Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions

The effects of rootstocks (M9 and MM 106), cultivars (Granny Smith and Stark Spur Golden) and growth promoting rhizobacteria (OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) on the tree growth and yield at apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees were studied in a clay loam soil in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in 2002–2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were capable of producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin, but three of them (OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) were also able to dissolve phosphate. Maximum shoot number of apple trees was found after inoculation with BA-8 followed by OSU-7 and M-3. All the inoculated PGPR strains contributed to the increase in fruit yield of apple when compared to control but it was strongly depended on rootstocks, cultivars and treatments. Plant growth responses were variable and dependent on bacterial strains, rootstock and cultivar and growth parameters evaluated of young apple trees. Newly planted apple trees inoculated with OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3 PGPR increased average shoot length by 59.2, 18.3, 7.0 and 14.3% relative to the control and fruit yield by 116.4, 88.2, 137.5 and 73.7%, respectively. Bacterial inoculation increased shoot diameter from 7.0 to 16.3% when compared to control. The production of plant growth hormones has been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PGPRs stimulate young apple sapling growth. The growth-promoting effect appears to be direct, with possible involvement of the plant growth regulators indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin. In view of environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers and high costs of the production of fertilizers, PGPR strains tested in our study have potential to be used for the sustainable and environmentally benign horticultural production.     

地面覆盖对苹果树体生长和果实品质的影响

【目的】揭示苹果树叶片光合参数、树体生长量和果实品质对不同覆盖物的差异性反应,为苹果园地面管理覆盖物的合理选择提供参考依据。【方法】以辽宁省果树科学研究所自主选育的‘望山红’/‘辽砧109’组合苹果树为试材,果园地面分别覆盖农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布,以清耕为对照,调查地面覆盖后土壤地温、土壤含水量、叶片光合参数、树体生长量、果实品质的差异。【结果】2016年、2017年农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布、淸耕(CK)土壤温度随土层深度增加而降低,土壤含水量随土层深度增加而升高。与清耕(CK)相比,园艺地布覆盖提高土壤温度,农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖降低土壤温度;农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖能提高土壤含水量。3种覆盖处理均能提高叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量。其中,农用地毯覆盖后叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量变异系数最小、稳定性优于其他处理,而碎木屑覆盖季节性差异明显、变异系数高、稳定性差。3种覆盖处理均能提高单叶质量、叶片厚度、树高、覆盖率、总枝量,影响枝类组成比例。其中,农用地毯覆盖后单叶质量、叶片厚度、覆盖率、总枝量、中枝、短枝比例等指标高于同期其他处理,而长枝比例低于其他处理。春季园艺地布覆盖后的新梢长度显著高于其他处理,而夏季农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖后的新梢生长速度快。农用地毯覆盖后果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物、固酸比等指标最高,其次为碎木屑。农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖后显著提高果面红色着色程度,提高果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、莽草酸含量,降低苹果酸、柠檬酸含量。【结论】综合比较3种覆盖物对土壤温度、土壤含水量、植株叶片参数、树体生长量和果实品质的影响,作用效果从高到低分别为农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布。     

不同施肥措施对蓝莓植株生长及果实品质的影响

对伯克利蓝莓生长的3个关键期即发芽前、初夏、秋季时,施用3种肥料即硫酸铵、磷酸二铵、氮磷钾复合肥,每株按3个不同的施肥总量即25g、50g、100g进行搭配施肥试验,研究对蓝莓植株生长与果实品质的影响。结果表明,以施用NPK复合肥每株50g,分春夏秋3次分施时,蓝莓的株高、冠幅、新梢长度等生长状况,单果重、单株产量,果实的可溶性固形物含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量等品质指标均最佳。     

Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid on the rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs and on fruit abscission in apple

