外源激素催乳对小牛泌乳的影响

利用外源激素刺激小牛泌乳的研究鲜有报道.研究对8月龄小牛进行外源激素注射,诱导小牛泌乳,并对催乳乳汁的乳脂、总蛋白、乳糖、干物质含量进行了分析.结果表明外源激素能有效刺激小牛泌乳,乳汁成分没有发生明显变化.这对快速鉴定转基因牛是否能生产活性蛋白具有一定意义.     

泌乳母羊催乳法简介

正1初产母羊催乳法初产母羊少乳是泌乳系统发育有充分或粮营养水平低所致。应在产前两周及产后泌乳期,人工按摩乳房1～2次/d。加大乳腺运动功能,激活乳腺产乳和排乳的新陈代谢过程,促使乳腺发育及泌乳。喂100g/d泡黄豆,黄豆营养丰富,籽粒含脂肪16%～20%,蛋白质36%～42%,并含有丰富的铁钙和维生素等,是提高母羊乳腺分泌功能的最佳精料,既能助长羊体及乳房发育,又是提高产奶量0.5kg以上。2肥母羊催乳法母羊过肥而导致泌乳少。应用激素催乳,通过神经     

补喂瓜氨酸对妊娠90 d湖羊母羊繁殖性能和泌乳性能的影响

本试验旨在研究补喂瓜氨酸对妊娠90 d湖羊母羊繁殖性能和泌乳性能的影响,为瓜氨酸在湖羊母羊中的应用提供科学依据。试验选取妊娠90 d的湖羊母羊50只,随机分成2组,每组25只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加瓜氨酸10 g/d进行补喂。试验一直进行到母羊产后45 d,记录羔羊初生重和45日龄体重。每组选取6只母羊,测定产后16～30 d泌乳量及乳成分变化,采集母羊产后第15、30、45天晨饲前颈静脉血样。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组羔羊初生重极显著提高了19.6%(P <0.01);试验组羔羊45日龄体重显著提高了6%(P <0.05);试验组母羊产后第16～30天平均日泌乳量和总泌乳量分别极显著提高了19.6%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第1天乳蛋白率极显著提高了20%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第7～15天以及20～30天乳脂率分别极显著提高了21%和16.7%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第15天血浆中催乳素（PRL）含量极显著提高了167%(P <0.01),其血浆中孕酮（P4）含量显著降低207%(P <0...     

泌乳母羊咋催乳

(一)初产母羊催乳法 初产母羊少乳是泌乳系统发育不充分或日粮营养水平低所致。应在产前2周及产后泌乳期,每日人工按摩乳房1～2次,加强乳腺的运动功能,激活乳房产乳和排乳的新陈代谢过程,促进乳房发育和泌乳。同时,每日喂100克泡黄豆,黄豆营养丰富,籽粒含脂肪16%～20%,蛋白质36%～43%,并含有丰富的铁、钙和维生素等,是提高母羊乳腺分泌功能的最佳饲料,既能助长羊体及乳房发育,又可提高产奶量0.5千克以上。 (二)肥母羊催乳法 母羊过肥而导致泌乳少乳,应用激素催乳,通过神经和体液调节,可改善泌乳机能。用促乳素皮下注射,每次500～1 000…     

