examine the impact of oil contamination on individual...     

Upgrading of maatjes herring byproducts: production of crude fish oil

Fish oil has been extracted from byproducts of the maatjes (salted) herring production using a pilot plant consisting of a mincer, heat exchanger, and three-phase decanter. The crude herring oil obtained had an initial peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV) and free fatty acids (FFA) level of only 3 mequiv of peroxide/kg of lipid, 8.9, and 2.9%, respectively. 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were present in considerable amounts (99 and 91 g/kg, respectively). During storage of the oil, no photooxidation could be detected. Storage at room temperature led to significant autoxidation over time, apparent from primary and tertiary oxidation products, measured by a decrease of hydroperoxides and an increase of fluorescent compounds (FC). Storage at 50 degrees C resulted in significant increases in secondary (AV) and tertiary oxidation (FC) products. At all storage conditions, the FFA contents remained low (<3%) and the alpha-tocopherol content remained constant. These results open the possibility for fish oil production of good quality using salted herring byproducts.     

Degradation of aromatics and saturates in crude oil by soil enrichments

Soil was incubated in the presence of Prudhoe Bay crude oil at 20°C under shake-flask conditions. With the addition of N and P to the medium, the susceptibility of aromatic compounds to microbial degradation over an 11-day period was found to be: naphthalene ≈ 2-methylnaphthalene > 1-methylnaphthalene > dimethylnaphthalenes ≈ dibenzothiophene ≈ phenanthrene > C₃-naphthalenes > methylphenanthrenes > C₂-phenanthrenes. Then-alkanes and isoprenoids (pristane and phytane) were also extensively degraded during this time. The omission of N and P from the medium reduced the extent to which the culture degraded then-alkanes but had little effect on the degradation of the aromatic fraction after a 27-day incubation period.     

Plant growth inhibition by the water extract of a crude oil

The water extract of a light Nigerian crude oil had pronounced effects on the growth, metabolism and development of radish (Raphanus sativus) plants. In addition to hydrocarbons (ca. 7 mg l^?1) the extract contained phenols (ca. 0.6 mg l^?1), carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic acids. Although seed germination was virtually unaffected, the growth of both above- and below-ground parts was significantly inhibited when the plants were watered with the extract rather than with well water. In addition, the onset of flowering was significantly delayed in the extract-treated plants, and the number of plants which ever flowered was reduced. Significantly increased respiration was observed in leaf tissue of the extract-treated plants, but photosynthetic carbon fixation was not significantly affected. The extract appeared to elicit effects similar to those caused by other forms of environmental stress, such as infections.     

厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究

水热液化是处理湿有机废弃物并实现能源化的技术之一。以厕所粪便和粗甘油为原料进行水热液化,探究了不同质量比例的厕所粪便和粗甘油(1∶0、3∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、0∶1)对产物分布和油品特性的影响。粪便与粗甘油的比例混合为1∶3时,生物原油的产油率最高为40.6%,液化率最高为94.8%,相比单组分厕所粪便分别提高了18%和15%,表明粗甘油对粪便水热液化的产物转化具有促进作用。当在粪便中添加粗甘油时,水热液化生物原油的热值变化了0.27%～8.88%,含水率降低了11.5%～85.2%;所含烃类物质高达21.1%,酸类物质降低到14.4%,表明生物原油更稳定;增加了生物原油中的轻组分成分,残渣含量降低了25.2%～53.2%,进一步表明粗甘油可以改善粪便水热液化生物原油的油品质量。     

Degradation of sulfur heterocycles in prudhoe bay crude oil by soil enrichments

Soil was incubated in mineral medium with Prudhoe Bay crude oil at 20 °C under shake-flask conditions. The aromatic fractions of oil extracted from these cultures were analyzed by capillary GC using a S-specific detector. Without nutrient supplementation, these cultures degraded alkyl benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophene, the C_l-dibenzothiophenes and some C₂ dibenzothiophenes after 27 days incubation. when supplemented with N and P, most of the C₂ dibenzothiophenes and some C₃-dibenzothiophenes were also degraded. The following orders of susceptibility to microbial attack were observed in homologous series: (a) C₂ benzothiophene > C₃-benzothiophenes,(b)dibenzothiophene > C₁-dibenzothiophenes > C₂ dibenzothiophenes > C₃-dibenzothiophenes.     

