无土栽培循环营养液的灭菌

与传统的土壤栽培方式相比,无土栽培的优点在于既可以生产廉价的无公害、绿色食品以满足人们的生活需要,又可向高精尖的方向发展,提高农产品的种植密度以提高产量,甚至可以满足航天、极地条件下的农作物生产的需要,所以无土栽培的发展前景不可估量.近年来,我国的无土栽培面积迅速增加,2000年达到500 hm2(公顷),2002年达到了856 hm2(公顷).     

Nutrient solution effects on the development and yield of Anthurium andreanum Lind. in tropical soilless conditions

The fertilization of anthurium grown in soilless culture in tropical countries is often empirically based. The methods used generally lead the grower to overestimate plant needs and to apply excessive quantities of nutrients. Mineral elements, and thus money, are wasted and there is a risk of pollution of groundwater and watercourses. In order to improve our knowledge of plant requirements, we measured, over 2 1/2 years, the growth and yield of anthurium plants receiving nutrient solutions with different total nitrogen, potassium and calcium concentrations and different NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratios. Mineral analyses of plant parts, of nutrient, leachate and substrate solutions and of the solid substrate were carried out throughout plant development. Plants receiving 4.5 mmol N/l and 1.6 mmol K/l in the nutrient solution had significantly slower growth and lower yield compared to those receiving 8.9 mmol N/l and 3.2 mmol K/l. For these latter N and K concentrations, a N–NH₄⁺/N–NO₃⁻ ratio of 0.37 and a calcium concentration of 1.15 mmol/l gave better plant growth, development and yield than a ratio of 0.24 and a calcium concentration of 2.25 mmol/l. Applying the nutrient solution containing 8.9 mmol N/l and 3.2 mmol K/l with a N–NH₄⁺/N–NO₃⁻ ratio of 0.37 resulted in a shorter vegetative period and more and larger flower production. The calculated mineral balances of the crop showed that more than 60% of the supplied nutrients were lost in the leachate. Suitable nutrient solutions are proposed in order to match plant absorption at different crop growth stages. The volume of nutrient solution supplied can be reduced to limit the amount of leachate, but as water demand is high, there must be at least 30% of leaching to avoid salt accumulation in the substrate. Adjusting the nutrient solution volume and composition to match plant requirements is the first step for flower yield improvement, fertilizer efficiency and reduction of pollution.     

Physiological responses associated to substrate water availability of Rosa ‘Eurored’ plants grown in soilless greenhouse conditions

The aim of the present study was to provide a better insight into the adaptive processes to water deficit of Rosa hybrid plants grown in soilless cultivation. Rose plants were grown in a greenhouse under two water regimes, corresponding to 100% and 67% of the irrigation needs. Watering was stopped for 0, 72, and 96 h (dry-down period) and photosynthetic parameters, water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, carbohydrate and ion content were determined.     

Development of expression vectors based on pepino mosaic virus

Background  

Plant viruses are useful expression vectors because they can mount systemic infections allowing large amounts of recombinant protein to be produced rapidly in differentiated plant tissues. Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) (genus Potexvirus, family Flexiviridae), a widespread plant virus, is a promising candidate expression vector for plants because of its high level of accumulation in its hosts and the absence of severe infection symptoms. We report here the construction of a stable and efficient expression vector for plants based on PepMV.     

大棚双株栽培对西瓜产量、品质和效益的影响

以‘早佳’(8424)为材料研究了双株栽培模式西瓜的产量、品质和生产效益,以确定大棚西瓜双株栽培技术在生产上推广应用的可行性及前景。与常规单株栽培比较,双株栽培能够保证西瓜产量及品质,667 m~2节约生产成本475～575元,纯收入增加685.70～805.25元,可作为一种西瓜简约化栽培技术进行推广。     

Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation and deficit irrigation on phosphorus uptake in tomato plants

Summary

The comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were investigated in a split-root pot experiment. The results showed that PRI treatment improved water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to the DI treatment. PRI-treated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of P in their shoots than DI plants under organic maize straw N fertilisation, whereas similar levels of shoot P accumulation were observed under mineral N fertilisation. Thus, the form of N fertiliser, and thereby the different plant N status, affected the accumulation of P in shoots, as reflected by a higher plant N:P ratio following mineral N fertilisation than after organic N fertilisation. Compared to the DI treatment, PRI significantly increased both the physiological and agronomic efficiencies of P-use under mineral N fertilisation, while similar physiological and agronomic P-use efficiencies were found between the two irrigation treatments with organic N fertilisation. PRI-induced drying and wetting processes might have influenced the bio-availability of soil P, as the concentrations of bio-available P in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were increased compared with the DI treatment under both forms of N fertilisation. It is suggested that a relatively high soil water content in the wet zone of the PRI treatment should be maintained in order to facilitate nutrient (i.e., N and P) transport from the bulk soil to the root surface, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake by the roots.     