围产期补饲对放牧蒙古羊母羊泌乳性能及羔羊生长性能的影响

旨在研究围产期补饲精补料对戈壁地区妊娠期放牧蒙古羊母羊增重、血液生理生化指标、泌乳性能以及羔羊生长性能的影响。选取20只体况相近、平均体重为（60±5.54）kg的妊娠期蒙古羊母羊, 按平均体重分为试验组和对照组, 每组10只。对照组按照传统补饲方法补饲玉米300 g/（只·d）, 试验组补饲精补料300 g/（只·d）。补饲试验预饲期5 d, 正饲期60 d。测定试验母羊初始体重和补饲试验末体重, 计算总增重;补饲试验结束时, 采集试验母羊血液样本, 测定血液常规指标和血清生化指标;从产后第15天起使用差重法测定母羊泌乳量, 持续到产后第85天;测定羔羊的初生重、90日龄重, 计算羔羊在90日龄内的日增重。利用统计学方法对对照组和试验组的上述指标进行分析。结果表明, 在补饲试验期间, 试验组母羊与对照组母羊的总增重差异不显著（P>0.05）, 试验组母羊的体重减少幅度比对照组母羊低1.71%;试验组母羊的各项血液常规指标和血清生化指标与对照组母羊相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）;整个泌乳期试验组母羊的泌乳量都高于对照组母羊, 其中, 产羔后75 d和85 d, 试验组母羊的泌乳量显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组母羊;与对照组羔羊相比, 试验组羔羊的90日龄体重和90日龄内日增重有所提高（P>0.05）。综上提示, 围产期补饲精补料能够提高放牧蒙古羊母羊的产后泌乳量, 并且有助于提升羔羊日增重。     

饲粮中添加α-亚麻酸对母羊发情周期内生殖激素的影响

为了探讨饲粮中添加α-亚麻酸对母羊发情周期内生殖激素的影响,试验将体重相近、体况良好的2～3岁蒙古羊20只随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加3%α-亚麻酸。试验期为50 d,其中预试期5 d、正试期45 d。在预试期5 d后给每只母羊肌内注射1 mL氯前列腺烯醇(PG),隔8 d再注射PG1 mL;6 d后给每只羊安装阴道栓,11 d后撤阴道栓并肌内注射孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)400 IU。每组随机选取6只母羊,在撤栓前1天及发情周期第1,10,20天采血,分离血清,并用放射免疫分析法测定血清雌激素(E₂)、孕酮(P)、黄体素(LH)和促卵泡素(FSH)含量。结果表明：(1)与对照组相比,母羊血清E₂、P、LH和FSH含量在撤栓前1天及发情周期第1,10,20天的4个时间点均显著提高(P<0.05)。(2)在发情周期内,母羊血清E₂含量在发情初期最高(P<0.05),P含量在发情周期第10天左右进入高位(P<0.05),血清LH和FSH含量也是发情初期高、而后进入下降态势(P...     

利用三合激素提高山羊繁殖成活率效果明显

山羊繁殖成活率的高低,直接影响养羊业的发展和养羊的经济效益。由于本县广大农村分散饲养,加上缺乏科学养羊的技术,山羊繁殖成活率较低,为了加快山羊发展,1996年我们利用三合激素提高山羊繁殖成活率进行了探讨。现介绍如下供参考。1材料与方法(1)供试羊群的选择:从赫章县引进贵州黑山羊114只,其中,3岁左右经产母羊108只,种公羊6只,公母搭配按1∶18。(2)对照组羊群的选择:随机选择本地饲养的贵州黑山羊57只,其中,母羊54只,种公羊3只。(3)方法:供试羊群随机平均分成两组,即:试验1组和试验2组,每组57只,公母搭配按1∶18;利用三合激素诱导母羊…     

在夏季应用氯前列烯醇诱导流产山羊发情的研究

选择2～5岁繁殖正常、体况中等的黄淮山羊空怀母羊10只为对照组,妊娠60 d母羊4只注射己烯雌酚流产后3～5 d为试验组,应用氯前列烯醇诱导发情。结果表明,试验组羊雌二醇、孕酮1～9d均呈上升趋势;9d雌二醇与1d比较呈显著性差异(P<0.05);而4d孕酮高于1d和14d,呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。在整个试验期,试验组孕酮含量均低于对照组(P>0.05)。PGc二次处理试验组96 h内发情率50％,均为异常发情。综合分析认为,夏季母羊流产后12～14d卵巢出现产后首次卵泡波,流产早期不适合诱导发情。     

