高温闷棚技术在大棚辣椒连作生产上的应用

为研究大棚辣椒土传病害绿色防控技术,选择不同的高温闷棚杀菌方法,以本地传统的高温炕地杀菌方法为对照,调查不同处理对地温和土壤pH值的影响,调查不同处理大棚辣椒的根结线虫、疫病、枯萎病、青枯病和根腐病的发生为害情况,测量大棚辣椒产量。结果表明,应用石灰氮、覆盖地膜和大棚膜进行高温闷棚对大棚辣椒土传病害有较好的防治效果。     

基于分子检测技术的番茄和茄子嫁接番茄砧木培育方法

摘要：为了获得能够同时作为番茄和茄子嫁接的砧木，选用自主培育的多抗番茄砧木组合26个，国内优良番茄嫁接砧木品种4个和国外引进番茄嫁接砧木3个，分别进行抗病基因包括抗根结线虫的Mi1和Mi-2、抗颈腐根腐的Frl、抗枯萎病的I-2/5和抗黄萎病的Ve1基因的分子标记检测；同时还测定了砧木品种根、茎的主要生理指标，包括壮苗指数（茎粗/株高）、根系质量和下胚轴长度等。结果表明：番茄砧木嫁接试验中，番茄接穗的嫁接成活率和移栽成活率均在95.0%以上，茄子接穗的嫁接成活率和移栽成活率均在85.0%以上。筛选出的HC483、HC484、HC490、HC493、HC494、HC495、500-2、B2和Y1共9个砧木品种综合表现较为突出，而且以这些番茄砧木培育得到的种苗长势旺盛、根系发达且抗多种病虫害。     

Greenhouse solarization: effects on soil microbiological parameters and agronomic aspects

The aim of this work is to study three soil solarizing film's (EVA, COE and BIO) effects on microbial biomass and their respiration activities and beside on some agronomic traits of tomato and melon as subsequent vegetable crop cultivation on solarized soil. The responses are that the used films increased different temperature levels in the soil; in fact, in the upper soil depth, BIO film, during the 37 days of solarization treatments, reached 137 h in which the recorded temperatures went over 60 °C, followed by EVA film with 80 h and COE film with 60 h affecting variously the thermic regime. The used films had great effects on all microbiological (MBC and MBN) and enzymatic parameters (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and arilsulphatase). Furthermore, the variation of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) on tomato and melon roots were assessed and some qualitative and yield traits of both vegetable crops were also reported as affected by soil solarization treatments. In all cases the BIO film has showed comparable yield results with EVA and COE films, with the advantage that it is compatible for a more sustainable agriculture practice.     

Weed control and yield response of soil solarization with different plastic films in lettuce

Phase out of most chemicals available for weed management renewed the interest in soil solarization as a technically effective and environmentally safe practice for lettuce weed control in hot summer areas. Properties of solarizing films and lettuce crop system may considerably affect weed control and yield response of soil solarization. Different solarizing films, including low-density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, low-density polyethylene–ethylene-vinyl acetate coextruded and a biodegradable corn starch-based film, were evaluated in 2003 and 2004 for weed control and lettuce yield response under field and greenhouse conditions in Southern Italy. Soil solarization strongly reduced weed density and biomass in both greenhouse and in the field, with no significant differences among the tested plastic films. Most annual weeds were completely controlled by soil solarization, except amaranth, Amaranthus spp., in soil solarized with biodegradable film in the field. Emergence of mediterranean sweetclover, Melilotus sulcatus, was stimulated by soil solarization in greenhouse. In the field, Cyprus vetch, Lathyrus ochrus, was found in solarized plots though absent in untreated soil. Perennial weeds were not affected by soil solarization, except a strong control of canadian thistle, Cirsium arvense, in the field. Lettuce yield resulted significantly higher in solarized soil than in control plots, with no significant differences among the solarizing materials. All tested materials proved to be technically effective for soil solarization in lettuce, though low resistance and short durability of biodegradable film may suggest its application mainly to soil solarization in greenhouse or in organic systems.     

