Utilization of free and protein-bound lysine in the Japanese quail

The utilization of dietary lysine for protein synthesis is affected by the digestibility of protein-bound lysine, by its intestinal resorption and by its oxidative catabolism. The approach chosen in this paper enables a comparison of the cumulative effect of these processes on the utilization of free and protein-bound lysine, respectively. The principle of the approach is based on a quantification of the expiration of 14C-labelled carbon dioxide after an oral administration of a diet, which contains L-(U-14C)-lysine either as a free amino acid or bound to yeast proteins. During an adaptation phase cockerels of the Japanese quail received a diet based mainly on ground wheat and wheat gluten. This diet was supplemented either with yeast proteins or with a mixture of L-amino acids which simulates the composition of the yeast proteins. In the main experiment the expiration of labelled carbon dioxide was measured during 240 minutes after the administration of the corresponding labelled diets. Just before treatment the animals were either in the postprandial phase or in a state of slight hunger. The maximum of expiration of labelled carbon dioxide occurred around the 60th minute after administration of the corresponding labelled diets. The cumulative expiration of labelled carbon dioxide, expressed in per cent of the radioactive dose used, amounts to 15.5% and 14.3% for free and protein-bound lysine, respectively. The utilization of both forms of lysine in the Japanese quail is lower than in broilers.     

Management of polyethylene glycol solution aspiration using bronchoscopic lavage in a dog

Polyethylene glycol lavage solutions are used for colonic preparation in dogs and are considered relatively safe. Aspiration is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of polyethylene glycol administration. Full recovery is possible and often rapid in people treated with bronchoalveolar lavage. A healthy 2-year-old male Beagle used in an endoscopy teaching laboratory aspirated a small amount of polyethylene glycol lavage solution. Although initially appearing unaffected, the dog quickly became hypoxemic. Bronchoscopy was used to lavage the lungs and aspirate tracheal/pulmonary fluid 5 times over the course of 45 minutes. The dog completely recovered. This report presents the successful treatment of polyethylene glycol aspiration in a dog. Although the seriousness of aspiration might not be immediately evident, bronchoscopy and lavage should be pursued because of the rapidly progressive nature of polyethylene glycol-induced pulmonary edema.     

Intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol 4000 and porcine albumin in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus

The intestinal permeability of specific pathogen free piglets has been studied by measuring the concentration of ¹⁴C in the blood after oral administration of ¹⁴C polyethylene glycol (¹⁴C PEG, MW=4000) and the concentration of ¹³¹I in the faeces after intraperitoneal administration of ¹³¹I porcine albumin (¹³¹I PA, MW=68 000). The tests were performed one day before and up to two days after the piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus.Jejunal biopsies were taken from two piglets before the experimental infection, from two piglets 12 h after the experimental infection and from five piglets at the end of the experiment, 46 h after infection. Blood samples were taken six-hourly and faecal samples several times.Some piglets vomited before diarrhoea and loss of appetite started at 14 h after infection; the packed cell volume decreased before but increased after infection. Morphological examination showed hyperregenerative villous atrophy at 46 h after infection.There was no increase in the permeation of ¹⁴C PEG but there was a significant increase in the flux of ¹³¹I PA from the blood to the gut lumen.     

Discovery,Isolation,Identification and Characterization of Novel Non-ribosomal Peptide Antibacterial Active Substances in Bacillus

The aim of this study was to search for novel non-ribosomal peptide antimicrobial substances based on the screening of bacterial secondary metabolites.The bacteria isolated from soil,sea water and common marine organisms in Yantai coastal area were isolated and purified.E.coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 were selected as indicator bacteria,and E.coli B2 (bla_NDM-5+mcr-1) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) T144 were used as indicator for secondary screening.The genome was extracted and the PCR products were sequenced to determine the active species.The secondary metabolites of bacteria were extracted by organic extraction,purified by gel chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography,and purity was detected by analytical liquid chromatography.The results of sequencing showed that the active strain belonged to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp.,and was named as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 9-14 (active bacterium 9-14).The results of antibacterial test showed that the metabolites of active bacterium 9-14 had high inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213,MRSA T144,E.coli ATCC 25922 and E.coli B2.The metabolites of active bacterium 9-14 were cyclic lipopeptides composed of amino acid chains,which belonged to the derivatives of ibuprofen.The biological characteristics and antibacterial spectrum of the metabolites of active bacterium 9-14 were studied.The results showed that the metabolites of active bacterium 9-14 had good thermal stability and acid-base stability.And the antibacterial activity of the antibacterial substance treated with trypsin,pepsin,protease K and papain was not significantly weakened and had good stability.The antibacterial substance also had inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli,but had no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus.In this study,a new antibacterial substance was obtained,which could be used as the precursor of antibacterial drugs,and could provide certain reference for food safety and disease control.     