不同过瘤胃营养添加剂组合对辽宁绒山羊母羊繁殖性能的影响

本试验选取40只胎次、预产期、体重相近的健康妊娠母羊,随机分成4组,试验1、2、3组分别饲喂低、中、高不同水平的过瘤胃添加剂(过瘤胃葡萄糖、过瘤胃胆碱、过瘤胃赖氨酸、过瘤胃蛋氨酸)组合,对照组不饲喂,其他日粮营养水平相同。试验期自妊娠90 d到羔羊90日龄断奶为止,共150 d。试验结果表明:添加过瘤胃添加剂组在妊娠后期和泌乳早期血清E2水平均显著(P0.05)高于对照组,各试验组血清FSH和LH也高于对照组,但泌乳早期差异不显著(P0.05)。试验2组和3组羔羊初生重高于对照组;各试验组羔羊平均日增重均高于对照组,其中试验2组与对照组差异极显著(P0.01)。试验组母羊产后50 d体重均增加,而对照组母羊体重普遍降低,降低比率达到7.16%,表明试验组母羊在产后体况恢复良好。因此在本试验条件下,辽宁绒山羊妊娠母羊日粮中添加低或中等水平的过瘤胃添加剂组合对母羊生殖激素水平、产羔生长性能和母羊体况恢复具有积极作用。     

溴隐亭与生殖激素配合诱导产后泌乳羊发情的效果试验

为了研究比较不同方法诱导泌乳期新疆细毛羊的发情效果,对泌乳60 d的母羊进行断奶,并用溴隐亭和孕激素制成的复合阴道缓慢释放装置配合促性腺激素进行诱导发情,处理期间测定促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、促乳素(PRL)、孕激素(P4)和雌激素(E2)的浓度,研究结果表明,将溴隐亭和孕激素做成的溴隐亭炔诺酮复合剂缓慢释放装置,经阴道放置比较2种不同剂量的溴隐亭复合装置使绵羊的发情率分别为100%和56.7%。使用溴隐停和孕激素并配合促性腺激素能有效诱导泌乳期新疆细毛羊发情。     

Toxicity and tissue residue depletion of levamisole hydrochloride in young goats

Toxicity and tissue residue depletion studies were conducted in young goats, using an oral drench formulation of levamisole hydrochloride. In the target animal toxicity study, 3 groups of 5 goats each were given levamisole orally to provide approximately 11.88, 23.76, or 35.64 mg of levamisole HCl/kg/d for 3 consecutive days; a fourth group of 5 goats served as untreated controls. Blood samples were taken for analysis of levamisole 1 day prior to dosing and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days following the third dose. At the 35.64-mg/kg dose, 2 of 5 goats responded with typical cholinergic signs of toxicosis on each of the 3 days of dosing. The times for the onset of clinical signs of toxicosis ranged from 18 to 63 minutes, with an average duration of 32 minutes. Administration of 23.76 mg of levamisole HCl/kg resulted in hyperactive behavior in 1 of 5 goats only on the first day of dosing; no abnormal behavior was observed in any of the 5 goats following the second or third dose of levamisole HCl at 23.76 mg/kg. Untoward effects were not seen in the 5 goats dosed at 11.88 mg of levamisole HCl/kg or in the controls during the 3-day dosing period or in the following 7-day observation period. Overall, the observed signs of toxicosis did not become more severe, affect more goats, or persist for a longer period on subsequent dosing days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Embryo Production in Superovulated Goats Treated with Insulin Before or After Mating or By Continuous Propylene Glycol Supplementation

