Investment Potential of Private Forests in Croatia

This paper presents a comprehensive financial analysis of the investment potential of seven private forest categories in the Republic of Croatia (total study area of 268,072 ha). It covers the period from 2018 to 2048 and includes forest purchase costs, management simulation, timber transport to mills, timber processing and veneer production, and finally the selling of sawmill, veneer and forest products. Data from the Croatian National Forest Inventory and forest habitats map were used as a basis for analyses. Spatial data on private forests, roads and timber process plants at the national level were also integrated into the analyses. For the forest management simulation, the MOSES 3.0 simulator was used, and the QGis 3.4 software was used for spatial analyses of forests, roads and mils. Based on data from several world stock exchanges that cover companies of the forestry sector, a real (inflation-free) discount rates were used. The financial analyses showed which forest categories have positive investment potential and under which conditions. Results pointed out that multi-aged European beech forests have the highest internal rate of return (8.45%) and are the only one which would meet the expectations of a financially rational investor using criteria of a risk-adjusted inflation-free discount rate of 8%.     

广义干曲线模型在杉木人工林蓄积量测定中的应用

广义干曲线方程是研究林分生产力状况的有效方法.利用所建立的杉木人工林广义干曲线模型模拟不同立地、不同密度、不同年龄杉木人工林单株材积和林分蓄积量,并与杉木二元材积公式(《立木材积表》(Ly208-77))计算的相应单株材积和林分蓄积量进行对照,比较结果高度一致.说明运用该广义干曲线模型模拟不同集约经营条件下的杉木人工林具可行性,在生产实践中有可应用性.     

中国开展人工林FSC认证面临的潜在障碍

人工林在中国林业发展中占据了重要地位, 但由于其带来的各种问题迫切要求实现可持续经营。FSC森林可持续经营认证充分考虑了经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的协调, 有助于人工林经营向着可持续的方向发展, 对于解决人工林经营中存在的问题有积极意义。但中国的人工林经营在遵守FSC认证的要求时可能存在一些障碍。针对FSC森林经营认证的具体标准或指标, 列出了中国人工林经营存在的一些潜在的不符合项, 并提出了建议。     

The Economics of a Private Forestry Enterprise in South-east Scotland

The annual income and expenditure accounts have been summarizedfor the period 1949–61. The woods had not previously beenunder regular management and due to war fellings were only 60per cent, stocked in 1949. The treatment policy has been restockingand rehabilitation with minimum cash investment. The local conditions,management history, and growing stock are briefly described,and a book valuation is presented to show value of land plusgrowing stock at the beginning and at the end of the period.The book profit on 806 acres averaged ?5. 6s. per acre per annum,of which ?3 per acre is increase in book valuation. This isequivalent to a yield of 6.4 per cent, on an average book valueof the land plus growing stock of ?70,000. The yield per cent,is expected to fall as the capital value of the growing stockincreases. Although these figures may give a reasonably accurateaccount of the financial results, it is considered that theyunderestimate the true value of the woodlands to the estateeconomy.     

加快人工速生林利用推动湖南林业产业发展

1全省人工速生林基地建设与利用的现状1.1人工速生丰产林基地建设如火如荼湖南省有着优越的自然地理条件和丰富的温光资源,适合林木生长。到2004年底,全省林业用地面积达到1279.7万hm2,占国土总面积的60.1%,其中有林地面积达到877.7万hm2,森林覆盖率51.65%,林木绿化率54.88%,活立木蓄积量3.6亿m3,均位居全国前列。湖南省人工速生丰产林建设起步于80年代初,进入90年代,随着世行贷款造林项目的启动实施,速生丰产林基地建设进入快速发展时期,特别是近年来在     

云南省民营天然橡胶良种补贴项目2007年实施概况

<正>2007年是国家实施天然橡胶良种补贴政策的第二年,国家天然橡胶良种补贴项目继续在云南省西双版纳州景洪、勐腊两县(市)实施。根据农业部办公厅农办垦〔2007〕3号文件和农业部农垦发〔2006〕     

江南私家园林空间形态的比较研究

江南私家园林在空间的营造上具有很大的共性,但是由于建造目的以及场地条件的不同,各园林的空间形态上都有自身的独特风格,显示了这种空间模式的极大适应性和对园林内涵表达的积极作用。本文通过对拙政园、留园和西泠印社的空间形态比较研究,借用语言学的逻辑分析其作用方式,以期更深刻地认识空间与园林内涵之间的关系。     