早熟精品甜瓜露地无土栽培技术研究

吐鲁番地区是我国早熟厚皮甜瓜(也称早熟哈密瓜)栽培的主要基地,甜瓜种植业已成为该地区农业的产业之一.由于吐鲁番地区可供轮作的土地有限,重茬现象严重,病虫害猖獗,造成甜瓜品质低劣,产量下降,严重影响了哈密瓜的声誉和瓜农种瓜积极性,使该区哈密瓜在国内外甜瓜市场的占有率呈逐年萎缩态势.通过研究早熟精品甜瓜露地无土栽培技术,摸索新的栽培方式、手段,以开创新的生产早熟优质哈密瓜的新途径.     

瓜菜无土栽培概述

概述了瓜菜无土栽培营养液、基质和无土栽培设施的研究现状,营养液的管理、专用品种的选育、无土栽培工作者专业水平的提高等是无土栽培中存在的主要问题,并提出设施自动化程度的提高、不同作物基质的优选和减少运营成本是瓜菜无土栽培的研究重点。     

Almond shell waste: possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture

This industrial residue is the woody endocarp of the almond fruits. This material is normally incinerated or dumped without control. Almond shell used (100% pure) as growing media can be more ecologically-friendly and less expensive than traditional rockwool since it can be locally produced. Three commercially produced random samples of two different textures and two volumes (19 and 25 L) were evaluated as growing media for soilless production. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of volume and texture and to compare this substrate with rockwool in terms of yield and quality characteristics of fruits in melon and tomato culture. The physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties studied did not differ significantly between both textures. Tomato plants grown in almond shell residue used 21% less water compared to rockwool over the course of production. We found non-limiting in comparison to rockwool for melon and tomato crops in relation to fertigation parameters, water uptake and yield. Significant differences of yield were found when we used the big size, specially in melon crop where commercial yield and soluble solids of plants growing on 25 L bags was higher than that on small one. The results suggested that almond shells seem to be an acceptable growing media as rockwool substitute for soilless vegetable production.     

叶面喷施沼液肥对温室香瓜茄叶片光合特性、果实产量和品质的影响

以香瓜茄为材料,在日光温室条件下,于果实发育期叶面喷施沼液肥,研究沼液肥施用浓度及其与土壤追肥配合对香瓜茄叶片光合特性和果实产量与品质的影响.结果表明,稀释100倍沼液肥处理的叶片总氮和叶绿素质量分数分别为35.7 g·kg-1和1.129 mg·g-1,显著高于稀释400倍沼液肥的处理和对照,沼液肥配合土壤追肥时叶片...     

Nutrient deficiency disorders in Pistacia vera seedling rootstock in relation to eco-physiological,biochemical characteristics and uptake pattern of nutrients

This study examines the effects of nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) deficiencies on the eco-physiological, biochemical and growth characteristics of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera) in sand culture situation. This experiment, which was carried out in Iran's Pistachio Research Institute (IPRI), seedlings of ‘Badami-e-Zarand’ were used as common rootstock. The following treatments were employed: (1) complete Hoagland's nutrient solution; nutrient solution lacking either: (2) N, (3) Fe, (4) Mg, (5) Mn, (6) Mo, (7) distilled water without Hoagland's solution (Control), (8) Fe–N, (9) Fe–Mn and (10) Fe–Mo. The main deficiency symptoms observed after 7 months of planting were; leaf discoloration, necrosis, scorching, defoliation and stunted growth. Seedlings that received complete nutrient solution were healthy with dark green foliage. Visual symptoms of N-deficient seedlings also coincided with the reduction in foliar levels of the concerned element. Shoot and root growth of the seedlings deficient in nutrients were also affected. Changes in shoot and root biomasses production due to treatments were statistically significant at 1% level. A reduction in height, leaf area and leaf number was noticed for various levels of nutrient element deficiencies. Analysis of some biochemical indices (chlorophyll content) and eco-physiological indices such as primary florescence chlorophyll (Fo), ratio of variable chlorophyll to maximum (Fv/Fm), leaf temperature, transpiration, stomata conduction and resistance of stomata, showed that fractions of chlorophyll, transpiration, stomata conduction and resistant of stomata in treated seedlings, particularly N-deficient seedlings, declined significantly. Chlorophyll (Fo) and ratio of variable chlorophyll to maximum (Fv/Fm) were significant at 5% level. The effects of Fe, Mn, Mg and Mo on dry matter production were statistically significant at 1% level. Synergic effects of certain elements were also evident in the present study. The typical symptoms of deficiencies of various nutrient elements can be used as a guideline for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies of pistachio in commercial nurseries and plantations. The present study also showed multi-deficiency of nutrients, produces new symptom in leaves, which differs from single deficiencies.     