Seventeen adult and cyclic Moxoto goats were synchronized using 60 mg MPA vaginal sponge for 11 days and 50 μg cloprostenol, 48 h before sponge removal, and superovulated with 120 mg pFSH i.m. in decreasing doses at 12 h intervals for three consecutive days. In seven goats, 0.2 IU/kg BW/day of long acting insulin was subcutaneously injected at same time as pFSH, and in the other five goats, the same dose of insulin was injected for three consecutive days starting 24 h after mating. Finally, five goats were supplemented with an oral dose of 80 ml/goat/day of propylene glycol continuously during the experiment. The animals were flushed at 7 days after mating and the embryos were classified based on International Embryo Transfer Society criteria. Blood samples were collected every 3 days for insulin assay. Administration of insulin raised the insulin levels of the goats (p < 0.05), whereas in the group treated with propylene glycol, insulin rate was different only between FSH treatment and after mating (p < 0.05). Similar rates of recovery for total (80.05 ± 9.78%) or transferable structures (61.03 ± 15.13%) were obtained. Treatment was not influenced (p > 0.05) by responsiveness to superovulation, which averaged 64%. By contrast, insulin treatments were shown to increase the number of embryos considered excellent with respect to goats supplemented with propylene glycol (p < 0.05). When insulin was given before mating, a strong relationship (r = 0. 90) (p < 0.05) between number of transferable embryo and ovulations was observed in the animals. In conclusion, superovulated goats treated with low doses of exogenous insulin resulted in an enhancement in embryo quality, which was related to changes in circulating insulin concentrations.     

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, and dexamethasone-levamisole combination on neutrophil function in female goats

Effects of dexamethasone, levamisole, or combined dexamethasone-levamisole administration on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function in healthy, adult female goats were studied. Goats were assigned to treated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. In experiment 1, treated goats were given levamisole (6 mg/kg of body weight, IM). In experiment 2, treated goats were given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 3 consecutive days, 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, IV, for 6 consecutive days, and 6 mg of levamisole/kg, IM, with a 4th injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg. All injections were administered 12 hours before blood collection. The PMN were evaluated for random migration and chemotaxis under agarose, ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Levamisole alone did not alter the function of caprine PMN. Both doses of dexamethasone caused increased random migration and decreased cytochrome C reduction and iodination. Dexamethasone resulted in no changes in chemotaxis, S aureus ingestion, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Random migration and cytochrome C reduction returned toward base line in cells from dexamethasone and levamisole-treated goats. Although iodination activity in cells from dexamethasone-treated goats remained significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than those of controls after levamisole administration, a rebound toward base-line activity occurred.     

Toxicity in goats caused by oleander (Nerium oleander)

Cases of poisoning by oleander (Nerium oleander) were observed in several species, except in goats. This study aimed to evaluate the pathological effects of oleander in goats. The experimental design used three goats per group: the control group, which did not receive oleander and the experimental group, which received leaves of oleander (50 mg/kg/day) for six consecutive days. On the seventh day, goats received 110 mg/kg of oleander leaves four times at one-hourly interval. A last dose of 330 mg/kg of oleander leaves was given subsequently. After the last dose was administered, clinical signs such as apathy, colic, vocalizations, hyperpnea, polyuria, and moderate rumen distention were observed. Electrocardiogram revealed second-degree atrioventricular block. Death occurred on an average at 92 min after the last dosing. Microscopic evaluation revealed renal necrosis at convoluted and collector tubules and slight myocardial degeneration was observed by unequal staining of cardiomyocytes. Data suggest that goats appear to respond to oleander poisoning in a manner similar to other species.     

Failure of ivermectin and eprinomectin to control Amblyomma parvum in goats: characterization of acaricidal activity and drug pharmacokinetic disposition

