生态营养学理论在畜禽养殖业中的应用

随着养殖业的发展，畜禽养殖场和养殖规模不断增加和扩大，畜禽生产的排泄物以及由畜禽饲料带来的有毒有害残留对生态环境和人类健康构成了极大的威胁，严重影响了养殖业的发展。为了更好地保护生态环境和人类健康，实现畜禽生产的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益最大化，必须应用生态营养学理论，配制生态营养饲料，实行生态养殖，切实降低畜牧业环境污染和产品残留，促进畜禽养殖业的可持续发展。     

畜禽养殖污染现状、原因及防治对策探析

目前，我国畜禽养殖业生产水平显著提升，但是畜禽养殖污染由点源污染逐渐向面源污染发展，形成了点源、面源相结合的污染局面。2001年畜牧业污染防治已经正式纳入环境保护规划，2012年《全国畜禽养殖污染防治“十二五”规划》的发布，将畜禽养殖污染防治推到了一个新的高度。     

现代化畜禽生态养殖生产模式研究

近年来,随着我国畜牧业的不断发展,传统的畜禽养殖生产模式已不再适应现代畜牧业的发展,而现代化畜禽生态养殖生产模式则是实现养殖业生产方式转变的重要途径之一。就现代化畜禽生态养殖生产模式进行了研究与分析,以期为提高畜牧业现代化发展提供一定的理论基础。     

环保型饲料的研制与生产技术

畜牧业是人类赖以生存和发展的基础产业，但畜牧业对环境造成的污染却不容忽视，已引起世界各国的高度重视。很多发达国家已制定畜禽养殖业污染物排放的标准，我国也已制定并于2003年1月1日开始执行《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》。     

抓好养殖源头生产安全畜产品

发展绿色畜牧业,生产优质、无公害的绿色畜产品必须从养殖业源头抓起,对畜禽养殖生产过程进行全面监控,确保畜禽和畜禽产品安全生产.     

环保型饲料的研制与生产技术

畜牧业是人类赖以生存和发展的基础产业，但畜牧业对环境造成的污染却不容忽视，已引起世界各国的高度重视。很多发达国家已制定畜禽养殖业污染物排放的标准，我国也已制定并于2003年1月1日开始执行《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》。     

沈丘县生态养殖的意义与发展措施

生态养殖顾名思义就是畜禽在无污染的环境中养殖，反过来说就是养殖的畜禽对环境零污染，延伸一层就是养殖畜禽生产有机畜禽产品，让人们吃着放心、喝下健康、消费快乐、品味幸福。其是系统工程，是畜禽养殖业的生存之道，是畜牧业健康可持续发展之路，是发展现代畜牧业的要求。     

抗生素替代物在畜禽养殖中的研究及应用进展

随着抗生素应用的发展,其在畜禽养殖业的应用严重影响动物生产、生态环境及人类健康。基于食品安全、人类健康、环境保护等畜牧业面临的问题,抗生素替代产品的研发及应用是畜牧业发展的趋势,也是动物养殖业亟需解决的重要问题之一。本文结合国内外畜禽养殖业发展动态,综述了抗生素替代物在畜禽养殖业的研究与应用的相关进展,旨在为开发绿色、安全、无公害的抗生素替代饲料添加剂提供理论参考,推动我国畜禽无抗养殖的健康发展。     

浅析畜牧业生产对生态环境的影响

畜牧业生产与生态环境紧密相关,近年来,随着畜禽养殖业的快速发展,由畜禽养殖造成的环境污染问题日益显现。本文介绍了畜牧业生产过程中所引发的环境污染问题,提出源头控制、农牧结合、强化畜禽养殖场废弃物的处理等控制畜禽生产过程中环境污染的方法。     

畜禽养殖废弃物对环境的影响

随着畜禽养殖规模不断扩大、标准化水平的不断提高,养殖废弃物的排放量也逐渐增大,大量的排泄物造成的环境污染问题相当严重。畜禽养殖业造成的环境污染不但影响畜牧业的可持续发展,而且影响人们的日常生活,甚至危害人体健康。因此,在发展畜牧业生产的同时,需要进一步树立科学养殖业理念,加强畜禽养殖业污染防治,为畜禽养殖废弃物综合利用行业的发展提供更大的拓展空间。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.