The effects of hydrogen cyanamide on budburst and fruit maturity of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevine

Summary

The effect of hydrogen cyanamide (H₂CN₂) on budburst and fruit maturity of `Thompson Seedless' grapes was examined. Nine year old vines of cv. Thompson Seedless grafted on R.110 rootstock and supported on overhead tendone trellis (parral), were treated with either 2% or 4% of H₂CN₂, 53 and 67 d before expected budbreak and compared with unsprayed vines. The earliest treatment with 4% H₂CN₂ enhanced budbreak and advanced fruit maturity by 17 d. However, the same concentration applied 53 d before natural budbreak advanced the date of maturity by only 4 d. All the treatments increased significantly the percentage of budburst compared with the control. H

² CN₂ had no significant effect on yield, but a positive effect on fruit quality. A higher index of maturity was obtained by the treatment: 4% H₂CN₂, 67 d before budbreak. All the treatments of H₂CN₂ induced more uniform budburst compared with the control. The best uniformity was obtained by the earliest spray using the higher concentration (4%).     

Optimum leaf area index in T-bar trained kiwifruit vines

Summary

The effect of leaf area index (LAI) on canopy growth, light interception, yield, fruit growth and quality and return bloom of kiwifruit were examined in 1990 and 1991. Different LAIs were obtained in the 1990 season with defoliation treatment made precociously at different intensities, in a diffuse way, uniformly in the whole canopy. At the end of canopy development LAIs of 3.6,3.3,3.1,2.6 and 1.8 were obtained and evaluated. The kiwifruit vines with a bud load of 680?700 and LAIs of 3.3 and 3.6 in 1990, showed an optimum and constant yield (>90 kg per vine), good average fruit weight (>100 g) and high fruit quality in both years, and also good return bloom the following season. The reduction of LAI to 2.6 and 1.8 drastically reduced, in the year of LAI imposition, both yield (?18.5% and ?30%, respectively) and mean fruit weight (?18.6% and ?29.1%, respectively) compared with vines with an LAI higher than 3.1. In the same treatments, the soluble solids concentration in the fruit was significantly decreased and a great reduction in numbers of fruiting shoots and numbers of fruits per fruiting shoot were observed in the year following the LAI imposition. In vines with the same bud load, fruit number and an LAI of 3.1, small variations in yield and fruit weight in the year of defoliation treatments were recorded, but in the following season the yield was significantly reduced (?14 kg per vine) due mainly to a decrease in the number of fruiting shoots (?14%). In kiwifruit vines with low LAI (2.6 and 1.8) nearly all fruits present in the canopy ripen, with no significant fruit drop. At low LAI, the sink strength of the fruit was greater and more extended so that vine growth and the plants reserves were restricted. Under the conditions of this experiment, an LAI higher than 3.3, corresponding to a leaf area-fruit ratio higher than 600 cm² per fruit, is necessary to obtain regular vine growth and yield, optimum fruit size and quality and return bloom the following season.     

整枝留瓜方式对“风味4号”甜瓜生育期、产量及品质的影响

以“风味4号”甜瓜品种为试材,设置单蔓整枝1株1果、单蔓整枝1株2果、双蔓整枝1株1果、双蔓整枝1株2果4个处理,对“风味4号”甜瓜生育进程、产量及品质进行观察和测定.结果表明:单蔓整枝1株1果的整枝留瓜方式为“风味4号”甜瓜的最佳管理组合.     