芽孢杆菌中新型非核糖体肽类抗菌活性物质的发掘、分离鉴定及特性研究

本研究旨在基于对细菌次级代谢产物的筛选,寻找新型非核糖体肽类抗菌物质。通过对烟台沿海地区的土壤、海水及近海常见海洋生物中的细菌进行培养,分离纯化得到细菌的单克隆,以大肠杆菌（E.coli）ATCC 25922和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 29213为指示菌进行初步筛选,以耐多黏菌素和碳青霉烯E.coli B2（bla_NDM-5+mcr-1）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA） T144作为指示菌对有活性的细菌进行二次筛选。通过提取基因组进行PCR扩增产物测序比对,确定活性菌种属。采用有机萃取法对细菌的次级代谢产物进行萃取,通过凝胶层析和制备液相色谱进行纯化,利用分析型液相色谱进行纯度检测,进—步利用质谱对纯化后的抗菌活性物质进行结构鉴定。测序结果表明,活性菌属于解淀粉酶芽孢杆菌种,将其命名为解淀粉酶芽孢杆菌9-14（活性菌9-14）。抑菌试验结果表明,活性菌9-14的代谢产物对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 29213、MRSA T144、E.coli ATCC 25922和E.coli B2均具有高效抑制作用。活性菌9-14代谢产物是由氨基酸链组成的环状脂肽,属于伊枯草菌素的衍生物。对活性菌9-14代谢产物的生物学特性及其抑菌谱研究发现,活性菌9-14的代谢产物具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,该抗菌物质经胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、蛋白酶K和木瓜蛋白酶处理后抗菌活性没有明显减弱,具有较好的稳定性;该抗菌物质对所用金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌同样具有抑制作用,对绿脓杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、粪肠球菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌均不表现活性。本研究得到一种新型的抗菌物质,以该抗菌物质为抗菌药物的前体,可为食品安全和疾病控制提供一定的参考依据。     

Total Colectomy with Ileorectal Anastomosis in the Cat

Total colectomy with end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis was performed in eight healthy adult cats. Hydration status, body weight, attitude, appetite, and stool consistency were monitored for 24 weeks. Ileal water absorption was determined at weeks 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 using the double-lumen catheter intestinal perfusion technique with polyethylene glycol as the indicator substance. Bowel adaptation was evaluated by histologic morphometric analysis of full-thickness ileal biopsies taken at the time of total colectomy and at weeks 6, 12, 18, and 24. The anastomoses were examined at necropsy for evidence of leakage and development of strictures. All cats resumed normal activity in 48 hours and maintained or gained weight during the study. Small volumes of watery diarrhea were present immediately after surgery, but by week 1 all cats had a semi-solid nonformed stool. At month 2, three cats developed semi-solid formed stools. One cat had occasional perineal soiling and five cats had at least one episode of hematochezia. There was improvement in ileal water absorption in two cats, and there were significant increases in villus height, enterocyte height, and enterocyte density in all cats. Results of postmortem examination of the anastomosis showed no evidence of stricture in any cat.     

RP-HPLC法测定杜仲增免液中松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的含量

试验旨在建立测定杜仲增免液中松脂醇二葡萄糖苷含量的RP-HPLC法。以Inersustain^® C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,乙腈-0.2%磷酸（15：85）为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温35℃,紫外检测波长277 nm。以乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂,在所建立的色谱条件下测定供试品溶液,以理论塔板数和分离度作为系统适用性指标。对对照品松脂醇二葡萄糖苷溶液进行线性回归,确定线性范围,考察分析方法的精密度、稳定性、重现性,并进行加样回收试验。结果显示,用所建立的方法测定供试品溶液中松酯醇二葡萄糖苷理论塔板数为8 588,分离度为3.046。松脂醇二葡萄糖苷对照品溶液在6~192 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9996;精密度试验结果显示松脂醇二葡萄糖苷对照品溶液峰面积相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）为0.74%;重现性和稳定性试验结果显示供试品溶液中松酯醇二葡萄糖苷峰面积RSD分别为4.50%和2.69%;平均加样回收率为98.74%,RSD为0.65%（n=9）;在所建立的色谱条件下,供试品中松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的平均含量为0.124~0.127 mg/mL。结果表明,应用该方法测定杜仲增免液中松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的含量,系统适用性好,精密度高,重现性和稳定性好,回收率高,快速简便、准确可靠,可作为杜仲增免液中松脂醇二葡萄糖苷含量测定方法。     

