酸性水稻土上水稻对硅、钾、钙、镁的吸收及其动力学研究

运用盆栽试验研究了南方稻区酸性水稻土上增施硅(Si)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)肥对水稻产量的影响及其水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg的吸收。结果表明,在酸性水稻土上增施Si、K、Ca、Mg肥及其配合施用均具有显著的增产效益,能明显地提高水稻对该种元素吸收速率和总吸收量。施Si肥主要是增加了水稻后期对Si的吸收,使水稻成熟期能保持较高的Si含量;施用K肥使水稻在移栽后能较长时间内保持较高的K吸收速率;施Ca、Mg肥能使水稻保持较高的Ca吸收速率;K和Ca之间存在不同程度的交互作用。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg的吸收过程。可用扩散方程和Elovich方程的参数b值来评价水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg吸收速率。     

赣南华盛顿脐橙果实发育中几种矿质营养含量动态的研究

赣南红黄壤的土壤条件导致柑橘树体缺素现象比较普遍,而华盛顿脐橙缺素症状并不明显.本文以赣南华盛顿脐橙为试验材料,对其果实发育中果实不同部位(果皮和果肉)的B、Ca、K、Mg和叶片(越冬老叶和当年春梢叶)的B、Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn含量变化进行了对比测定.结果表明:果皮和果肉B含量均于果实膨大期出现显著上升高峰;而对应的Ca含量在幼果期至果实膨大初期相对较高,之后趋明显下降.老叶的B、Ca、Fe和Mn含量均相对稳定,对应春梢叶四者含量均于花后100 d(高温干旱期)出现大幅度下降,之后呈类似的变化趋势;而春梢叶的K、Mg和Zn含量并无此显著下降过程,且老叶的Mg和Zn含量均低于缺乏临界值.     

氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥 ,增加了干物质中N ,Mg的百分含量 ,但减少了P和K的百分含量 ;施N情况下 ,N ,P ,Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥 ,增加了干物质中P的百分含量 ,减少了Ca ,Mg的百分含量 ;N ,P ,K ,Ca的吸收总量增加 ,Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥 ,增加了干物质中K的百分含量 ,减少了Ca ,Mg的百分含量 ,K ,P的吸收总量增加 ,N ,Ca ,Mg的吸收总量减少     

氮、磷营养过量对土壤养分及黄瓜营养吸收的影响初探

采用土壤培养试验研究土壤氮、磷单个养分分别过量的条件下,土壤养分状况的改变以及黄瓜植株养分吸收的变化。结果表明,土壤氮素过剩使土壤交换性K、Ca、Mg含量增加6%左右,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量成倍增加,易于形成土壤盐类障碍。土壤磷素过剩反而导致土壤交换性K、Ca含量下降,尤其是以交换性Ca下降为多,水溶性K、Ca、Mg含量减少50%左右。土壤氮素过剩抑制了黄瓜磷的吸收;相反,土壤磷素过剩时,氮吸收受抑。土壤氮、磷营养过剩在高量下均对黄瓜植株K、Ca、Mg的吸收表现出抑制作用。     

氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥，增加了干物质中N，Mg的百分含量，但减少了P和K的百分含量；施N情况下，N，P，Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥，增加了干物质中P的百分含量，减少了Ca，Mg的百分含量；N，P，K，Ca的吸收总量增加，Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥，增加了干物质中K的百分含量，减少了Ca,Mg的百分含量，K，P的吸收总量增加，N，Ca,Mg的吸收总量减少。     

柚木优良无性系根系养分吸收动力学研究

以4个柚木优良无性系1年生苗木为试材,采用营养液培养和离子消耗曲线模拟方法,测定了根系的Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、NO-3吸收动力学参数。结果表明,以根系总吸收面积和总干重计算的Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、NO3-最大吸收速率相接近。在Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、NO3-最大吸收速率(Vmax)及离子流入速率(α值)指标上,不同基因型之间差异较大,而在养分离子吸收亲合力(Km)指标上,则没有明显差异。缅甸种源无性系VI-23根系对Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-的Vmax及α值均为最大,而印度种源无性系70-12根系则对K+的Vmax及α值为最大,表明缅甸种源无性系VI-23为Ca、Mg和NO3--N硝态氮高效吸收基因型,印度种源无性系70-12为钾高效吸收基因型。     