种植诱集植物对土壤中根结线虫种群数量的影响

对种植油麦菜、大白菜、普通白菜、叶用莴苣及菠菜5种诱集植物前、后土壤中根结线虫的数量变化进行了研究,结果表明：种植诱集植物明显减少了土壤中根结线虫的数量,其中油麦菜对10～30 cm土层中根结线虫的控制效果最好,校正虫口减退率达60%以上。对5种诱集植物的根结线虫病情调查表明,5种诱集植物的发病率均达到100%,油麦菜、叶用莴苣、普通白菜、大白菜及菠菜病情指数分别为50.0、29.6、28.4、33.3及25.6。     

耐贮藏番茄新品种‘美丽莎’

  ‘美丽莎’是新育成的适合保护地、露地栽培的中熟番茄一代杂种, 抗ToMV、CMV、枯萎病、青枯病和南方根结线虫病, 耐叶霉病。中果型, 大红果, 果实光滑美观; 丰产性好, 产量达150 t/hm²以上; 耐贮藏, 室温下(25℃) 货架期在15 d以上。     

Evaluation of new rootstocks for resistance to soil-borne pathogens and productive behaviour of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

An evaluation of five rootstocks for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out over a 3-year period on three farms in Campania (Italy). Pepper is very susceptible to soil-borne pathogens, especially Phytophthora capsici, Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode). The lack of resistant hybrids and of crop rotation, and the longterm survival of propagules of the pathogen, have increased the risk of damage that so far has been controlled by pre-planting soil treatment with methyl bromide. The use of pepper grafted onto rootstocks resistant to the main soil-borne pathogens is not undertaken commercially in Italy because the available rootstocks are unsatisfactory. P. capsici, V. dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and M. incognita have been detected on farms where the new rootstocks were tested. Trials were performed on the same sites for 2 or 3 years in order to provide favourable conditions for parasites. Two rootstocks, ‘Graffito’ and ‘Gc 1002’, were found to be resistant to P. capsici. In the presence of an early, high population density of M. incognita, ‘Graffito’ showed good tolerance, while ‘Gc 1002’ was susceptible to the root-knot nematode. In addition, both rootstocks showed good compatibility with the different scions tested and did not decrease vegetative growth, fruit yield or the size of the scions. In contrast, in the presence of V. dahliae, F. oxysporum and F. solani, none of the rootstocks tested was sufficiently resistant to vascular or crown and root rot damage.     

嫁接番茄抗根结线虫砧木筛选及抗性研究

通过盆栽番茄自根苗和嫁接苗接种南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）二龄幼虫的试验,观察了接种后不同嫁接苗和自根苗对根结线虫的感染情况与抵御能力。结果表明：以北农茄砧与粘毛茄为砧木,彩虹101为接穗,嫁接后植株对根结线虫的抗性增强,可以达到免疫的程度。通过根系石蜡切片观察,根结线虫二龄幼虫不能侵染两种砧木的根系,因此不能形成根结;但接穗自根苗根系感染根结线虫,并在虫体周围形成巨型细胞。接种根结线虫刺激了保护酶系统的协调反应,对根结线虫抗性强的砧木嫁接苗的保护酶活性也较高     

Investigations on Chlorosis of Fruit Trees.: III.—A Chlorosis of Plums Due to Potassium Deficiency.