鱼腥草注射液中非法添加甲氧氯普胺的HPLC-PDA检测方法的建立

为检测鱼腥草注射液中非法添加的甲氧氯普胺,以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,0.02 mol/L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调剂p H值至4.0)-乙腈(81:19)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,波长扫描范围为200~400 nm,柱温25℃,建立了HPLC-PAD检测方法,并采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。结果显示,甲氧氯普胺回收率为98.8%,RSD为0.3%;线性方程为y=43542070x+36695,R2=1;检测限为6μg/m L;定量限为9μg/m L。本方法快速、灵敏、可靠,可对鱼腥草注射液中非法添加的甲氧氯普胺违禁药物进行定性和定量检测。     

Comparison of two low-dose dexamethasone suppression protocols as screening and discrimination tests in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Two low-dose dexamethasone suppression test protocols were evaluated in 18 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (14 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [PDH] and 4 dogs with adrenocortical tumor) and in 5 healthy control dogs. Blood was obtained immediately before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after IV administration of either 0.01 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate/kg of body weight or 0.015 mg of dexamethasone polyethylene glycol/kg. At 8 hours after dexamethasone administration, 18 of 18 (100%) dogs with hyperadrenocorticism given the sodium phosphate preparation and 16 of 18 (89%) affected dogs given the polyethylene glycol preparation failed to have suppression of plasma cortisol concentration (less than 1.4 micrograms/dl). Plasma cortisol concentration was suppressed to less than 1.4 micrograms/dl at 2, 4, and/or 6 hours after administration of either dexamethasone preparation in 5 of 14 dogs with PDH and to less than 50% of baseline cortisol concentration in 10 of 14 dogs with PDH. Suppression, as identified by these 2 criteria, was not observed at 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours after administration of either dexamethasone preparation in dogs with adrenocortical tumor. For both protocols, the 8-hour plasma cortisol concentration was suppressed to less than 1.4 micrograms/dl and to less than 50% of baseline in the 5 control dogs. Both protocols were comparable for use as screening tests in establishing a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. Suppression of plasma cortisol concentration to less than 50% of baseline (or less than 1.4 micrograms/dl) during the test was consistent with diagnosis of PDH. Failure to have such suppression, however, was observed in dogs with PDH as well as in those with adrenocortical tumor.     

Comparison of the effects of intragastric infusions of equal volumes of water, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and magnesium sulfate on fecal composition and output in clinically normal horses.

A Latin square design was used to compare the effects of laxatives and a corresponding volume of water on gastrointestinal tract function in 4 healthy horses. Horses were intragastrically infused with each of the following: dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS; 50 mg/kg of body weight); magnesium sulfate (0.5 g/kg--low dosage); magnesium sulfate (1.0 g/kg--high dosage); and an equal volume of water (6 L) given as a control infusion. From 5 to 33 hours after the high dosage of magnesium sulfate, feces were slightly softer than usual in all horses. In 1 horse, DSS caused mild colic, hyperpnea, and diarrhea from 0.3 to 3 hours after administration. After all laxative treatments and the control infusion, fecal output, fecal water, number of defecations, and fecal water percentage were greater during the first 6 and 12 hours, compared with each subsequent 6-hour period (P less than 0.05). The high dosage of magnesium sulfate had greater effect on fecal output and fecal water than did the low dosage and control infusion (P less than 0.05). However, this effect preceded arrival of the liquid transit marker, polyethylene glycol, and magnesium at their highest concentrations in feces by 12 to 18 hours. Compared with the control infusion, none of the laxative treatments affected excretion of polyethylene glycol and plastic particulate markers, nor did they increase water consumption. It was concluded that the response to intragastric infusions may involve reflex mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract and that these responses could be used for treatment of colon impactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

阿莫西林系统适用性国家兽药标准物质的研制

试验借鉴了中国食品药品检定研究院阿莫西林系统适用性对照品制备工艺,在原工艺基础上进行了优化,增加了酸中和的关键步骤,研制了阿莫西林系统适用性国家兽药标准物质。通过工艺优化,显著提升了样品溶液稳定性;且与中检院的对照品对比,未知杂质明显减少,已知杂质均可清晰定位,尤其是阿莫西林闭环三聚体更易于辨识。本对照品的研制对阿莫西林原料及相关制剂的生产及质量控制具有重要意义。     