盐胁迫下柚实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性研究

以坪山柚为材料,对盐胁迫下实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性进行了研究。结果表明,沙培30d,80～200mmol/L盐胁迫,随盐浓度提高,坪山柚实生苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重和根部干重明显降低。溶液培养8d,坪山柚实生苗地上部及根Na+、Cl-含量随盐浓度的增加而增加,根及地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+以及P和Mn含量下降,Fe、Zn、Cu含量的变化因器官而异。其中,地上部Fe含量对盐胁迫敏感,可作为柚耐盐性鉴定指标。40mmol/L盐胁迫,坪山柚地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+值均显著下降,且Mg2+/Na+值+/Na+值>1;浓度≥160mmol/L盐胁迫,K+/Na+值+吸收、运转效率比Cl-高。     

机插条件下籼粳杂交稻茎秆的抗倒性评价及成因分析

为了评价机插条件下籼粳杂交稻茎秆的抗倒性能及揭示其成因,该研究选用甬优系列具有代表性的籼粳杂交稻A为研究对象,以生产上主推的高产杂交粳稻B、常规粳稻C和杂交籼稻D为对照,采用机插小苗种植方式,设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理,在蜡熟期系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种茎秆抗倒伏性及主要理化特征的差异。结果表明:1)抗倒性方面,与B、C、D相比,A的弯曲力矩和抗折力得到协同提高,但在两者的综合作用下,倒伏指数表现为DABC。2)茎秆质构特征方面,A类品种基部节间的纵向载荷度、弹性、内聚性、抗弯强度等载荷能力指标以及硬度、脆度、穿刺强度、紧实度等穿刺性能的指标均高于B、C、D。3)茎秆形态与解剖性状方面,A的株高、穗高、重心高、基部节间粗度、横截面积、茎壁面积、维管束总面积、大维管束面积、小维管束面积、大维管束数目、小维管束数目均高于B、C、D;A的相对重心高度、基部节间长度小于D而高于B、C;A的基部节间秆型指数、相对茎壁面积、相对维管束面积、大维管束相对面积、小维管束相对面积均低于B、C而高于D。4)茎秆化学成分含量方面,A茎鞘中可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素、木质素、K、Si、Ca、Cu、Zn等化学成分含量表现为低于B和C,高于D;茎鞘中N、Mg、Fe、Mn等化学成分含量表现为A高于B和C,低于D。5)相关分析表明,倒伏指数与重心高度、茎秆粗度、横截面积呈显著正相关(P0.05),与相对重心高度、基部节间长度、N、Mg、Fe、Mn的含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);与淀粉、Cu的含量呈显著负相关(P0.05),与秆型指数、相对茎壁面积、相对维管束面积、可溶性糖、纤维素、木质素、K、Si、Ca、Zn的含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。通过本研究笔者初步认为,机插条件下,甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的茎秆抗倒性虽稍逊于杂交粳稻和常规粳稻,但较杂交籼稻有大幅提高,茎秆理化特性的差异与抗倒性密切相关。该研究结果可为长江下游地区籼粳杂交稻机械化抗倒栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

磷对不同玉米品种生长、体内磷循环和分配的影响

以杂交玉米蠡玉16和冀单28为供试作物,采用供高磷（250 mol/L）和低磷（5 mol/L）营养液的石英砂培养方法,研究2个玉米品种的各器官干重和磷积累与分配、体内磷在木质部和韧皮部中的循环、流动及磷的吸收和利用效率。结果表明,与供高磷处理相比,低磷处理的2个玉米品种各营养器官的干重、磷含量和木质部中运输的磷量显著降低; 而磷在体内韧皮部的再循环显著增加,并且玉米各部位叶片活化出的磷主要是通过韧皮部循环至根中后,再经过木质部向上部新生叶运输的; 体内光合产物与磷向上部叶的运输是不同步的过程。低磷时,与冀单28相比,蠡玉16的根冠比高010,整株干重和磷含量增加269%和120%,磷吸收和利用效率提高121%和133%,木质部总磷向上部叶运输的比例高306%。说明低磷条件下,磷高效玉米品种生物量大是由于具有较大的根冠比,木质部中更大比例的磷被分配到上部新生叶以及其具有较高的磷吸收和利用效率。     