Summary

Grafting is a suitable method to control soil-borne diseases in melon (Cucumis melo L.) crops. To date, several Cucurbita species and their inter-specific hybrids have been tested as rootstocks. However, graft-scion incompatibility and lower fruit quality have prevented their commercial use. The wild accession ‘Pat 81’ ssp. agrestis of C. melo is highly resistant to Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack et Uecker root rot, and develops a root system that is more suitable to withstand infested soils than that of cultivated melon. The potential of ‘Pat 81’ as a rootstock for melons (e.g., ‘Piel de Sapo’ type, C. melo ssp. melo) compared with the popular rootstock ‘RS 841’ (Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita moschata) has been evaluated here. The response of grafted plants to Monosporascus root rot disease, and rootstock effects on plant performance and fruit quality have been investigated using both classical methods and modern technologies (e.g., root image analysis and real-time PCR). The results indicate that, during infection, the root system of ‘Pat 81’ adapts to the needs of the aerial part of the ‘Piel de Sapo’ scion, displays a high level of resistance to M. cannonballus (similar to ‘RS 841’), and provides the plant with more healthy roots, with a higher root/vine biomass ratio compared with non-grafted ‘Piel de Sapo’. In addition, ‘Pat 81’ rootstock retains its favourable root structure (i.e., larger total length and root area) to withstand soil stress. In healthy soils, ‘Pat 81’ rootstocks had less effect on fruit quality than ‘RS 841’, leading to a lower percentage of non-marketable products. The high resistance of ‘Pat 81’, and its reduced effect on fruit quality, point to it as a good rootstock for the grafting of melons to resist M. Cannonballus infested soils.     

Integration of soil solarization and chemical sterilization with beneficial microorganisms for the control of white root rot and growth of nursery apple

White root rot (Dematophora necatrix (Mart.)) is a serious disease of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) in nurseries and orchards in India. In 2002 and 2003, field experiments were conducted to integrate soil solarization with native isolates of Azotobacter chrococcum and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and observe its effect on the incidence of white root rot and growth of the saplings. Apple seeds coated with two native isolates of A. chrococcum (AZUHF₁ and AZUHF₂) were sown in plots inoculated with 4 native isolates of va-mycorrhiza, i.e. AMUHF₁ (Glomus fesiculatum), AMUHF₂ (Glomus macrocarpum), AMUHF₃ (Glomus mosseae) and AMUHF₄ (Gigaspora sp.) in 14 different combinations and these plots were solarized with transparent polyethylene mulch (25 μm thick) for 40 days in summer months. Soil solarization resulted around 9 °C higher temperature with average maximum temperature of 38–39 °C. Inoculation of saplings with AMUHF₁ isolate of va-mycorrhiza and AZUHF₁ isolate of A. chrococcum and then their planting in solarized soil was found most effective with no incidence of white root rot in comparison to 33.6–35.4% in control accompanied with 78–113% increase in shoot length and 81.6–84.3% increase in root length. Shoot and root length of the saplings was 9.6–10.6 and 9.2–16.0% higher, respectively, in solarized plots in comparison to sterilized plots.     

大功率微波防治大棚甜瓜及盆栽黄瓜根结线 虫研究

尝试通过物理方式防治蔬菜根结线虫,设计制造了功率20 kW,频率为915 MHz 的大功率土
壤微波处理机,并进行了田间试验,结果表明：大棚土壤经微波60 s 照射能够显著降低甜瓜根结数和根结
指数,盆栽试验只需处理10 s 即可显著防治黄瓜根结线虫。大棚微波处理对甜瓜株高、根径及果实糖度、
硬度和果形指数的影响与无微波处理的对照差异不显著。大功率微波对大棚蔬菜根结线虫有显著防治效果,
但同时存在耗能高的缺陷,有待进一步降低能耗,提高效率。     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

Non-Fumigant Treatments and Their Combinations Affect Soil Pathogens and Strawberry Performance in Southern California

ABSTRACT

Finding effective non-fumigant solutions to soil disinfestation is an international priority for sustainable strawberry production. In these studies at Ventura, California, combinations of steam, solarization, and mustard meal were evaluated to manage troublesome soil-borne pathogens: Macrophomia phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum. Treatments containing steam and solarization reduced levels of these pathogens in soil 70–96% compared to untreated soil and had lower rates of late season pathogen-related plant mortality. All treatments improved plant canopy growth and fruit production of ‘San Andreas’ strawberry 58% to 83% compared to untreated control. Even though these treatments did not eradicate pathogen spores and sclerotia in soil, they enhanced early and whole season fruit production and when feasible can be applied in non-fumigated and organic strawberry fields to help sustain production.     

