北京春大棚瓜蚜发生规律及防治药剂筛选

为掌握北京地区春早茬西瓜瓜蚜发生规律,完善瓜蚜绿色防控技术方案,对其进行了系统调查,并针对大面积栽培方式进行了药剂筛选试验。结果表明,北京地区春茬大棚西瓜蚜虫主要在棚外越冬寄主上越冬,早春有翅蚜迁入大棚内开始发生,在5月中旬到6月上旬为发生盛期。吡虫啉根部施药对前期瓜蚜的种群有较好的控制作用,但对发生盛期以后瓜蚜的种群增长不能控制。瓜蚜始盛期进行噻虫嗪、噻虫高氯氟、氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺喷雾具有较好的速效性和持效性,14 d防治效果均超过95%,该效果可以持续到收获期,防治效果优于吡虫啉定植期根部施药,可以作为后者的替代技术。供试药剂喷雾防治瓜蚜有助于挽回产量且不影响西瓜可溶性固形物含量和口感,可在田间轮换使用。     

温室早春茬黄瓜烟蓟马和瓜型棉蚜发生动态及空间分布

以"京研迷你2号"黄瓜为试材,以日光温室中烟蓟马和瓜型棉蚜为研究对象,调查了早春茬黄瓜从定植到拉秧期间2种害虫的发生动态及空间分布,以期为黄瓜害虫的有效防治提供科学依据。结果表明:温室日平均温度稳定在20℃以后,烟蓟马与瓜型棉蚜种群数量开始逐渐上升。烟蓟马种群数量呈逻辑斯蒂增长,瓜型棉蚜种群数量呈指数型增长,烟蓟马和瓜型棉蚜在黄瓜上的空间分布型为负二项分布。在日光温室内烟蓟马的分布随时间变化明显;而瓜型棉蚜以温室西部种群数量最大。     

植物源诱芯和黄板联用防治瓜菜温室白粉虱

温室白粉虱是蔬菜上发生危害最为严重的害虫之一,为克服单一使用黄板应用初期效果较差的缺点,开展了植物源诱芯和黄板联合使用防治温室白粉虱的试验。试验结果表明,植物源诱芯和黄板联合使用与黄板单独使用诱捕到温室白粉虱的数量分别为2 778.33头和1 346.67头,差异达显著水平;第15天和20天后,植物源诱芯和黄板联合使用对温室白粉虱防治效果显著优于黄板单独使用。本研究表明植物源诱芯和黄板使用对温室白粉虱的防治效果更佳,可以作为"拉"的成分为"推-拉策略"防治温室白粉虱提供新的方法。     

Effect of pruning and plant spacing on the growth of cherry rootstocks and their influence on stem water potential of sweet cherry trees

Summary

The aims of this work are to describe the effects of pruning and planting density on growth and water relations of ungrafted and grafted sweet cherry trees. A trial with cherry rootstocks ‘Prunus avium’, ‘CAB 11E’, ‘Maxma 14’, ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Edabriz’ was begun in 1997. Pruning severities were applied to the rootstocks (0, 30, 60 and 90% of the vegetative growth was removed corresponding to P1, P2, P3 and P4 treatments, respectively) after planting to two plant spacings (S1 = 0.25 × 1.0 m and S2= 0.45 × 1.5 m). Canopy, root growth and leaf water potential (ψ_leaf) were quantified throughout the growing season. Pruning significantly affected root length and root weight of the rootstocks. Uncut plants (P1) showed a heavier and expanded root biomass (231 g and 108 m) than the intensively pruned plants (P4) (187 g and 75 m). The greater root biomass was obtained with the spacing/pruning combination, S1/P1 (285 g), and the smaller with S1/P4 (180 g) and S2/P4 (176 g). ψ_leaf varied significantly between the rootstocks and plant spacing but not with pruning. ‘Maxma 14’ and ‘P. avium’ attained the lowest values of midday ψ_leaf, –2.28 and –2.04 MPa, but the highest values of predawn ψ_leaf, –0.29 and –0.25 MPa, respectively. Generally, with high density (S1), the rootstocks exhibited lower predawn and midday ψ_leaf. In 1998, cultivars ‘Burlat’, ‘Summit’ and ‘Van’ were grafted onto rootstocks and a trial was installed in 1999. Predawn and midday stem water potential (ψ_stem) on cherry trees, measured in 2002, were affected significantly by the rootstock/genotype combination. Cultivars grafted on ‘P. avium’ and ‘Maxma 14’ showed the less negative midday ψ_stem, –1.36 and –1.42 MPa respectively, so these rootstock genotypes perhaps induced a higher drought resistance to the scion. Recorded data show that the scion-rootstock interaction with regard to production performance under water deficits may be an important consideration in cherry tree planting strategies.     