Oil residuals in lowland forest soil after pollution with crude oil

Research on oil residuals in lowland forest soil was carried out in 6 sample plots in the lowland forest ecosystem located in an oil field. Four plots were differently affected in terms of discharged oil and the time lapsed after the accident, as well as in terms of micro-relief terrain features. One plot was established in a reclaimed mud ditch site, while the control plot was set up in a micro-relief elevation outside the influence of oil pollution. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations were measured at three soil depths at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period. The analysis of the results revealed significant differences in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations among the sites. Increased TPH concentrations were recorded in several plots, while the values measured in some other plots indicated very low quantities of residual TPH in the soil. The highest average TPH concentrations (200–400 mg kg¹) were recorded in the mud ditch site. In one of the plots exposed to oil pollution after an oil pipe rupture, there was the constant presence of increased TPH concentration in the surface soil part (≥200 mg kg¹ on average). The sporadic presence of increased TPH concentrations in micro-depressions that cannot be attributed to a local accident indicates seasonal soil pollution with petroleum carbohydrates from floodwater. The soil in the sample plots is not contaminated with soluble salts or heavy metals. Low values of TPH concentrations in the soil water eluate indicate that the soil does not represent a source of hydrospheric pollution with petrol hydrocarbons.     

初始含水率对土壤中原油入渗的影响

为确定土壤初始含水率对原油在土壤中入渗的影响,该文利用3种土壤,根据设定不同初始含水率进行配置,开展土柱模拟试验,研究了不同初始含水率条件下原油在土壤中的入渗。试验结果表明：对于同一质地土壤,随着初始含水率的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离和湿润推进速率均增加。原油在土壤中的入渗与土壤粉粒含量密切相关,当土壤初始含水率较低时,不同质地土壤,粉粒含量越高,原油在土壤中入渗越慢;随土壤深度增加,土壤中原油残留物的含量呈波动递减趋势;原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可用对数函数拟合,湿润推进速率与时间的关系可用Kostiakov公式拟合。     

Performance of crude olive pomace oil and soybean oil during carotenoid production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation

Crude olive pomace oil (COPO) and crude soybean oil (CSO), two low-cost carbon sources, were examined as cosubstrates of glucose for carotenoid production by Blakeslea trispora. Results were compared to those obtained in glucose as a sole carbon source (medium 1) and glucose plus the respective end-line refined oil counterparts. Microbial growth in the presence of oils resulted in an increase in total carotenoid production. The performance of crude oils was better than that of the respective refined forms. Carotenoid production depended on both type and added oil amount. An increase in added oil amount did not necessarily favor carotenoid accumulation. The addition of 10 g oil/L of substrate stimulated carotenoid synthesis, mainly that of beta-carotene, more than 14 (COPO) and 40 times (CSO) in comparison to that observed in medium 1. The maximum total carotenoid content (as mg beta-carotene per g of biomass dry weight) was 75 (COPO) and 235 mg (CSO), respectively. Growth, substrate assimilation, and lipid accumulation-degradation also depended on the presence of oil in the substrate.     

Effect of crude oil on gas exchange functions of Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora

The effect of crude oil on gas exchange functions of Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora, two important U.S. Gulf Coast plant species, were examined. Plants were exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons (Mexican Sour type) mixed with water at 4.4 mL L^?1 (2 L m^?2). Coating entire leaf with oil resulted in cessation of photosynthetic activity. Partial leaf exposure to oil resulted in net photosynthesis decrease in both species shortly after exposure. Net photosynthesis remained within 71 and 94% of control plants in J. roemerianus during the first four weeks of the experiment. In S. alterniflora, photosynthetic rates averaged between 53 to 80% of control plants during the same period. Four weeks following the partial oiling, net photosynthesis began to improve in both species. Partial oil coverage of leaves of both species resulted in reduction in normal photosynthetic activity with no lethal effects. By the end of the laboratory study, there was no significant reduction in production of new shoots or the overall growth of either species.     