Kinetics and postmucosal effects on urinary recovery of 5 intravenously administered sugars in healthy cats

The objective of this study was to describe the kinetics of urinary recovery and to evaluate the effects of postmucosal factors on urinary recovery of 5 intravenously administered saccharides. Ten cats received an isotonic sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose intravenously. These sugars were selected because of their prior use for intestinal permeability and mucosal function testing in humans and dogs. Urethral catheterization with a closed collection system was used for collection of cumulative urine samples prior to and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h after administration of the sugar solution. High-pressure anion exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used to measure the concentrations of each sugar in the urine and calculate urinary recovery. Twenty-four hour cumulative urinary recovery for each sugar from the cats, was lower than expected compared to dogs and humans. All 5 sugars had the highest percentage of urinary recovery during the first 2 h after administration. Mean sugar elimination rate constants and half-lives ranged from 0.268/h for methylglucose to 0.415/h for lactulose and 1.67 h for lactulose to 2.59 h for methylglucose, respectively. Metabolism and incomplete urine collection are possible reasons for lower cumulative urinary recoveries of these 5 sugars in cats compared with dogs. Although these 5 sugars are not ideal marker molecules, they may still be useful for intestinal permeability and mucosal function testing in cats.     

Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies

Amitraz, atropine, glycopyrrolate and morphine (but not its derivatives, meperidine [pethidine], oxymorphone and butorphanol) produced similar effects on clinically observed intestinal functions and significantly prolonged intestinal transit, as assessed with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, their mechanisms of action, particularly on intestinal transport (fluid movement), may differ widely. Loperamide appeared to exert a preferential action on intestinal transport rather than motility, as there was no significant delay in PEG transit. The action of amitraz in perturbing smooth muscle coordination and enhancing absorption involved, at least partially, an alpha 2 adrenergic component susceptible to yohimbine. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, did not influence amitraz responses but induced the return of intestinal sounds and defecation after a refractory period in morphine-dosed ponies. The results suggest potential clinical applications in horses for loperamide in diarrhoea therapy, for alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists in obstruction and ileus and, possibly, of amitraz-like agents in reducing fluid losses in diarrhoea.     

三种呼吸系统兽药制剂中非法添加盐酸溴己新、吲哚美辛的HPLC-PDA检测方法的建立

为检测麻杏石甘散、氟苯尼考注射液中非法添加的盐酸溴己新,甘草颗粒中非法添加的吲哚美辛,以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈(20∶80)为流动相检测盐酸溴己新,以乙腈-0.1mol/L冰醋酸溶液(50∶50)为流动相检测吲哚美辛,流速为1.0 m L/min,波长扫描范围为200~400 nm,建立了相应的HPLC-PAD检测方法,并采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。结果显示,麻杏石甘散和氟苯尼考注射液中盐酸溴己新的回收率分别为94.8%和98.5%,甘草颗粒中吲哚美辛回收率为95.2%;盐酸溴己新线性方程为y=14780200x-16476,R=0.9999,吲哚美辛线性方程为y=10995430x+13033,R=0.9999;麻杏石甘散中盐酸溴己新检测限为83 mg/kg,氟苯尼考注射液中盐酸溴己新检测限为1.6 g/L,甘草颗粒中吲哚美辛检测限为1 g/kg。     

山茶蜂花粉粗多糖的脱蛋白研究

对山茶蜂花粉粗多糖的脱蛋白方法进行了初步研究.考察了不同体积乙醇沉淀多糖试样的效果和不同体积三氯乙酸沉淀多糖试样中蛋白质的效果,并经Sephadex G-75的洗脱.研究结果表明:乙醇体积为多糖液体积的3.5倍时,沉淀效果最好;多糖液中加入等倍体积的10%三氯乙酸时,脱蛋白效果最佳;多糖经Sephadex G-75的洗脱,出现两个洗脱峰.     

Purification and characterization of porcine C3. Studies of the biologically active protein and its split products.

Separation techniques for obtaining pure and biologically active swine C3 have been improved in this study. Using these procedures and through the further characterization of porcine C3, the possibilities for developing more specific techniques for the analysis of the complement system in swine have been improved. Plasma was initially treated with protease inhibitors, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-fractionation, plasminogen-depletion and a rapid chromatographic desalting step. The essential fractionation was carried out by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Contaminants were removed by size-exclusion (Sepharose CL-6B)- and hydroxylapatite-chromatography. The final recovery reached 56% with 73% retaining specific hemolytic activity. The amino acid composition (98.33%), the functional compatibility and the secondary structure of fragments and intact protein indicate a high degree of homology with human C3. In contrast with the findings of earlier studies was the considerable immunologic cross-reactivity observed with human C3, and the size difference between the human and the swine C3-beta subunit, which was found to be 10 kDa lighter than the human analogue. The finding that the swine C3b/iC3b/C3c fragments do not separate from C3 by agarose electrophoresis, unlike the human analogues, demonstrated that this commonly used simple parameter for the detection of complement activation cannot be used in the porcine model.     