抗根结线虫番茄砧木品种的选育

抗根结线虫番茄砧木线虫绝1号、线虫绝2号、线虫绝3号、线虫绝4号分别是以BJ-7、DB-14、DB-15、DB-17为母本,以WY抗-12为父本配制的一代杂种,无限生长类型,长势强,根系发达,高抗南方根结线虫,经盆栽根结线虫抗性鉴定,根结级数均为0级。利用其进行番茄嫁接栽培试验,嫁接亲和性好,增产幅度显著,线虫绝1号、线虫绝2号、线虫绝3号、线虫绝4号砧木嫁接金棚1号番茄分别比不施药的自根苗处理增产58.05 %、50.76 %、76.96 %和75.95 %,其中线虫绝3号、线虫绝4号砧木嫁接处理分别比施药的自根苗处理增产32.33 %和31.57 %,差异达极显著水平,且嫁接后不影响番茄品质。     

Influence of rootstock on vegetative growth,fruit yield and quality in ‘Cuore di Bue’, an heirloom tomato

Summary

Heirloom tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) such as ‘Cuore di Bue’ are highly appreciated by consumers for their outstanding quality and flavour. Nowadays, they are often grafted onto vigorous rootstocks in order to overcome several soil-borne diseases. The present study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in Southern Italy. Plants of ‘Cuore di Bue’, an heirloom ‘oxheart’ tomato, were grown in a greenhouse either as non-grafted plants, or grafted onto two inter-specific (S. lycopersicum S. habrochaites) rootstocks (‘Beaufort F₁’ and ‘Maxifort F₁’) in order to evaluate their effects on vegetative growth, marketable yield, fruit quality, and the sensory properties of ‘Cuore di Bue’ tomato fruit. Growth analysis revealed that ‘Maxifort F₁’ enhanced plant growth, particularly in terms of leaf area and leaf fresh weight. Grafted plants had higher leaf area ratios (by 13%) and higher leaf dry weight fractions (by 18%) compared to non-grafted ‘Cuore di Bue’ plants. Marketable yields increased by 20 – 25% in grafted plants in both years. However, total soluble solids (TSS) contents, titratable acidity (TA), and TSS/TA ratios were not significantly affected by grafting.Vitamin C contents decreased by 14 – 20% in both years in the fruit of plants grafted onto either rootstock. The sensory profiles of fruit were not modified by grafting, although taste panelists expressed a higher preference for purchasing fruit from plants grafted onto ‘Maxifort F₁’. These results confirm that, when using the appropriate rootstock/scion combination, grafting can improve plant growth and the marketable yield of heirloom tomato fruit without reducing the sensory quality of the fruit or its biochemical parameters. However, grafting can reduce vitamin C contents and, thus, nutritional quality.     

不同砧木对黄瓜产量、品质及南方根结线虫防治效果的影响

以7个南瓜砧木为试材,研究了砧木嫁接对黄瓜产量、品质和南方根结线虫防治效果的影响。结果表明：采用南瓜砧木嫁接,黄瓜春季增产4.1%～10.7%,秋季增产15.0%～104.2%,其中新动力嫁接的黄瓜产量最高,其次是黄砧3号。砧木嫁接对黄瓜果实中的可溶性蛋白含量没有显著影响|不同砧木品种和不同接穗品种嫁接黄瓜果实中可溶性糖、VC和硝酸盐含量比自根黄瓜有的增加,有的减少。砧木嫁接对黄瓜南方根结线虫具有较好的防治效果,春季为67.8%～79.7%,秋季12.7%～44.7%。综合来看,采用南瓜砧木新动力和黄砧3号嫁接的黄瓜,其产量较高,品质较好,对南方根结线虫的防治效果较好。     