Effect of slow-release oxygen supply by fertigation on horticultural crops under soilless culture

Oxygen deficiency has an immediate effect on both water and nutrient uptake, the yield of the whole plant under different soilless culture is affected. The oxygen level required for the respiration of the root system then becomes a limiting factor as much in soil culture as in soilless culture. The total area of soilless crops in SE Spain today is estimated to be about 5000 ha. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of potassium peroxide as an oxygen generator on vegetable crops growing in commercial substrates and to determinate the supply fraction for its use. Bioassay was used to determinate the fraction of potassium peroxide needed. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted in soilless culture with perlite and rockwool. Sweet pepper, melon and cucumber crop were supplied with potassium peroxide through fertigation to increase the oxygen content for one day per week. There were treatments: one with (T1) and the other without potassium peroxide (T0) in the nutrient solution. Fertigation parameters, yield and its quality were measured. Bioassay suggested that one gram per litre is the best fraction to use in soilless culture. Yield of sweet pepper was about 20% higher for T1 than T0 and 15% for melon; there was no significant difference in cucumber plants.     

Subirrigation vs drip-irrigation: Effects on yield and quality of soilless grown cherry tomato

Summary

This research was carried out with the aim of comparing drip-irrigation with the trough bench technique of growing a cherry tomato crop, in terms of i) pH and EC of the substrate, ii) production and quality of the fruits and iii) efficiency in the use of the water. In the latter system, pots of opaque plastic with different characteristics were also used: i) with six bottom holes for subirrigation and without risers on the bottom; ii) with four bottom holes and with 3 mm risers on the bottom; iii) with a furrow cross on the bottom and with eight holes and 3 mm risers. This last pot was also used for the drip-irrigation. With both the fertigation methods the EC of the substrate showed a similar pattern over time in the lower and middle layers (always below 3 dS m^–1), whereas in the upper layer of the substrate it increased during the growing cycle with higher values with subirrigation compared with drip-irrigation, reaching 7.7 and 3.4 dS m^–1, respectively. The pots without risers used for the subirrigation showed the highest variations and values of EC of the recirculating nutrient solution, and the pots with risers and four holes the lowest. Tomato yield was lower with subirrigation than with the traditional free drainage drip-irrigation technique, but the quality was higher (dry matter, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity). Furthermore, with subirrigation the most frequent size class of the fruits was that with a diameter between 25 and 35 mm (considered optimal for cherry tomato), while with the open cycle it was that greater than 35.mm. No significant differences emerged between the three pot types. The water efficiency of the system was greater with subirrigation than with drip-irrigation. To produce 1 kg of fruits, 41 l of nutrient solution were necessary with the subirrigation (closed system) and 59 l with the drip-irrigation (open system).     

4个甜樱桃品种在德州的引种表现及设施栽培技术

对引入山东德州的4个甜樱桃品种美早、萨米脱、布鲁克斯、拉宾斯进行了日光温室栽培试验,对其性状表现进行了观察。结果表明,4个品种均表现生长良好,适应性强,结果正常,果实品质优良,可以作为德州地区日光温室的栽培品种发展。简述了4个甜樱桃品种在日光温室的栽培技术。     

日光温室大樱桃栽培技术

一、温室结构及品种选择 日光温室栽培大樱桃,应选避风向阳、水源充足、地势平坦、砂壤土或壤土,以及远离污染源的地方建立日光温室。温室跨度75～9m,脊高29～33m,拱梁可用竹木或钢筋等材料,东西山墙及后墙均为50cm双空心砖墙结构,后墙高180cm,温室长50～80m,每个温室需投资1～3万元。其采光、保温、抗压等性能都很好,竹木结构成本较低,钢筋结构成本偏高,但坚固性好,使用寿命在10年以上,是今后日光温室栽培的发展方向。     