Concurrent administration of water-soluble vitamin E can increase the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine a in healthy dogs

Randomized crossover studies were performed to determine the effect of coadministration of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) on the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine A (CsA) formulated as either Sandimmune (Novartis Pharmaceuticals) or Neoral (Novartis Pharmaceuticals). Healthy dogs were given a single oral dose of each cyclosporine formulation with and without vitamin E TPGS. Blood samples were collected from each dog before and at various intervals for 24 hours after drug administration. Whole-blood CsA concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that coadministration of vitamin E TPGS increased the oral bioavailability of Sandimmune. The bioavailability of Neoral was greater than that of cyclosporine. Concurrent administration of vitamin E TPGS had no consistent effect on the bioavailability of Neoral.     

鱼腥草注射液中非法添加水杨酸和氧氟沙星HPLC-PDA检测方法的建立

为建立鱼腥草注射液中非法添加水杨酸和氧氟沙星的测定方法,采用十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,磷酸二氢钠溶液(取磷酸二氢钠3.0 g,加1000 m L水使溶解,加三乙胺0.5 m L,用氢氧化钠饱和溶液调节p H值至7.0)-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,二极管阵列检测器,提取波长为293 nm。采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。在此液相色谱条件下,水杨酸、氧氟沙星与其他物质峰分离良好。按外标法以峰面积计算,水杨酸和氧氟沙星的平均回收率分别为99.3%和98.8%,RSD分别为0.6%和0.8%。结果表明该检测方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于同时测定鱼腥草注射液中非法添加的水杨酸和氧氟沙星。     

Determination of Pinoresinol Diglucoside in Eucommie ulmoides Immunoenhancement Liquids by RP-HPLC

The assay was aimed to determine the content of pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) in Eucommie ulmoides immunoenhancement liquids. The chromatographic conditions were as follows:Inersustain^® C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) was under column temperature of 35℃, the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid(15:85)with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,and the UV detection wavelength was 277 nm. Ethyl acetate was used as extraction solvent. In order to determine PDG of the test solution under the chromatographic conditions, the number of theoretical plates and resolution were used as system suitability indicators. Linear regression on reference substance (PDG),linearity range and the precision, stability, and reproducibility of the analysis method, the recovery test of adding samples were all determined. The results showed that under the content determination method, the number of theoretical plates of PDG in the test solution was 8 588, and the resolution was 3.046. PDG performed good linear relation at the linear range between 6 and 192 μg/mL, and the related coefficient was 0.9996. The precision experiments showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of reference substance solution was 0.74%. The RSD of reproducibility and stability of PDG in the test solution was 4.50% and 2.69%, respectively. The average recovery was 98.74% with RSD 0.65% (n=9). Under the chromatographic conditions established above, the contents of PDG in the test sample were between 0.124 and 0.127 mg/mL. The conclusion was that the RP-HPLC method performed well system suitability, precision, reoroducibility, stability, and high recovery rate. Meanwhile this method was quick, simple and reliable. It could be used to determine the content of PDG in Eucommie ulmoides immunoenhancement liquids.     

Influence of the sex-linked dwarfing gene (dw) on the contribution of dietary lipid to yolk lipid synthesis

1. The efficiency and time course of dietary fatty acid incorporation into lipids of egg yolk and abdominal adipose tissue was compared in "White Leghorn", normal (Dw) and dwarf (dw) laying hens at 56 weeks of age, using 14C labelled linoleic acid. 2. The sex-linked dwarfing gene, dw, was shown to reduce not only body weight and abdominal fat pad deposition, but also yolk production and the average clutch size. 3. Higher peak incorporation and total recovery of the linoleic acid radioactivity into yolk lipids, but lower label recovery into adipose tissue triglycerides were found in dwarf hens. 4. The higher esterification of the dietary linoleic acid in its native form into dwarf yolk triglycerides indicates that dwarf hens use more dietary lipids to synthesise yolk lipids but these results also suggest that the dw allele might reduce the lipogenic capacities of the liver and adipose tissue in laying hens.