Summary

1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) was applied to apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees or to individual fruiting spurs between full bloom (FB) and 31 d after full bloom (DAFB; mean fruit diameter of 20 mm) to determine the effects of ACC on the ethylene released from detached spurs and on fruit abscission. The rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs increased 1 d after applying 50 mg l^–1 ACC at full bloom or 16 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 10 mm), but ACC had a reduced effect on the rate of ethylene release when it was applied 31 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 20 mm). ACC reduced fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple in a concentration-dependent manner in 2009 and in 2010, but had no thinning activity on ‘Pink Lady’ in 2010. ACC at 200 mg l^–1 resulted in the yellowing and abscission of ‘GoldRush’ spur leaves in 2009, but not in 2010. The effects of combining ACC and 5 mg l^–1 naphthaleneacetic acid on fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple were additive. The application of 200 mg l^–1 ACC when fruit are ca. 10 mm in diameter may therefore be a useful chemical thinning treatment for apple fruit.     

透湿性反光膜覆盖对柑橘树体微环境、新梢生长及果实发育的影响

【目的】探索透湿性反光膜覆盖对柑橘冠层微域环境、新梢生长及果实品质的影响,为柑橘提质增效提供新的参考模式。【方法】以3 300 m~2、32 a生‘宫川’温州蜜柑为试材,树冠下地面全面覆盖白色透湿性反光膜后,选取树势一致的植株,测定冠层光辐射特征、土壤理化性质、树体生长及果实品质等。【结果】覆盖透湿性反光膜没有显著影响果实发育过程中的树体生长。柑橘冠层反射光强度、可见光光质及叶片的净光合速率均得到了显著提升。覆膜不同深度的土壤含水量均有变化,10 cm处降低了7.55%,20 cm差异不大,30 cm降低了2%,40 cm降低了6%。覆膜过程中柑橘叶片中多种元素含量及采收期根际土壤的细菌、真菌数量均有明显变化。采收时,果实纵横径大幅下降;果实亮度提高,着色加强;果皮叶绿素a含量下降17%,类胡萝卜素总量提升了36%;可溶性固形物含量显著提升,可滴定酸含量显著降低;葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖及总糖含量均有明显提升;维生素C含量提升了22%。【结论】透湿性反光膜可改善光照条件,调节土壤微环境,影响树体生长及光合作用,最终提升温州蜜柑的果实内外在品质。     

Effect of CPPU on fruit and shoot growth of apple

The effects of CPPU on the growth of fruits and bourse shoots of apple were examined by targeted applications of 20 mg I“1 CPPU to fruitlets and/or bourse-shoot and spur leaves. Treating fruitlets and fruitlets-plus-leaves stimulated fruit growth to a similar extent; fruit growth rate was temporarily suppressed when only the leaves were treated. Conversely, bourse shoot growth was stimulated by leaf and leaf-plus-fruit treatments. All CPPU applications reduced the content of fruit soluble solids and induced a paler yellowish- green fruit ground colour.     

不同骨干枝角度对桃树生长和果实品质的影响

以6年生‘沙红’和‘燕红’桃树为试材,研究不同骨干枝角度对桃树生长和果实品质的影响。结果表明:‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的总枝量,中枝、短枝和花束状枝总和以及枝条生长量明显高于其他2个处理;同一部位,‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的总枝量处于较高的水平,高于其他2个处理;同一方向,‘沙红’和‘燕红’3个处理均是平侧枝总枝量最高。同一部位,‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的果实品质好于其他2个处理;同一方向,‘沙红’和‘燕红’3个处理的结果数均是平侧枝最多;‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的果实品质和产量显著高于其他2个处理。因此,‘沙红’骨干枝适宜的倾斜角度为0°,而‘燕红’骨干枝适宜的倾斜角度为30°。     