低温对不同耐冷性水稻品种秧苗生理特性及根尖解剖结构的 影响

以秧苗期耐冷性不同的2个水稻品种湘早籼45和三七十萝为材料,利用光照培养箱分别设适温（25℃,CK）和低温（10℃）两个处理,研究低温下水稻秧苗生理特性及根尖解剖结构的变化,以探明低温对水稻秧苗的影响机理。结果表明,与对照相比,低温下幼苗总根数、最长根长、根鲜重、根干重、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和根系活力下降,且随着处理时间的延长降低幅度增大,冷敏感品种湘早籼45幼苗的降幅大于耐冷品种三七十萝;低温下根系SOD活性、POD活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,根系相对电导率、MDA含量增加,耐冷品种三七十萝根系SOD活性、POD活性、相对电导率、MDA含量变幅小于冷敏感品种湘早籼45;低温下根系分泌物游离氨基酸含量和可溶性糖含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,耐冷性品种三七十萝变幅高于冷敏感品种湘早籼45;低温下冷敏感品种湘早籼45根尖薄壁细胞形状不规则,排列疏松,细胞间隙大,维管束结构不清晰,木质部排列紊乱,而耐冷品种三七十萝低温下根尖薄壁细胞形状较规则,细胞排列较紧密,细胞间隙小,维管束结构较清晰,木质部和韧皮部清晰可见。研究结果说明水稻幼苗受低温激发通过诱导不同生理和形态变化以应对低温的影响。     

增铵营养对番茄植株伤流液组分及含量的影响

在总氮(N)浓度相等的条件下,研究全硝营养(100% NO3-)和25% 增铵营养(NH4+∶NO3- = 25%∶75%)对开花期和幼果期番茄植株伤流液各组分含量的影响.结果表明,增铵营养显著增加幼果期伤流液中 K的含量,对Ca、Mg、P元素含量没有显著影响;增铵营养下伤流液中 NO3- 的含量下降、NH4+ 含量增加,氨基酸、苹果酸等的含量均显著增加,氨基酸/硝态氮含量之比显著提高,表明喜硝作物适当增铵不仅能够提高根系活力,显著促进K的吸收以供果实发育之需,而且提高了植株整体同化N素的能力.     

Einfluß exogener und endogener Faktoren auf den Calciumgehalt von Paprika- und Bohnenfrüchten

Effect of external and internal factors on the calcium content of paprika and bean fruits In water culture experiments with paprika and bean plants the effect of Ca supply, transpiration and growth rate on the Ca content of the fruits has been studied. A 10-fold increase in Ca supply only slightly increased the Ca content. The Ca content of the paprika fruits was increased considerably at high transpiration rates of either the whole shoot or the single fruit. High transpiration also increased the Mg content but had no effect on the K content. In bean high transpiration rates only increased the Ca content in the early stages of fruit development. The ratio of Ca translocation versus water loss by transpiration sharply declined during fruit growth in both species. In paprika the highest ratio (μg Ca/ml) in the fruits corresponded with the ratio in the leaves. In bean fruits, however, this ratio distinctly exceeded that of fully developed leaves. At high transpiration rates of the shoot 20% of the Ca (⁴⁵Ca) injected into the fruit were translocated out of the fruit. At low transpiration rates of the shoot the corresponding value was below 1%. Most of all the growth rate of the fruits affected the Ca content. With increasing growth rate the Ca transport into the fruits was hardly altered which in turn led to a sharp decrease of the Ca content per unit dry weight. The results support the idea of the Ca transport into the fruit via the xylem. This Ca transport — i.e. also the Ca content of the fruit — is regulated and is also to be influenced by direct or indirect alterations of the water transport in the xylem.     

Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Concentrations of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

Seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit structural parts (rind and pulp) from ‘Newhall’ (Citrus. sinensis Osbeck) and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ (C. sinensis Osbeck) navel oranges were investigated during fruit development in two successive years. Leaf calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and potassium (K) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the whole season with the exception of an increase of K at stage 1, the period of fruitlet growth [before 80 days after full bloom (DAFB)], whereas the magnesium (Mg), boron (B), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations declined distinctly during stage 2 (80–180 DAFB), the period of fruit rapid enlargement. In rind, Ca, B, Fe, and Mn concentrations reached the greatest levels at stage 2, different from K and Mg, which increased at stage 1 and decreased thereafter. In pulp, concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and Mn declined gradually with time, whereas a small rise in B toward the end of sampling and a clear increase of Fe at stage 2 were observed. It was suggested that ‘Newhall’ required greater B inherently in fruits as the cultivar had greater B concentrations in fruit parts and had greater rind/leaf B concentration ratios than ‘Skagg's Bonanza.’ ‘Newhall’ had relatively greater rind Ca content and exhibited Ca distribution more uniformly within its fruit parts, which probably enhanced the crack resistance.     

