犬间充质干细胞在兽医临床的应用探析

近些年来,随着再生医学和组织工程的发展,干细胞在兽医临床中的应用已成为研究热点。干细胞是具有多重分化潜能的自我复制细胞。根据干细胞所处的发育阶段,可分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。胚胎干细胞来源于囊胚的内层细胞团,而成体干细胞则起源于内胚层、中胚层或外胚层的组织。间充质干细胞(MSC s)是来源于发育早期中胚层和外胚层的一种多能干细胞,最初在骨髓中被发现。     

精原干细胞移植的研究进展

精原干细胞移植原理与其它细胞移植原理相似,主要利用显微注射法,将供体的精原千细胞移入受体睾丸内,使其能够继续进行生精过程。结合精原干细胞分离培养、纯化、冷冻,该技术开创了基因工程和家畜生产的新途径。本文对精原干细胞的分离培养、纯化、冷冻,以及同源移植和异源移植进行了简要综述。     

肌源性干细胞的研究进展

肌肉组织中有多种成体干细胞,有研究者从肌肉组织中分离得到不同亚群的干细胞,其中肌源性干细胞(muscle-derived stem cells,MDSCs)作为肌卫星细胞的前体细胞,具有较强的细胞再生能力并表现出很强的细胞活力和多向分化的潜能。MDSCs不仅能够分化为中胚层细胞类型,包括肌细胞、脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞等,还可以打破胚层的限制分化为外胚层的神经细胞和内胚层的肝细胞。MDSCs是一种很好的基因载体,已成为临床医学和组织工程学的新型种子干细胞,并被广泛应用。文章针对MDSCs的分离培养、鉴定、生物学特性和临床应用前景展开了详细论述。     

体外培养小鼠精原干细胞的研究

探讨一种新的体外培养精原干细胞的方法,为进一步研究精原干细胞增殖与凋亡提供依据。采用组合酶消化、差速贴壁法分离精原干细胞,并设计了支持细胞条件培养基、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)处理培养基以及对照培养基3种培养体系,应用细胞活力分析仪检测精原干细胞数量以及活性,精原干细胞标记蛋白c-kit受体和磷酸酶染色技术进行鉴定,激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)和BCL-2家族蛋白Bax和Bcl2表达的变化。结果:应用组合酶消化和差速贴d壁法得到了纯度70%以上的精原干细胞;在体外培养7 d以内,PCNA的表达条件培养基组明显好于GDNF处理组以及对照组,Bcl2的表达条件培养基组高于GDNF组和对照组,Bax的表达条件培养基组低于GDNF组和对照组。研究表明在7 d内体外培养精原干细胞,条件培养基明显促进细胞增殖,抑制细胞的凋亡。     

精原干细胞研究进展

精原干细胞是雄性哺乳动物精子发生过程的起始细胞,是一群具有自我更新和分化潜能的细胞。自大鼠精原干细胞异体移植获得成功以来,精原干细胞一直是干细胞研究的热点。本文根据国内外相关研究进展,对精原干细胞的生物学特性、功能调控因子、体外培养和移植等作一综述。     

精原干细胞及其在转基因技术中的应用

睾丸内生殖细胞分化起源于不断更新的干细胞小池,继而首先引起生精细胞(精原细胞)分化。这些定型细胞然后遵循一个固定的程序进行演化,它们首先同步化地进行六次有丝分裂,然后进入第一次减数分裂期。以形态学和细胞学标准,鉴别精原干细胞,根据注入不育者睾丸的分化活力,进行功能检测。目前干细胞的纯化和鉴定研究取得了日新月异的发展。生殖系生物学基本理论和多个领域中的临床前研究将会从中得益,同时附植前的基因转移为转基因技术开辟一条崭新的途径。细胞特征:①源于初生睾丸生长捕获生殖母细胞的少量精原干细胞(2～3×104/成年睾丸),主要分布在生精小管的周围;②细胞遗传学分析首次鉴定表明,它们是缺乏异染色质的圆形小细胞;③通过移植入缺乏生殖细胞的受体睾丸,在功能上表现为具有重建永久精子发生的能力;④基于α6β1整合素和CD9表达,可以获得较高浓度的精原干细胞,在转基因启动子驱动下异源表面蛋白质得以表达,可进一步纯化产物;⑤逆转录病毒载体能使基因转移先于移植,转基因后代随后即可产生。     