苹果苗木类型和栽植时间对幼树生长特性的影响

【目的】为了研究不同栽植时间下不同苗木类型的生长特性,【方法】以3 a生‘长富2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠为试材,测定3个栽植时间(2010年3月10日、4月10日和5月10日)下分枝苗、去分枝苗和单干苗生长特性相关指标。【结果】5月份栽植植株的生长势弱于3、4月栽植的植株;单干苗生长势弱于分枝苗和去分枝苗。栽植后第2年,3、4月栽植植株的株高、主干粗度显著大于5月栽植的植株。去分枝苗和单干苗株高显著大于分枝苗。3种苗木类型主干粗度依次为分枝苗>去分枝苗>单干苗,且相互差异显著。分枝苗和去分枝苗冠径显著大于单干苗。栽植后第3年,分枝苗的花芽数显著高于去分枝苗和单干苗。【结论】苹果苗木在冷藏条件下,4月栽植是可行的,本试验中3月份栽植较为适宜。分枝苗有利于促进幼树提早开花结果。     

GA3对苹果生长发育的影响研究

在苹果盛花期、花后10 d、花后20 d叶面喷施50 mg*L-12～3次GA3,结果表明在苹果上使用植物生长调节物质GA3的最佳处理浓度为50～60 mg*L-1,它可以提高光合面积64%～121%,而且对于不同的品种效果差异较大,以小叶型品种的效果更明显.在促进苹果新梢的生长和枝类比方面的研究结果表明,不同时期喷施50 mg*L-1GA3可以提高新梢长度11.6%～39.9%,增加长枝比例9.6%～36%,使弱树复壮,盛果期树克服大小年结果更丰产,而且这种效应随叶面喷施的次数的减少和时间的推移效果减弱,同时也为不同的树势调节提供了一套切实可行技术方案,使弱树在短期内复壮、壮树更优质丰产,为实现苹果在我国优质丰产和集约化栽培奠定了理论基础.     

生物菌肥对苹果弱树营养生长的影响

苹果弱树施用生物菌肥九丰肥田宝后 ,树势显著增强 ,新梢长度增加了 2 8 8% ,叶片厚度增加了 39 1% ,百叶干重增加了 5 3 7% ,叶面积和细根干重也有一定提高     

套袋对苹果果实钙素吸收与分布的影响

以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)为试材,进行了套袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定其果实的Ca含量,研究套袋对果实钙素吸收与分布的影响。结果表明,果实套袋后,在花后40～90d,整果钙吸收量高于对照果实;从花后120d开始,对照果实整果钙含量一直高于套袋果实。此外,苹果果实在整个生长发育过程中对Ca都有吸收,花后40d内,苹果果实吸收整果钙含量的20%左右;从花后40d(套袋)到90d,果实钙吸收量迅速升高,对照果实可吸收整果钙含量的66.1%,套纸袋果实可吸收整果钙含量的73.8%;此外,在果实的成熟期仍有少量的钙吸收。果实套袋后,果实各个部分的钙含量变化与对照果实相比,果皮中钙含量明显低于对照果实,而果肉和果心的钙含量却高于对照果实。     

Random sample estimates of tree mean for fruit size and colour in apple

Data obtained in 2005 from thinning experiments with ‘Ariane’ and ‘Pitchounette’ apples (Malus × domestica L. Borkh.) were used to estimate tree mean fruit diameter (MD), weight (MW) and proportion of red overcolour (MC) using random samples. Twenty fruit per tree were taken from the boxes containing the fruit harvested at each picking. To avoid taking only fruit in the upper layers of the boxes, fruit from each tree were spread out on a table beforehand. The estimated values were compared with the true MD, MW or MC calculated from each picking and from the entire crop. Statistical techniques were used to assess agreement between the values obtained with estimation methods and the true values. Estimates obtained from a sample averaging ∼15–20% of total crop may range from 2 to 3% of the true mean diameter, and from 6.0 to 8.5% of the true mean weight. Estimates for MC obtained from the same samples may range from 10 to 25% of the true mean overcolour. The error margin associated with estimating fruit diameter and weight from the sampling method employed in this study seems to be small enough to consider it reasonably adequate to detect treatment differences that would be considered biologically or economically significant. Blind sampling and colour determination through image analysis are suggested as a means to obtain unbiased and objective data for fruit colour determinations.     