缺铁黄化对葡萄生长及果实品质的影响

以生长在石灰性土壤上的鲜食葡萄(抗黄化品种红脸无核、玫瑰香,重度黄化品种藤稔、紫珍香)为试材,通过测定不同抗缺铁黄化葡萄不同叶位叶片的叶绿素、光合能力,统计植株坐果率,分析比较果实品质。结果表明,黄化对葡萄植株的生长、产量和品质造成严重的危害,主要表现在:葡萄植株发生重度黄化时,整个植株从下部到顶部逐渐出现轻度—中度—重度黄化叶片,植株生长缓慢;黄化叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较正常植株显著下降。黄化植株的绿叶、轻度、中度到重度黄化叶片叶绿素含量、Pn也显著递减;重度黄化植株紫珍香和藤稔坐果率极低,果粒大小和品质显著低于未黄化植株。     

大棚葡萄栽培生长结果习性调查

调查了大棚栽培的7个葡萄品种的物候期、生长和结果习性、果实经济性状、抗病性和芽眼生产力.结果表明:矢富罗莎、无核白鸡心和红双味3个品种,适宜在大棚内栽培;兴华王、京秀、绯红和里扎马特4个品种表现较差,大棚种植时难度较大.     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

整枝方式及留果节位对秋大棚厚皮甜瓜产量的影响

在北京地区采用钢结构塑料大棚进行秋季厚皮甜瓜整枝方式及留果节位试验。结果表明:在产量、果实性状方面以双主14(双蔓单果,主蔓14节留果,侧蔓作营养枝)和单主15(单蔓单果,主蔓15节留果)的整枝留果方式表现最好,单主12(单蔓单果,主蔓12节留果)和单主9(单蔓单果,主蔓9节留果)次之,双蔓双果整枝方式不宜在生产中使用。     

Effect of paclobutrazol,prohexadione-Ca,deficit irrigation,summer pruning and root pruning on shoot growth,yield, and return bloom,in a ‘Blanquilla’ pear orchard

During the period 2001–2003 the performance of paclobutrazol, prohexadione-Ca, root pruning, summer pruning and deficit irrigation was studied with respect to a control in a Blanquilla pear orchard. Shoot growth, yield, fruit size, and return bloom were all evaluated.     

单株留芽量及结果母枝剪留长度对猕猴桃结果性能的影响

对栽植株行距3m×4m的美味猕猴桃秦美品种连续进行了3年试验,单株分别剪留250、300、350、400个芽处理后,平均单株新梢数、叶面积指数、落叶率与留芽数量呈正相关,叶幕下层的光强度、净光合率与留芽数量呈负相关;单株果枝数、果实数及单位面积产量均以留400芽处理最高,但平均单果重最小,88g以上的优质果产量最低。综合评价以单株剪留350个有效芽的效果最佳,优级果产量达到2102.7kg/666.7m2。结果母枝分别剪留7、12、17个有效芽处理后,平均每母枝的结果枝数、果实数、产量与留芽数量呈正相关,均以17芽处理最高,分别达到9.5个、30.4个和3.09kg,各处理间的单果重差异不显著。     

整枝对西瓜生长和结果的影响

整枝有调节西瓜植株生长势、提高叶片素质、促进坐果、增大果形等效应，但在一定程度上有减少雌花数目和结果数，降低产量等副作用；整枝应与适当密植结合起来以弥补其负面效应。在生产中，①早熟栽培可增加种植密度、减少蔓数，以增加果数，提高早期产量；②露地栽培则可减少种植株数，增加蔓数，以提高叶面积，增大果形，增加产量。③主蔓的去留与品种有关，生长势弱的品种主蔓应予保留，长势强的品种则宜摘除主蔓，利用侧蔓结果     

Thidiazuron increases current-year fruit size and production in Actinidia deliciosa without decreasing return bloom

Summary

The effects of whole-crown application of thidiazuron (TDZ), applied two weeks after full bloom, at the concentrations of 0 (control), 2 or 10 ppm, on vine yield, fruit quality and on next-season potential yield of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ were evaluated in 1998–99. Fruit growth increased rapidly after TDZ application. Fruit fresh weight and yield increased by about 13% and 22% with the 2 and 10 ppm concentration, respectively. These responses were associated with only small changes in fruit shape, with 10 ppm-treated fruits slightly rounder than the control. During ripening, TDZ did not affect fruit soluble solid content, flesh firmness or concentration of non-structural carbohydrates. No effect was observed on the amount of winter pruning, entity of bud burst, percent of fertile buds, number of inflorescences per fertile bud or percent of vegetative buds. These results show that TDZ can be applied to the whole crown to increase fruit size and yield, without affecting fruit quality or the next-season’s crop.     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄适宜树形调查