Non-industrial Private Forestry Service Markets in a Flux: Results from a Qualitative Analysis on Finland

Previous research on European forestry service markets is scarce and mainly focused on analysing external market environment and modelling of timber selling behaviour of non-industrial forest owners (NIPFs). In this study, we aim to create a broader understanding about business perspectives of forestry service markets covering the whole array of market and institutional based services offered to the NIPFs in case of Finland. The more specific empirical objective of the paper is to describe market drivers and underlying challenges in existing and potential service business models based on the concepts of service-dominant logic and dynamic capabilities. Using a qualitative approach and 22 thematic expert interviews in service organisations, we strive to analyse the drivers and opportunities for creating new services within the NIPF market and also build insight in possible barriers for new service value creation. According to our results, the ongoing structural changes offer new opportunities to change traditional mindsets and search for new types of offerings that support the renewal of this traditional forestry sector. As one of the major barriers for new innovations we identified the dominant role of established organisations securing their current positions, mainly driven by the forest industry timber procurement needs. From a managerial perspective, the changing institutional base of the current service organisations may facilitate new innovative business start-ups in addition to enhancing the strategic capabilities and competitiveness of the established firms in Finnish forestry sector.     

强化灌草造林模式促进后续产业发展--对山西省偏关县林业发展的调查

通过对山西省偏关县退耕还林、加快后续产业发展主要做法的调查。认为柠条先行、灌草结合、兴林促牧是一条改善生态、发展经济、农民增益、实现“三嬴”之路。推进灌草结合造林模式,不仅缓解了林牧矛盾,巩固了退耕还林成果,也为加快农村产业结构调整、推动农民在退耕还林后发展商品型畜牧业创造了有利条件。     

Evolution and Development of a Code for Private Native Forestry in New South Wales,Australia

Until recently the focus of forestry regulations in New South Wales (NSW) was on public rather than private lands. This paper describes the process of developing legislation to control where and how private native forestry takes place. To date, the lead agency in attempting to formulate a clear policy has been the Department of Natural Resources. First, through a series of committee meetings of representatives of key stakeholder groups, a draft private native forestry code was devised and was released for public comment. After a period of intense negative reaction from both those in favour of continuing timber production in native forests and those in favour of requiring that private lands be managed as nature reserves, the draft code was withdrawn and a government-appointed committee then began again the process of drawing up a code acceptable to most stakeholders.     

Mixed Forests as a Part of Sustainable Forestry in Southern Sweden

Abstract

We review and discuss the applicability of mixed stands in the context of sustainable forestry in southern Sweden. This is done from a silvicultural perspective regarding aspects such as regeneration, pre-commer-cial thinnings, production, economy, damage and policy implications. The paper is based on literature reviews and on studies performed in southern Sweden or under comparable conditions. After considering the underlying mechanisms, we find that it is possible to establish a mixed stand in the regeneration phase and sometimes even to a lower cost compared to monocultures. To keep the mixture, or to create it, with pre-commercial thinnings is, however, often more expensive. The reviewed studies, together with a new simulation, show that the effect on productivity of mixed stands compared to monocultures is minor. Some positive effects on damage (i.e., decreased levels) in mixed stands have been found. The economy and the policy implications of mixed stand management were found to be dependent on the specific stand and situations. A general finding was that research and knowledge of managing mixed stands, as compared to monocultures, are limited, which in turn could limit the applicability of mixed stand management.     

Sustainable Development of Forests as a Way to Preserve the Natural Basis of Forestry

Abstract

The term “sustainability” has been around for a long time and many definitions of the term are in use today. The concept has evolved over the years from meaning merely regeneration of trees, to a definition that considers all functions of the forest as being essential. However, valid doubt exists as to whether we could ever gather the extensive information needed to make accurate judgements about socioeconomic sustainability. The danger in too general a use of the concept is that it will become a blanket which covers underlying goals that are not compatible. Applied to forests, sustainability must include a consideration of preservation of genetic information to maximize the system's ability to respond to change.     