不同砧木对富士苹果矿质元素含量和品质指标的影响

砧木作为果树的重要组成部分,不仅影响树体对矿质营养元素的吸收、 运转和利用,而且对地上部树体的生长发育和果实品质形成具有重要的调控作用。本文以富士苹果为试材,研究了不同砧木与苹果叶营养元素、 果实矿质营养和品质指标间的关系。结果表明, 砧木类型影响苹果叶片对矿质元素的吸收,矮化砧苹果叶片的P、 K、 Ca和Cu含量均高于乔化砧,分别比乔化砧高20.00%、 13.50%、 9.09% 和 32.72%;但其他矿质元素含量均低于乔化砧。除Ca和B元素外,矮化砧苹果果实的N、 P、 K、 Mg、 Fe、 Mn和Cu含量均高于乔化砧,分别比乔化砧高39.46%、 46.30%、 19.13%、 9.68%、 32.41%、 18.96% 和 68.31%。与乔化砧相比,矮化砧富士苹果具有较高的单果重、 可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,分别比乔化砧高5.53%、 5.25% 和 6.82%。相关分析表明,苹果叶片大量元素 N、 P、 K和Ca与果实部分营养元素间存在显著的相关性,其中叶片K和果实N的相关系数高达0.9001;而叶片微量元素Fe、 Mn、 Zn和B与果实矿质元素间均不存在显著的相关性。另外,富士苹果果实的Ca含量仅为叶片Ca含量的1.58％,是所测矿质元素中相对含量最低的,这可能是套袋苹果易发生苦痘病的原因所在。     

Calciumgehalte in Früchten von Paprika,Bohne, Quitte und Hagebutte im Verlauf des Fruchtwachstums

Calcium content in fruits of paprika, bean, quince and hip during fruit growth The Ca content and the Ca translocation into the fruits during their growth was determined in paprika and bean under controlled conditions (nutrient solution, growth room) and in quince and hip (Rosa rugosa Thumb.) under field conditions. Compared to leaves the Ca content in the fruits is very low in all 4 species and declines further during their growth. The K content, however, is similar in the leaves and in the fruits of all 4 species and remains nearly constant during fruit growth. The low Ca content of the fruits cannot directly be related to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) as there are no differences in the CEC between leaves and fruits. The generally low Ca content of the fruits and its decline during fruit growth is causally related in all 4 plant species to the low rate of Ca translocation compared to the rate of dry matter translocation into the fruits. There are, however, distinct differences between the 4 plant species in the course of the ratio Ca/dry matter translocation into the fruits: In paprika the Ca translocation into the fruits strongly declines during fruit growth and in bean the Ca translocation practically ceases with the onset of seed growth. In quince under field conditions the Ca translocation into the fruits rapidly declines at later stages and finally a translocation of Ca out of the fruit takes place (decrease in the amount of Ca/fruit). Only in hip the Ca translocation into the fruits remains constant during fruit growth. There is, however, a distinctly different distribution of Ca to the various parts within the hip fruits. The decline in Ca translocation during fruit growth can be explained in paprika and bean with a shift in water influx from the xylem (rich in Ca) to the phloem at the stage of high rates of dry matter influx into the fruit. In quince and hip, however, additional mechanisms (alternating water flux in the xylem, CEC) seem to be involved in the regulation of the Ca content of these fruits.     

不同硼效率棉花品种木质部和韧皮部汁液中矿质养分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对2个硼效率不同的棉花品种木质部、韧皮部中硼及其它矿质养分运输的影响。结果表明,缺硼使2个棉花品种木质部汁液硼含量及溢出量明显降低,低效品种降低幅度大于高效品种。供硼充足(0.5mg/L)时,2个棉花品种木质部汁液中硼浓度均小于培养液中硼浓度;缺硼(0.002mg/L)时,高效品种与低效品种木质部汁液硼浓度分别是培养液硼浓度的32.0和20.5倍。缺硼使2个棉花品种木质部汁液中钾、锰、铜、锌含量均升高,高效品种升高幅度较大;钙含量均降低,低效品种降低幅度较大;高效品种镁含量增高,低效品种降低。而2个棉花品种木质部各养分(钾、镁、钙、锰、铜、锌)溢出量均降低,低效品种降低更明显。无论在缺硼或供硼充足时,2个棉花品种韧皮部中硼浓度均极低,但韧皮部溢泌液中其它养分受缺硼影响品种间表现不同,高效品种韧皮部钾、镁、锰、铜溢出量升高,低效品种则降低;2个品种钙、锌溢出量均降低,低效品种降低幅度更大。     