六种常用杀虫剂对豆蚜的毒力测定及田间防效

以豆蚜为供试虫源,采用室内毒力测定和田间药效试验方法,测定了6种药剂对豆蚜的敏感性.结果表明:供试豆蚜对74.6％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐产生极高的抗性,当测试浓度达1 000 mg/L时,24 h校正死亡率仅为30.36％,对95％高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性最高,半数致死浓度(LC50)为8.1609 mg/L.6种药剂对豆蚜的毒杀效果依次为:95％高效氯氰菊酯＞95％毒死蜱＞98％啶虫脒＞94％阿维菌素＞96％吡虫啉＞74.6％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐.田间试验结果表明:除甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐外,其余5种药剂均对豆蚜具有非常好的防效,施药后3、7d的防效均达99％以上.除74.6％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐外,目前使用的多数药剂对豆蚜具有较好的防治效果.     

苹果轮纹病药剂筛选与药剂配方

为解决苹果枝干轮纹病有效防治药剂缺乏的问题,1998—1999年在富士苹果枝干轮纹病树上开展其病害的药剂配方、浓度、防治次数、时期筛选及病斑不同刮治程度试验,2000—2002年在富士苹果枝干轮纹病树上开展果实轮纹病防治试验,结果表明,5波美度石硫合剂∶硅石粉剂=100∶4或100∶6对苹果枝干轮纹病具有显著的增效作用;1年2次施药效果显著;第1次施药前应采取轻刮,以后防治直接用药;多菌灵与波尔多液交替、多菌灵与石硫合剂∶硅石粉剂交替使用采收期与贮藏期防治果实轮纹病效果均突出;套袋果实轮纹病防效达100%。     

Changes of plant cover and land use types (1950's to 1980's) in three mire reserves and their neighbourhood in Estonia

The dynamics of plant cover and land use types in three study areas - Keava (1192.05 ha), Meenikonna (1513.35 ha) and Nätsi-Võlla (888.61 ha) mire landscapes, each divided into natural (N) and anthropogenous (A) subareas, was investigated by repeated aerial photo (black-and-white panchromatic, 1:10,000) interpretation. Nineteen plant cover and land use (PC&LU) types were differentiated and three contour maps were drawn for each study area (corresponding to 1950's, 1960's and 1980's).The dynamics of mire landscapes were modelled by transition matrices P = [P_ij], which contain the transition probabilities between i-th and j-th PC&LU types during the time interval between the aerial photographs. A total of 12 transition matrices were constructed.In A-subareas peat milling was started in the middle of the 60's whereas N-subareas acquired mire reserve status in 1981, which is manifested in a different development. 93% of N-subarea and 69% of the A-subarea remained unchanged from the 50's to the 80's. The increase of anthropogenous land use types in A-subareas of Keava, Meenikonna and Nätsi-Võlla were respectively 0.84%, 0.32% and 1.17% per year.Two different matrices (I and II period) were used to predict the future state of the study areas. The applicability of the transition matrix model has been discussed by comparing matrices of different base periods. Errors arising from photointerpretation, contour input, (transition) area measurement, matrix reduction etc. are evaluated.     

14种植物乙醇提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食的影响

测定了14种植物乙醇提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾(Thalassodes immissaria Walker)成虫产卵、2龄幼虫取食及存活的影响.结果表明,非洲山毛豆、洋紫荆、肉桂、华南毛蕨和少花龙葵5种植物提取物对荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾的产卵抑制作用最佳,处理1 d后的产卵抑制率分别为87.50%、81.25%、78.73%、71...     

不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响

研究了相同光强下不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同光质膜处理对草莓的生长结果、干物质分配和果实品质均有影响。与中性膜相比,绿膜和红膜下草莓植株的叶柄长度和叶面积显著增加,而蓝膜的叶柄长度和叶面积明显较低。光质不同也影响草莓干物质的分配,干物质向叶片和叶柄分配比例绿膜最高,蓝膜最低,其它膜之间相近。而干物质向果实、冠状茎和根系中的分配比例均以蓝膜最高,其次为红膜,绿膜最低,黄膜与中性膜相近。红膜下生长的草莓,产量最高、果实最大;蓝膜下可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比最高;而绿膜下则产量最低、果实最小、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比最低。抗坏血酸含量的高低与不同膜中的紫外和蓝紫光的比例一致,与红光/蓝光比值相反。     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.     