The therapeutic efficacies of ivermectin (subcutaneous injection) and eprinomectin (topical treatment) given at two different dosage levels to goats naturally infested with Amblyomma parvum were assessed. Treatments included subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 0.2 and 0.4mg/kg and extra-label pour-on administration of eprinomectin at 0.5 and 1mg/kgb.w. Ivermectin and eprinomectin failed to control Amblyomma parvum on goats. Treatment with ivermectin resulted in a low number of engorged female ticks in relation to untreated control goats and, at the highest dose rate (0.4mg/kg), the female engorgement weights were significantly lower and the pre-oviposition period significantly longer than those observed in ticks recovered from untreated control goats. The tick efficacy assessment was complemented in a separate group of tick-free goats with a pharmacokinetic characterization of eprinomectin (topically administered at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) and ivermectin (subcutaneous treatment given at (0.2 and 0.4mg/kg) in goats. Heparinized blood samples were taken between 0 and 21 days post-treatment. Higher and more persistent drug plasma concentrations were recovered after the subcutaneous treatment with ivermectin compared to those obtained for eprinomectin topically administered. The understanding of the relationship among the pattern of drug absorption, the kinetic disposition and the resultant clinical efficacy is relevant to improve the poor performance observed for ivermectin and eprinomectin against A. parvum on goats.     

不同锌源对母羊和羔羊体液免疫及羔羊肠道黏膜组织形态和免疫的影响

本试验旨在研究妊娠母羊饲粮中添加不同锌源对母羊和羔羊体液免疫及羔羊肠道组织形态、黏膜免疫功能的影响。选取体重(38.1±9.7)kg、胎次(第2~3胎)相近的怀双羔湘东黑山羊21只,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复1只羊。各组分别在基础饲粮中添加60 mg/kg的硫酸锌、蛋氨酸螯合锌和甘氨酸螯合锌。基础饲粮中锌含量为22 mg/kg,各试验饲粮中锌含量均为82 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。分别于母羊产前第10天及羔羊出生后的第30、60和100天采集颈静脉血,测定妊娠母羊和羔羊血浆免疫球蛋白(Ig)和细胞因子含量;羔羊在出生后的第100天进行屠宰并采集肠道组织,测定羔羊肠道组织形态及肠道黏膜Ig、细胞因子含量。结果表明:1)母羊产前第10天,甘氨酸螯合锌组血浆白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-8含量显著高于硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05)。2)羔羊出生后第30天,蛋氨酸螯合锌组血浆IgG含量显著高于甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05)。羔羊出生后第60天,硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸螯合锌组血浆IL-4含量显著高于甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05),蛋氨酸螯合锌组血浆IL-6、IL-22含量显著高于硫酸锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05),甘氨酸螯合锌组血浆IgG含量显著高于蛋氨酸螯合锌组和硫酸锌组(P<0.05)。羔羊出生后第100天,各组之间血浆细胞因子和Ig含量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)各组之间空肠和回肠的绒毛宽度、绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)蛋氨酸螯合锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组空肠黏膜IL-6、IL-22、IL-23和IgG含量显著高于硫酸锌组(P<0.05),甘氨酸螯合锌组空肠黏膜IL-4含量显著高于硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05),蛋氨酸螯合锌组空肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量显著高于硫酸锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05)。蛋氨酸螯合锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组回肠黏膜IL-4、IL-6、IL-23、IgM和IgG含量显著高于硫酸锌组(P<0.05),蛋氨酸螯合锌组回肠黏膜sIgA含量显著高于硫酸锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05),且蛋氨酸螯合锌组回肠黏膜IgM和sIgA含量显著高于甘氨酸螯合锌组(P<0.05)。由此可见,妊娠母羊饲粮中添加蛋氨酸螯合锌和甘氨酸螯合锌能够改善羔羊体液免疫和肠道黏膜免疫功能,且蛋氨酸螯合锌优于甘氨酸螯合锌。     

Duration of activity of topical eprinomectin against experimental infections with Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats

The immediate as well as the persistent anthelmintic efficacies of topically applied eprinomectin were evaluated in goats against induced infections with Teladorsagia circumcincta (2800 L3) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (6000 L3). Twenty-three culled dairy goats were allocated to the following groups: control animals (group 1), animals treated 21 days prior to nematode infection (group 2), animals treated 7 days prior to nematode infection (group 3) and animals treated 21 days after nematode infection (group 4). Eprinomectin was applied at twice the cattle dose rate (1.0 mg/kg BW). According to the groups, necropsies were undertaken 28 days after nematode infection (groups 1-3) or 14 days after the anthelmintic treatment (group 4). Worm counts were determined for abomasum and small intestine. The curative anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin at 1.0 mg/kg BW on existing worm burdens was 100% against T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis. Quite similar worm burdens reductions were observed when eprinomectin was administered 7 days before infection whereas they were only 52.4 and 17.8% for T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis, respectively, for an administration of the drug 21 days prior to the nematode infection.     

Biological control of goat gastrointestinal helminthiasis by Duddingtonia flagrans in a semi-arid region of the northeastern Brazil

The aim of this study was to test a pellet formulation in a sodium alginate matrix of Duddingtonia flagrans in the biological control of goat gastrointestinal helminths kept in a native pasture in a semi-arid region of Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. An area of 2.4 ha was divided into three paddocks, where groups of seven goats ware formed. Each group received the following treatments during the months of March to August 2011: D. flagrans group, received 3g of pellets containing D. flagrans (AC001) for each 10 kg/l.w., twice a week; Moxidectin 0.2% group, received 0.2mg/kg of Moxidectin 0.2% orally, every 30 days; Control group, received 3g of pellets without fungi per 10 kg/l.w., twice a week. Each month, a tracer goat was placed in each group for 30 days and then sacrificed and necropsied. The D. flagrans group showed a greater reduction in EPG, increased weight gain, higher rates of packed cell volume and lower parasitic load burden in the tracer goats compared to Moxidectin 0.2% and Control groups. D. flagrans was efficient in controlling goat gastrointestinal helminthiasis in a semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil.     

Efficacy of fenbendazole and cambendazole against Muellerius capillaris in dairy goats

Two anthelmintics, fenbendazole and cambendazole, were used in an attempt to eliminate Muellerius capillaris infections in a group of 44 goats. During the course of this study (508 days), M capillaris larvae were found in at least one fecal specimen from each of 22 of the 44 goats. All 44 goats were dewormed with fenbendazole (30 mg/kg of body weight) at the onset of this study (day 18). Two additional dewormings with fenbendazole at 4- to 8-week intervals were restricted to the goats that continued to shed M capillaris larvae. On the basis of routine fecal examinations, fenbendazole eliminated M capillaris larvae from the feces of 8 (36%) of these 22 goats. On day 253, cambendazole (60 mg/kg) was given orally to 17 of these 22 goats (2 of the 22 had died and 3 were not available for treatment); 13 of these goats were still shedding M capillaris larvae. Cambendazole eliminated M capillaris larvae from the feces of 10 (77%) of these 13 goats chronically infected with M capillaris.     

Experimentally induced Cassia roemeriana poisoning in cattle and goats

The dried, ground aerial portions of the plant Cassia roemeriana were administered to each of seven calves at a dosage of 10 g/kg of body weight/day for 2 to 10.5 days and to each of six goats at a dosage of 10 g/kg/day for 5 days or 5 or 7 g/kg/day for 23 to 25 days. Experimentally induced C roemeriana poisoning in both species resulted in hepatopathic poisoning characterized by a brief survival period (3.9 to 7.9 days), moderate-to-severe hepatocellular damage, and little or no evidence of injury to skeletal muscle or resulted in myopathic poisoning characterized by a longer period of survival, mild-to-severe skeletal myopathy, and mild hepatocellular injury. The minimal dosage that induced hepatopathic poisoning (also the minimal lethal dosage) was 10 g/kg/day for 3 days in calves and for 5 days in goats. The minimal dosage that induced the myopathic syndrome (as determined by the earliest increase in serum creatine kinase activity) was 10 g/kg/day for 6 days for calves and 5 g/kg/day for 10 to 16 days for goats.