抗TYLCV优质番茄新品种“露比”的选育

番茄新品种"露比"是以JS-CT-9320为母本,以JM1106-F212为父本育成的早中熟一代杂交种。其表现:无限生长类型,长势较旺盛;果实圆形,耐贮运;成熟果粉红色;平均单果质量18g左右;可溶性固形物含量8.5%左右、口感极佳;抗TYLCV、根结线虫、叶霉病、黄萎病、斑萎病。     

A SCAR marker linked to the N gene for resistance to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important nematode pests and cause serious diseases in pepper in the world. No molecular markers linked to the nematodes resistance N gene have been reported. In this paper, ‘Carolina Wonder’ (Capsicum annuum L.), a sweet pepper line resistant to root-knot nematode with N gene, ‘20080-5-29’ (C. annuum L.), an inbred line susceptible to root-knot nematode with good horticultural characteristics, and their F₂ progeny with 320 individuals were used as materials. Evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of parental lines, F₁ and F₂ progeny inoculated with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were carried out. ‘Bulked segregant analysis’ method was used to search for polymorphic markers from 512 pairs of AFLP primers. Based on the assessment of resistance and susceptibility and polymorphism of the AFLP marker in F₂ population, the genetic linkage distance between the AFLP marker and the N gene was estimated. One AFLP marker E39/M41-339 was obtained and transferred to a SCAR marker amplifying a 315 bp DNA fragment linked to the N resistant allele and a 331 bp fragment linked to the N⁺ susceptible allele. The distance between the molecular marker and the nematodes resistance N gene is 6.3 cM. This research delivered a valuable tool for the marker assisted selection of nematodes resistance in pepper.     

太阳能消毒时不同处理方式对土壤温度的影响

研究了覆膜与添加有机物(鸡粪、麦糠)在太阳能消毒中对土壤温度的影响。结果表明:鸡粪加覆膜处理可显著提高土壤日平均温度和日最高温度,可使10、15、20及30cm土壤日平均温度分别达到40.5、38.5、35.8和33.3℃,较不覆膜分别提高7.5、6.5、5.4和4.7℃,较覆膜但不添加有机物分别提高3.4、3.2、3.0和3.0℃;可使其土壤日最高温度分别达到46.4、43.5、40.3和36.4℃,较不覆膜处理分别提高10.1、9.2、7.9和5.8℃,较覆膜但不添加有机物处理分别提高了4.9、6.3、5.8、4.2℃。同时,覆膜、添加有机物增大了土壤日温差。故利用太阳能消毒时添加有机物与覆膜结合可显著提升0～20cm深度内土壤温度。     

Observations on the Field Performance of Heat-Treated Strawberry Clones

The growth and cropping of two virus-infected strawberry varieties was compared with that of clones the virus content of which had been reduced by heat therapy.

The heat-treated clones of both Cambridge Favourite and Early Cambridge were considerably more vigorous, bearing more crowns than their untreated counterparts. In the first year after planting, both clones of each variety produced similar total yields, but the heat-treated clones produced a higher percentage of large fruit. Plants of the heat-treated clone of Cambridge Favourite flowered and ripened their fruit later than plants of the untreated clone in the second year, but gave a greater yield. However, the two clones of Early Cambridge gave similar yields, the increased potential of the heat-treated clone provided by a greater number of crowns being offset by reduced inflorescence formation.

In order to establish whether reduction of vigour would lessen the tendency of some heat-treated clones to form barren crowns, spring planting was compared with autumn planting. Spring planting, which reduced plant size and yield of both varieties in the first season but had less effect on size and none on yield in the second season, failed to check partial barrenness in the heat-treated clone of Early Cambridge.

At the end of the first growing season the heat-treated clones of both varieties showed a greater incidence of Verticillium wilt than the untreated clones but this difference was not maintained in the second year.