野外采集牦牛睾丸组织的冷冻保存及其生精细胞的复苏培养研究

采用玻璃化冷冻方法对野外采集的牦牛睾丸组织进行冷冻,通过HE(hematoxylin-eosin)染色分析发现玻璃化冷冻后的牦牛睾丸组织曲细精管结构保存较完好,曲细精管可见大量形态完好的各类生精细胞。采用台盼蓝染色检测细胞活率,发现冷冻复苏后细胞活率可达80.20%。分别通过生精细胞和精原干细胞标志蛋白DDX4和GFRA1免疫荧光染色发现复苏后培养14天后的生精细胞和精原干细胞的数量明显减少。通过RT-qPCR对复苏后不同实验处理组牦牛睾丸细胞标志基因的表达分析,发现培养30天的生精细胞中的精原干细胞标志基因Thy1和UCHL1的表达量显著增高。因此,玻璃化冷冻保存的牦牛睾丸组织中曲细精管及其生精细胞得到了较好的保护,该方法对于其他哺乳动物生精细胞的长久有效保存具有重要的参考价值。     

鸡胚精原干细胞定向诱导分化为成骨细胞的初探

研究体外定向诱导鸡胚精原干细胞（Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）向成骨细胞分化的能力。采用地塞米松＋β-磷酸甘油钠＋维生素C组成的诱导液对鸡胚精原干细胞进行诱导,利用Von Kossa＇s法、改良的钙钴法及免疫组化I型胶原（CollagenⅠ）进行成骨细胞特性鉴定。结果表明：诱导后成骨细胞形成率达到82%,诱导后的细胞经Von Kossa＇s染色可见细胞间布满黑色颗粒,提示有矿化基质沉积;改良钙钴法碱性磷酸酶染色胞浆呈深棕色或深黑色,免疫组化法染色细胞呈阳性。因此可以得出：鸡精原干细胞（SSCs）具有向成骨细胞分化的能力。     

精原干细胞标记及活体追踪的研究进展

研究表明,精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）具有重建不育个体精子发生的能力。采用细胞标记试剂标记精原干细胞,可以活体追踪移植至睾丸的精原干细胞命运,即在发育过程中的增殖、运动及分化情况。标记和追踪精原干细胞将有助于了解精子发生恢复的机理并选择最优的移植策略。     

小鼠实验性隐睾诱发生殖细胞类型变化

利用 3 0～ 3 5日龄昆白系小鼠制作实验性隐睾 ,定期分批朴杀取样 ,检查隐睾组织学及生殖细胞群体变化 ,为生殖细胞富集及提高体内精原干细胞转基因效率提供条件和依据。结果表明 ,盆腔隐睾精子发生被阻断于精子形成阶段 ;经历 1 5d以上 ,曲细精管内精子数量较少 ;腹腔隐睾精子发生被阻断于精原细胞向精母细胞过渡阶段 ;经历 3 0 d以上 ,曲细精管仅由精原细胞、少量精母细胞及支持细胞组成。由此可知 ,制作盆腔隐睾 ,可得到含少量精子的生殖细胞群体以及主要含精原细胞的生殖细胞群体     

精原干细胞研究进展

精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）是各种雄性动物生殖细胞的母细胞,是一群具有自我更新和分化潜能的细胞,并且在雄性个体中精原干细胞与下一代的遗传背景密切相关。因此,精原干细胞在细胞生物学、医学、转基因等领域的研究有着广阔的应用前景。文章根据国内外相关研究进展,对精原干细胞的生物学特性、分离纯化与培养、移植等作一概述。     

Effects of genotype matching of feline major histocompatibility complex (FLA) class II DRB on skin-allograft transplantation in cats.

In order to confirm the effects of matching of expressed feline major histocompatibility complex (FLA) class II DRB genotype on transplantation immunity in cats, skin-allogeneic transplantation was carried out between cats, in which DRB genes expressed were genotyped by the RT-PCR-RFLP method using group-specific primers. Duration until grafts were rejected was 14.63 +/- 1.69 days (mean +/- standard deviation) in the pairs that had the same type of subgroups, 7.25 +/- 0.71 days in the pairs that had one different type of subgroup and 6.88 +/- 0.35 days in the pairs that had two different types of subgroups. The duration of graft survival in the pairs with the same type of subgroups was significantly longer (P<0.01) than those in the pairs with different types. Although FLA components involved in transplantation immunity should not only be DRB genes, it was suggested that the expressed FLA-DRB genotype might associate with feline transplantation immunity, and that typing and matching of expressed FLA-DRB genes might be one of the important factors in the control of feline transplantation immunity.     