新疆干旱区基质—土壤接力栽培装置在日光温室番茄栽培的应用

以番茄品种‘金棚1号’为试材,在体积比为7∶3∶1的草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩混合基质条件下,研究了50、60、70、80 cm不同种植行距及25、39 d不同移盆时间对番茄植株长势、产量及果实品质之间的影响,以期筛选土壤接力装置栽培番茄的适宜行距和适宜移盆时间的组合。结果表明,在同等灌溉条件下,7∶3∶1混合基质上,当移盆时间相同时,番茄植株茎粗随行距的增加而增加,单株叶面积随行距的变化没有明显的规律性;叶面积指数则随行距的增加而减小,单果质量、单株产量、小区产量均有随行距增加而增加的趋势;折合单位面积产量有随行距的增加而减小的趋势,但是各行距处理与对照组(CK)并无显著性的差异;80 cm大行距处理的维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、番茄红素含量显著大于50 cm行距处理的含量(CK)。当行距相同时,2个移盆时间处理的各项指标之间均无规律,也没有太大的差异性。综合比较,推荐80 cm行距,39 d集中管理时间为新疆地区土壤接力装置栽培番茄的适宜的行距和移盆时间组合。     

碱蓬人工栽培技术

盐生植物碱蓬[Suaeda glauca（Bunge）Bunge]为藜科碱蓬属一年生草本植物,我国有20多个品种,黄河三角洲地区广泛生长的品种为盐地碱蓬,自古就是民间食用的野菜.碱蓬营养丰富,是一种优质蔬菜和油料作物.碱莲的嫩茎叶既可鲜食,又可制干,便于贮藏和运输,因此碱蓬的利用开发具有较好的前景.为解决碱蓬的周年供应问题,丰富市民的菜篮子,笔者经多年的研究和探讨,已初步掌握其特征特性和脱盐土反季节设施栽培技术.     

Effect of two UV-absorbing greenhouse-covering films on growth and yield of an eggplant soilless crop

The use of UV absorbing films as greenhouse cover material is spreading out in protected cultivation. Although their effects on pest and disease management have received much attention, few studies focus on their effects on the crop. This study aims at assessing the consequences of UV absorbing film on the behaviour and production of an eggplant crop by comparing two different UV absorbing films (0 and 3% UV transmittance) to a standard polyethylene film (5% UV transmittance). Results show that the eggplants grown in the greenhouse with 0% transmission to UV light are about 21% taller and have about 17% higher leaf product (leaf length × width) than the plants grown in the greenhouse with 5% transmission to UV light. Finally, given that the production was slightly increased in quantity (20%) and quality (bigger fruits) in the greenhouse with absence of UV light compared to that with 5% transmission coefficient, it can be concluded that growing soilless eggplant under UV-absorbing material can be achieved with the same or better results as under standard covering material. Any other enhancement that the UV-absorbing film will bring (lower pest and disease impact on the crop, lower pesticide load and costs) will therefore be to the benefit of the grower.     

文冠果育苗及栽培技术要点

介绍了文冠果育苗及栽培技术。通过加强肥水管理、合理修剪、疏花疏果及花期喷施萘乙酸,实现2年见花,3年结果,5年生树,平均单株种子产量0.56kg。     

Effect of growing medium water content on the biological control of root pathogens in a closed soilless system

Summary

The water content of the growing medium and its interaction with a biocontrol agent was studied in a closed soilless culture system in order to identify factors that could increase the efficiency and decrease the variability of biocontrol agents. Pumice was chosen as the growing medium because of its high water-holding capacity and in view of the high water content required for the growth of the root pathogen. The commercial biocontrol agent Binab T (active strains Trichoderma polysporum and T. harzianum) was evaluated at 50% and 70% water content. Studies were carried out in a controlled environment, in a climate chamber, using tomato as the model plant and Pythium ultimum as the model pathogen. Pathogen levels were affected by the water content of the medium and the biocontrol treatment, while the amount of biocontrol agent was not affected by the water content of the growing medium. The Trichoderma strains in Binab T were able to reduce the amount of pathogen and the incidence of disease at both water contents tested. The biocontrol activity of Binab T against P. ultimum, as indicated by the level of glucanase production, was affected by variations in the water content of the growing medium. The pathogen, the biocontrol agent, and the water content of the growing medium, all had an impact on the microbial communities resident in the system.