树盘反光膜铺设时间长短对苹果品质的影响

以13年生红富士苹果为试材,探讨反光膜铺设时间长短对果实品质的影响。结果表明,果园地面铺设反光膜能显著提高苹果果实维生素C含量和着色程度,降低果实可滴定酸含量,且铺设时间越长效果越好;铺设反光膜能显著增加果实红色度,反光膜铺设时间20天时,果实着色效果最好。     

不同中间砧对国光苹果树生长发育的影响

用15个类型苹果砧木资源作国光苹果品种的中间砧，表现为嫁接亲和性均较好，部分组合有轻微的大小脚现象，河南海棠等9个砧木资源具有不同程度的矮化作用。不同砧（中间砧）穗组合的早期丰产性差异较大。但对果实单果重和品质影响不大。     

Identifying the location of olive fruit abscission

For high quality oil, table olive characteristics, and reduction of alternate bearing tendencies, it is often desirable to harvest olive fruits prior to full physiological maturity, that is, before the natural separation zone has differentiated. Olive fruit abscission can occur at different positions, mainly fruit-pedicel, pedicel rachis and peduncle-branch, apparently varying according to cultivar, fruit weight, and fruit maturation. Precisely identifying the location of separation is critical for studying the differentiation of the abscission zone or zones and testing the effectiveness of harvest procedures, including the mode of action of different fruit-loosening chemicals. We determined the olive fruit abscission zone position under natural conditions, throughout the complete fruit maturation period, for two cultivars differing in fruit size. The major separation zone for the cultivars studied was between the fruit and pedicel. For cv. Picual, abscission in zones other that fruit-pedicel occurred in less than 15% of the fruit at all dates throughout the maturation period, whereas in cv. Hojiblanca, the percentages of fruits detached at peduncle-shoot (27%) and pedicel-rachis (19%) were initially substantial, and then decreased progressively during fruit maturation. Our data clearly indicate both varietal and temporal differences which should be taken into account not only when testing fruit-loosening compounds but in extrapolating test results to different varieties or dates. Fruit weight did not appear affect the abscission location. The method we used, of counting the different detached units, is simple and effective for determining the position of fruit abscission.     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

成龄苹果树形改造对根系生长分布的影响

以成龄红富士苹果为试材,应用壕沟法研究小冠疏层形改造成高干开心形对根系分布状况的影响。结果表明:垂直分布上,改造树总根数增加,直径小于2mm的吸收根密集分布于20～40cm土层,而对照则分布于0～20cm;改造树和对照树水平分布最高峰分别出现在距树干100～120cm和60～80cm处。改造树根干重显著高于对照,提高了13.4%。可见,小冠疏层形改造为高干开心形后,根数目、干重增加;根系向下延伸,向外扩展。     

0.2%苦参碱水剂对苹果刺吸式害虫的防治效果

0.2%苦参碱水剂800倍液防治苹果全爪螨,药后7d的防效为92.42%,药后10 d的防效为93.17%;0.2%苦参碱水剂1 000倍液防治绣线菊蚜,药后1 d的防效为95.56%,药后3 d的防效为95.71%,药后7d的防效为92.02%。经方差分析,均与对照无显著差异,可在生产中应用。     

修剪对‘寒富’苹果果实内在品质的影响

为了提高‘寒富’苹果的内在品质,研究了修剪对‘寒富’苹果果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、淀粉、有机酸和Vc含量的影响。结果表明,拉枝、扭梢和摘心处理均有效提高了果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量和糖酸比,但降低了淀粉和有机酸含量;未套袋下扭梢处理对各项指标的影响较套袋下明显;二次摘心处理对各项指标的影响较一次摘心明显。