Characterization and purification of glycosaminoglycans from crude biological samples

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan derived from cartilage and commonly used to treat osteoarthritis, psoriasis, and other conditions. The dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay has been used often to measure glycosaminoglycan levels in relatively pure samples. In this study, we verified the accuracy of the DMMB assay in measuring CS levels in unpurified extract from bovine trachea and shark cartilage, despite potential interference from salts, proteins, and DNA. We found that the glycosaminoglycan signal obtained was due to CS and not to other glycosaminoglycan species. This was confirmed using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, which also revealed that the majority of the CS was monosulfated at the C4 or C6 position. Finally, we used anion-exchange chromatography to purify the bovine extract and obtained complete recovery of the glycosaminoglycans, with no contaminating protein. The results of this study should be very useful for future purification and analysis of this common supplement.     

Effects of nutrient concentration on the biodegradation of crude oil and associated microbial populations in the soil

The influence of nutrient amendments on the biodegradation of a crude oil and on associated microbial populations in an agricultural soil was studied in microcosms during a 150-day experiment. Concentration and chemical composition of residual hydrocarbons (HC) were periodically monitored in series of polluted soils unfertilized and fertilized with increasing concentrations of nutrients. The decrease in HC concentration was effective in all soils over time. The maximal biodegradation extent was 62%, meanwhile the natural attenuation contributed to 47% of degradation. A permanent inhibition of hydrocarbons assimilation was recorded with a high input of nutrients. The biodegradation of saturates, aromatics and polars was respectively, permanently, temporally and not reduced by excessive fertilization in soil. Accumulation of polar metabolic by-products was demonstrated. Enumerations of total heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-adapted bacteria showed a strong stimulation in both populations. Maximum stimulation was observed with the highest input of nutrients. However, the extents of biodegradation were not concurrently improved, thus indicating that the microbial degraders were selected depending on the nutrient supply. The permanent and/or temporally inhibition of the saturated and unsaturated HC assimilation revealed that different nutrient supplies were optimum for the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic HC.     

New hydrothermal treatment of alperujo enhances the content of bioactive minor components in crude pomace olive oil

The application of a new process based on the hydrothermal treatment of olive oil waste (alperujo) led to a final solid rich in pomace olive oil (POO) enriched in minor components with functional activities. The effects of the time (15-90 min) and the temperature (150, 160, and 170 °C) of the thermal processing of alperujo on the yield, quality, and enrichment of minor components of crude POO were evaluated. The final treated solid had an increase in oil yield up to 97%, with a reduction in solids up to 35.6-47.6% by solubilization. Sterols increased up to 33%, aliphatic alcohols increased up to 92%, triterpenic alcohols increased up to 31%, squalene increased up to 43%, tocopherols increased up to 57%, and oleanolic acid increased up to 16% by the new treatment. The increase maintains a high concentration of functional substances probably even in the refining POO.     

用Aspen Plus模拟反胶束萃取大豆蛋白过程中毛油脱溶操作

利用反胶束技术萃取大豆蛋白的同时可以提取出大豆毛油,但毛油中含有有机溶剂,它们可以循环回收利用。在工业生产中,为了获得回收有机溶剂所用脱溶操作的相关工艺参数,该文基于Aspen Plus11.1软件模拟了反胶束萃取大豆蛋白过程中毛油的脱溶操作。利用Aspen Plus模块化分析功能,对油脂和溶剂的纯度、精馏塔的塔板数、再沸器和冷凝器的热负荷进行了分析,结果显示:减压蒸馏的回流比为0.352,塔顶馏出物流量为10.348kg/h时,油脂和溶剂的纯度分别可以达到98.9%和99.7%,此时再沸器和冷凝器的实际热负荷分别为1398.824W和1626.226W。灵敏度分析模块显示:随着塔板数的增加,油脂和溶剂的浓度分别增大,并确定了最佳塔板数为5。在模拟计算的基础上,进行成本分析,每年可节约成本127.2万元,并初步探讨了工业化装置设计的技术关键点,以期为工业设计放大脱溶装置提供可靠的数据。