对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄直立龙干形、倾斜龙干形、多主蔓扇形和斜干水平形4种树形进行产量和质量的比较研究.结果表明:“霞多丽”品种直立龙干形前期667 m2产量高,斜干水平形树形新梢生长健壮、长势一致,冬季修剪、埋土防寒容易,但前期667 m2产量不如龙干形;随着单株产量的提高、浆果可溶性固形物含量下降.“威代尔”与“赤霞珠”品种多主蔓扇形株产高于倾斜龙干形,但浆果可溶性固形物含量低于后者.单壁篱架、倾斜龙干形株产低,而667 m2产量高,浆果可溶性固形物含量也高,有利于酒质提高和植株抗寒越冬,并便于越冬埋土防寒.     

Carbohydrate changes in kiwifruit buds during the onset and release from dormancy

Carbohydrates were measured in axillary bud meristems from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson cultivar Hayward) to determine whether concentrations changed during winter dormancy. Buds were collected from kiwifruit vines growing in four sites, which spanned the climatic range that kiwifruit are grown in New Zealand, and from vines where the time of budbreak had been manipulated using hydrogen cyanamide. During winter, sugars comprised 78% of measured carbohydrates in meristems, with sucrose accounting for more than 86% of sugars detected (up to 200 mg g DW⁻¹). Starch concentrations in bud meristems showed little change during winter. Meristem sucrose and hexose concentrations increased rapidly from autumn until mid-winter, and this was correlated with leaf abscission. Sugar accumulation ceased in mid-winter and concentrations remained stable until spring, suggesting that bud meristem activity was low. Four weeks before visible bud movement, a marked decline in sucrose and increase in hexose concentrations, indicated activity in the meristems had increased prior to budbreak. The patterns of seasonal change and peak sucrose concentrations in meristems were similar at all sites. The only difference was in the timing of events, with changes in meristem sugars occurring earliest in vines growing at the coolest site, coinciding with their earlier cessation of and resumption of vine growth. Advancing budbreak, by applying hydrogen cyanamide to vines in late winter, also advanced changes in sugar concentrations within meristems. This work suggests that the concentration of sucrose in kiwifruit bud meristems has utility as an indicator of whether they are being induced into, maintained or released from winter dormancy.     

Ecophysiology and vine performance of cv. “Aglianico” under various training systems

A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate ecophysiological characteristics and yield–quality performance of cv. “Aglianico” (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines trained to three different trellises at the same intrarow vine spacing and bud load per meter of row length. Bilateral guyot (BG) showed the lowest vine capacity and bilateral spur-pruned cordon (BSPC), with a vertical shoot positioning had the highest total leaf area (LA) and pruning weight. Despite very comparable crop levels among trellises, quality decreased considerably in the bilateral free cordon (BFC) vines with respect to the systems with upright shoot growth. BFC vines showed significantly lower sugar concentration (°Brix), anthocyanins and phenols, and higher pH and K⁺ according to a pattern frequently associated with excessive within-canopy shading. Shading was aggravated in the BFC vines by canopy rotation, which probably resulted in an increase of LA density per volume unit. Moreover, the BFC canopies had more close-to-horizontal oriented leaves and from veraison onward, placed the most functional median and apical leaves in the lower or less illuminated portion of the canopy. These factors may have combined to diminish total vine photosynthesis in BFC-trained vines. The data also pointed out that the differences among trellises could not have been predicted simply on the basis of widely accepted indicators of crop load (e.g. the yield-to-pruning weight ratio) or canopy density (e.g. leaf area-to-canopy surface area (LA/SA)).     