Full-term development of offspring using round spermatids produced ectopically from fetal male germ cells

The continuous production of mammalian sperm is maintained by the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells, which originate from primordial germ cells in the early embryo. Previously, we reported that the transplantation of fetal male gonadal tissue into the recipient testis was effective obtaining functional sperm. This transplantation technique is a promising new approach for the preservation of testicular function in a mutant animal with embryonic lethality. In the present study, we examined whether spermatogenesis from fetal male germ cells is induced under ectopic conditions in male and female recipients. Nine to 10 weeks after the transplantation of male gonads prepared from embryos at 12.5 or 16.5 days post gestation, male germ cell differentiation occurred under the skin of male and female recipient nude mice. Histological analyses revealed that grafted gonads contained haploid germ cells such as round or elongated spermatids. Furthermore, we succeeded in obtaining normal progeny by injecting the ectopically produced round spermatids into the cytoplasm of oocytes, even when the male germ cells had been generated in female recipients. These results indicate that the transplantation of fetal male gonads under the skin of recipient mice is a useful technique for obtaining functional male gametes.     

Transplantation of bovine germinal cells into mouse testes

To develop techniques for spermatogonial transplantation in bulls, it is essential to have an effective bioassay procedure to evaluate the transplantation efficiency of spermatogonial stem cell collection, purification, and culture techniques. The objective of the present study was to develop a mouse bioassay model to evaluate transplantation efficiency of fresh and cultured bovine germ cells. Bull calves of four ages (1, 2, 3, and 4 mo) were used as a source of donor testes cells. Two calves were used for each age point, one calf was experimentally made cryptorchidistic at 1 wk of age and the other left normal. A STO (mouse fibroblast) feeder cell line was used to culture bovine testes cells for 2 wk preceding transfer into recipient testes. Immunodeficient nude mice (nu/nu) in which endogenous spermatogenesis had been abolished by busulfan treatment served as recipient animals for transplantation. Donor bovine germ cells were microinjected into mouse seminiferous tubules. Mouse testes were analyzed 2 wk after transplant with the use of a bovine-specific antibody and whole-mount immunohistochemistry for the presence of bovine donor germ cells. Bovine testis cells were present in all recipient mouse testes analyzed. Fresh bovine testes cells were observed as colonies of round cells within mouse seminiferous tubules, indicating spermatogonial expansion and colonization; however, cultured bovine testes cells appeared as fibrous tissue and not as spermatogenic colonies. The average number of colonies resulting from donor cryptorchid testes was not different (P > 0.05) from noncryptorchid, 56+/-4 and 78+/-7, respectively. Fresh donor cells from calves older than 1 mo gave rise to a greater average number of colonies within recipient testes (P <0.05) (1 mo, 33+/-4; 2 mo, 70+/-8; 3 mo, 63+/-6; 4 mo, 87+/-9). Fresh bovine germ cells are capable of colonization in the busulfan-treated nude mouse testis, making it a suitable model for evaluation and development of spermatogonial transplant techniques in bulls.     

血清和饲养层对水牛精原干细胞体外培养的影响

本研究首先将水牛睾丸经二步酶消化法制成单细胞悬液,依次采用差速贴壁法和Percoll不连续密度梯度离心法分离和纯化精原细胞。在制备好的小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上,采用含2．5％血清的培养液对精原细胞进行体外培养,观察血清和成纤维细胞对精原细胞生长的影响,并在体外成功培养了2周通过提取体外培养精原干细胞总FZNA,设计引物并对其进行基因鉴定和免疫细胞化学鉴定,证实体外培养所得的细胞仍保持有精原干细胞的特性,并且该克隆是处在未分化状态的精原干细胞形成的。上述研究可为体外建立水牛精原干细胞长期培养体系提供技术支撑。     

精原干细胞移植在家畜生产中的应用

本文阐述了精原干细胞的分离纯化、冷冻保存、移植等一系列相关研究技术 ,同时围绕国内外最新研究进展展望了精原干细胞在家畜生产上的潜在应用     

哺乳类精原干细胞体外培养影响因素

精原干细胞为体内天然干细胞，如能体外培养建系或建立其长期培养系统，将会极大地促进精原干细胞移植，转基因等技术的实际应用，也会给体外研究细胞的发育分化提供很好的材料，影响精原干细胞外存活，增殖的因素很多，该文主要综述了基本培养基的选择、血清和添加剂，激素和维生素的应用及SCF、LIF、bFGF等生长因子的作用等，以期促进精原干细胞的研究。