以森林健康为核心推动我国林业快速发展

文章以我国林业的现状为出发点,借鉴美国等发达国家在森林健康方面的成功经验对我国森林健康的发展提出了一些建议,对走一条具有中国特色的森林健康之路,实现我国林业跨越式发展具有一定的参考价值。     

Transformations Towards a New Era in Small Scale Forestry: Introduction to the Small-Scale Forestry Special Issue

Small-scale Forestry -     

Land Use After Forestland Allocation and the Potential for Farm Forestry in a Mountainous Region of Northeast Vietnam

As a response to serious deforestation in Vietnam, the forestland allocation (FLA) policy was introduced in the 1990s. The process still continues, having allocated 80% of the forestland to various management entities, among which individual households are the most important one for production forests. While previous studies focusing on local livelihoods reveal negative impacts of the FLA, particularly in the initial stage, studies on forest cover change as well as government statistics indicate positive changes in the longer term. We focused on micro-scale land use change after the FLA, and selected two upland villages with different accessibility in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Though the FLA was initiated in 1995 in both villages, the government reforestation program first reached Village G with paved road, and they did second planting. However, forestland recipients in Village A, with no paved road, also planted timber species as soon as the program was introduced. Though the mean allocated areas in Village A was larger than that of Village G, the mean of tree plantation areas was comparable, 1.39 ha (SE?=?1.09) in Village A and 1.38 ha (SE?=?1.01) in Village G. These results suggest that government support is a determinant of the timing and area of tree planting activities. After the FLA, one of the next policy challenges is how to make small-scale farm forestry financially independent.     

Uptake of Nutrients in a Plantation of Acacia mangium in Relation to Decrease in Soil Amounts

Abstract

Amounts of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and sodium in the humus layer and plant-available or exchangeable nutrients in the top 30 cm of the soil were determined before planting and in a 45-month-old plantation of Acacia mangium. Amounts were lower in the plantation than before planting owing to plant uptake and leaching. However, for potassium and calcium the difference was much smaller than the amounts in the plantation biomass, indicating that the plants had taken up nutrients from soil depths below 30 cm or had utilized other sources of nutrients. The other main sources of nutrients were mineralization of dead logs, big branches, and roots, none of which had been included in the humus sampling, and chemical weathering of minerals. The supply of plant nutrients through atmospheric input was low, and there was a negligible input of nutrients dissolved in laterally flowing water because the investigated plot was situated near the water divide.

The investigation shows that determinations of total nutrients in the humus layer and exchangeable ones in the mineral soil, which are the most common fertility assessment methods in forest ecosystems, are not satisfactory for determining long-term fertility of forest soils.     

周生贤以科学发展观指导林业建设--周生贤谈正确处理林业"六大关系"

全国绿化委员会副主任、国家林业局局长周生贤最近在部署工作时提出,树立科学的发展观,对于促进我国经济社会快速协调发展具有重大意义。在落实《中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定》和全国林业工作会议精神、加快林业发展中,林业部门一定要坚持以科学的发展观指导林业建设,抓住林业发展的战略机遇期,延长林业发展的高峰期,把握战略上的主动性,提高策略上的有效性.要按照中央提出的“五个统筹”的要求,正确处理好“六大关系”。近日,周生贤在接受《绿色中国》杂志社记者专访时,对坚持科学的发展观正确处理林业发展中的“六大关系”做了进一步的阐释。     

The Potential of Albizia lebbeck as a Supplementary Feed for Goats in Tanzania

Forty growing goats (20 males and 20 females) were used in a 90-day growth and intake study to evaluate the potential of Albizia lebbeck (ABC) based concentrate as compared with Gliricidia sepium (GBC), Leucaena leucocephala (LBC), and Moringa oleifera (MBC) based concentrates with cotton seed cake (CSC) as a control. The animals were fed a basal diet of maize stover and supplemented daily with 30 g/kg W^0.75 of ABC, GBC, LBC, MBC, and CSC. They were compounded so as to formulate iso-protein diets. Treatment effects were significant (p<0.05) for growth rates in that with the exception of GBC, goats on CSC exhibited significantly higher gains compared to counterparts in other treatments. The total DM intake was between 50.6 and 52.6 g/kg W^0.75/day and there were no significant (p>0.05) differences among treatments. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments for maize stover intake. CSC based treatment showed the highest intake with insignificant (p>0.05) differences amongst the leaf meal based concentrates. It can be concluded that Albizia lebbeck had similar potential to the other leaf meal based supplements studied but had lower potential compared to a cotton seed cake based supplement, as protein sources for growing goats fed a poor quality basal diet.