南方地区香芋南瓜早春生产技术

为了满足市场对肉质细腻、口感香糯、味道甜美香芋南瓜的旺盛需求,充分发挥其茎蔓细小、侧枝分生能力旺盛、坐果能力强的品种优势,在反复试验和多年实践的基础上,总结出一套适合南方地区香芋南瓜早春生产的技术方案,提出了适当密植和多蔓整枝的措施,技术方案集成了幼苗培育、定植方式、压蔓整枝、辅助授粉、水肥管理、及时采收和病虫害防控等步骤和内容的生产技术,可用于指导和规范南方地区早春季节香芋南瓜生产,以达到高产、提质、增效目的。技术实施后,每667 m~2产量可达2 200 kg,产值6 600元,经济效益十分显著。     

宣化牛奶葡萄架式和栽培技术改进研究

连续五年的田间试验证明,宣化牛奶葡萄长时期内表现产量低、大小年严重,是与传统的漏斗架式栽培技术落后有密切关系。通过改造架式、改革整形修剪方式及其它栽培技术,达到了大幅度增产和克服大小年的良好效果。本试验为牛奶葡萄的老园改造提供了有效的途径。本文并对进一步提高牛奶葡萄的品质进行了讨论。     

根域加温对促成栽培绯红葡萄生长发育的影响

连续2年以“Y”形整枝的2年生葡萄绯红(VitisviniferaL.cv.Cardinal)品种为试材,在超早促成栽培的早期进行根域土壤加温处理,探讨其对根域土壤温度、树体发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明,根域加温提高促成栽培早期土壤温度约10℃,各物候期均早于未加温处理2～5d,新梢生长好,叶面积大;花穗发育好,单株果穗数显著增加;果汁含糖量和果皮花青素含量增加,可滴定酸降低,果实品质提高;果粒重量、果穗重量和单株产量均显著高于未加温处理。并就根域加温效果的形成机理进行了探讨。     

PP333对巨峰葡萄的化学控制效果

用PP333处理巨峰葡萄扦插苗,结果表明:土壤施用量为0.5g a.i./m~2时32天后极显著地延缓地上部生长,施用量为1.0g a.i/m~2时,只需15天。根际施用能促进根系发育,增强根的活性和提高根冠比。盛花期或花后3周叶面喷布3000ppm或6000ppm的PP333均能抑制当年或第二年的新梢生长,并增加单枝花序数、果枝比率和产量,但1987年产量降低,用500、1000和2500ppm的PP333在盛花期进行叶面喷布,除2500ppm处理外均不能有效地抑制新梢生长,所有的处理均能够使产量增多,叶片增厚,果穗增重,单位叶面积的叶绿素含量和比叶重(SLW)增加。解剖学观察表明:叶片虽然变厚,但栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度比并未变化,叶面喷布增加了果穗的紧密度,小果粒比例略有增高;果实着色晚,着色差;这可能是由于果实可溶性固形物下降造成的。     

A comparative study of young ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under drip and furrow irrigation. II. Growth, water use efficiency and nitrogen partitioning

The response of 3-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) to furrow and drip irrigation was quantified in terms of water status, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). Drip irrigation was applied daily according to best estimates of vineyard evapotranspiration while furrow irrigations were applied when 50% of the plant available soilwater content had been depleted. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status (midday leaf water potential, Ψ₁) and shoot growth patterns throughout the season. Dry weight partitioning was not significantly different between treatments but root mass was somewhat larger for the furrow than drip irrigated vines. Nitrogen concentrations of the fruit and roots were significantly (P < 0.05) less for the drip irrigated vines when compared with the furrow treatment. Similar WUE (kg water kg⁻¹ fresh fruit wt.) were obtained for both treatments indicating that furrow irrigation was as efficient as drip irrigation under the conditions of this study. The data indicate that drip irrigation may increase the potential for control of vine growth by making vines more dependent on irrigation and N fertilization than furrow irrigation.     

不同整枝留果方式对甜瓜产量与品质的影响

在海南采用简易竹木大棚进行哈密瓜类甜瓜金海蜜品种不同整枝留果方式试验,结果表明,采用双蔓单果(主蔓留果)方式,甜瓜单果重、网纹、可溶性固形物含量、产量等表现最好;建议生产上使用该种整枝留果方式栽培。