Effects of Antitranspirant Spray and Potassium: Calcium: Magnesium Ratio on Photosynthesis,Nutrient and Water Uptake,Growth, and Yield of Sweet Pepper

Sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) were cultivated hydroponically under different nutrient cation ratios at both high potassium (K)/calcium (Ca) (12:2) or magnesium (Mg)/Ca (4:2) ratios, compared with half strength Hoagland's solution (K:Ca:Mg; 3.5:2:0.5). Additionally, antitranspirant (Pinolene) was sprayed every fortnight to the aerial part of the plant at 1% (v/v). The antitranspirant (AT) did not affect dry weight accumulation in the leaves, stems, roots, total plant leaf area, or leaf dry weight percentage. Net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation was not impaired by the AT but the water uptake was reduced significantly independent of the nutrient solution used. The AT did not affect the cation uptake but high Mg significantly reduced Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and fruits, whilst high K had an effect only in old leaves and fruits. The AT reduced fructose and glucose concentration in the leaves but no effect was found in the fruits. Fruit yield was not affected by AT, but it was increased when plants were grown with high Mg/Ca. The percentage of blossom-end rot was reduced with the AT, whilst it was increased with the solutions having high K/Ca or high Mg/Ca. The AT significantly reduced fruit firmness in high Mg/Ca and control solution but no effect was found for fruit color, shape index, total soluble solids, or pericarp thickness.     

Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developing apricot fruit

The first objective of this study was to search for a possible correlation between accumulation of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and fruit transpiration in developing apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit. Secondly, the work aimed to determine the significance of transpirational flux on Ca nutrition. We hypothesized that if the fruit transpiration is the determining factor of Ca accumulation (phloem‐immobile element) then the import of Ca would be suppressed by restriction of fruit water loss, while the import of phloem‐mobile nutrients (i.e., K and Mg) would not be. To test this hypothesis, the seasonal changes of transpiration and of Ca, K, and Mg concentration/accumulation were assessed in fruits left to naturally transpire or under restricted transpiration (bagged fruits). Fruit transpiration was measured on detached fruits using a portable gas‐exchange equipment (ADC‐LCA4, ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, England). Results demonstrated that 83% of total fruit Ca content was gained within the first 4 weeks after fruit‐set, and that Ca import ceased concomitantly to a reduction of transpiration. In spite of the limitation of fruit transpiration, Ca entered the nontranspiring fruits, and its concentration was about 45% of that in control fruits suggesting that other factor(s) operated for Ca accumulation. This study provides the evidence that fruit transpiration accounted for 55% of total Ca that entered a fruit. We conclude that optimal soil Ca availability and apportioning to the fruit during the early 4 weeks of growth are essential to sustain the fruit demand of this nutrient and that some cultural practices (e.g., summer pruning, irrigation) should be tested as possible tools to improve fruit Ca nutrition via increasing fruit transpiration.     

Effect of External Nitrogen and Potassium Supply on Xylem Sap Composition of Sugarcane

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) availability on root exudate composition of two sugarcane cultivars known to differ with regard to their resistance to drought and salinity stress. The plants were hydroponically grown in a greenhouse and subjected to three levels of N (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mM N) and three levels of K (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mM K). Nitrogen and K stress altered the xylem sap composition. Nitrogen stress significantly reduced nitrate (NO₃ ^?), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and amino acid content and increased the pH, phosphorus (P), and K content. Whereas, K stress significantly decreased pH, K, NH₄ ⁺, and amino acid content but increased Ca, Mg, and P content. Nitrogen and K stress had opposing effects on xylem sap pH and osmolality. Results indicated that sugarcane plants recycle compounds between the phloem and xylem. The results also suggested that the NO₃ ^? and K concentration of xylem sap could be effectively used to estimate the N and K status of the soil solution.     

柑橘果实发育中果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶动态的研究

以单性结实的龟井蜜柑和自花结实的鄂柑1号橘为试材,对整个果实发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶含量变化进行了测定。结果表明,1)两品种子房(幼果)果胶酸钙含量呈类似的下降趋势;草酸钙则相反,龟井花后趋下降,而鄂柑1号却明显上升;而且鄂柑1号子房(幼果)果胶酸钙、草酸钙和果胶含量均相对较高。2)在果实增大期内,两品种果皮和果肉的果胶酸钙含量均出现显著上升,对应果皮草酸钙含量虽有波动但居相对较高水平,而果肉草酸钙则趋明显下降。3)两品种果皮和果肉水溶性果胶含量均在增大期内呈显著上升,对应原果胶含量均相对较高,进入增大后期均明显下降。