红橘精油对橘小实蝇产卵量的影响及化学成分分析

【目的】为研究红橘(citrus reticulate)精油对橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)产卵行为的影响。【方法】用浸泡法测试不同浓度红橘精油处理后杧果上的橘小实蝇产卵量,并对红橘精油进行GC-MS分析。【结果】结果表明,经不同浓度红橘精油处理的杧果上的橘小实蝇着卵量均显著高于对照,且随着红橘精油浓度的提高其产卵量升高。红橘精油主要成分为柠檬烯,松油烯,月桂烯,α-蒎烯,4-异丙基甲苯,芳樟醇等。【结论】初步确定,红橘精油对橘小实蝇产卵具有显著的引诱活性;这些主要成分可能是红橘精油引诱橘小实蝇产卵的主要物质。     

The development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae on a range of ornamental pot-plant species and the potential for control using Metarhizium anisopliae

Aspects of the biology and control of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) on glasshouse pot plant species were investigated. In a natural situation, O. sulcatus preferred Primula and Cyclamen to Begonia, Impatiens and Campanula. The mean population size ranged from 0.4 larvae per pot for Campanula to 36.6 larvae per pot for Primula. The larval populations on all species were variable and differences were observed in species sensitivity to larval damage. All the Cyclamen plants showed significant signs of damage, whereas only 20% of the Primula plants were similarly affected, even though the mean larval population was 42% higher. Larval populations failed to develop on Campanula, Euphorbia, Hypoestes and Solanum following artificial egg infestation, while nearly 70% of the eggs applied to Cyclamen were recovered as larvae. Larval development on Impatiens and Cyclamen was compared, but no significant differences in larval number or weight were recorded. Significant differences in larval numbers and weight were observed on six Impatiens cultivars with survival from eggs and mean larval weight ranging from 84% to 58% and 38.4 to 27.4 mg respectively. Larval control using a prophylactic conidial drench of the entomogenous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, was very effective when conidia were applied at the higher rate of 1 x 109 conidia compost. Total control was recorded on five of the species examined and control on the other species exceeded 85%. The results achieved using the higher rate of M. anisopliae were consistently better than those achieved using the lower rate (5 x 10s conidia compost), but the difference in most cases was not significant. The results of these experiments demonstrate the potential of M. anisopliae as a microbial control agent for O. sulcatus on glasshouse ornamentals.     

Effects of Different Drying Methods on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Fruits

ABSTRACT

In this communication, we have discussed and compared the different drying processes i.e. flat plate solar collector, open sun and mechanical dryer with the preservative solution of Sodium Benzoate. Loquats were pretreated with preservative solution and subject to the drying process. Drying kinetics in terms of moisture lost per hour and drying rate, texture and antioxidants retention were determined before and after drying. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the different drying process has significantly affected on the kinetics of loquat fruits with the confidence interval of (α ≤ 0.05), whereas the preservative solution showed a non-significant effect on texture and antioxidants retention. High moisture lost per hour (5.4%) was recorded in mechanical dryer followed by flat plate solar collector dryer (3.7 %) while minimum (1.8%) was recorded in open sun drying. Good textured dried loquat with optimum hardness (313 g) and stiffness (141 g mm^?1) was found in flat plate solar collector dried samples. Similarly more antioxidants (52%) retained in samples dried with hot air using flat plate solar collector followed by the mechanical dryer (47%) while minimum (41%) was recorded in open sun drying. Although mechanical drying is fast, it does not help to maintain a good texture and more antioxidants. From the study, it was concluded that hot air drying using a flat plate solar collector is better for drying process to get valuable dried loquat with good texture and more antioxidants.     

核桃炭疽病和细菌性黑斑病的防治试验

用不同药剂对核桃炭疽病和细菌性黑斑病进行药效试验。花后3周开始喷药，每2周1次，共喷7次，至采前半月调查。50％多菌灵600倍液混加500万单位农用链霉素500倍液、70％甲基托布津700倍液混加50％福美双500倍液的防效分别为94．0％和97．6％。复配制剂50％轮纹宁500倍液的防效达93．4％。     

Hydrological behaviour of rain gardens and plant suitability: A study in the Veneto plain (north-eastern Italy) conditions

Since spring 2011 the roof of a building on the Agripolis Campus of the University of Padova (Italy) has been used as a drainage area for two rain gardens with a circular area of about 10% and 20% of the drainage area respectively. To improve soil infiltration, the topsoil was removed up to the depth of 1 m and filled with a mix of 50% sand, 25% compost and 25% of the existing topsoil. Herbaceous perennials were selected and planted to test their adaptability to different soil water conditions in the rain garden. To evaluate the capacity of each rain garden to manage stormwater runoff a simplified water balance was done, estimating actual evapotranspiration using the WUCOLS method. From autumn 2012 runoff volumes were collected just from one pitch of the roof, and directed only into the smaller rain garden that became equal to 15% of the new roof drainage area. We thus had the possibility to test the functionality of rain gardens with three different percentages of roof drainage area: 10, 15 and 20%, even if in different periods. Results are presented relating to a four-year experimental period. Regarding hydrological behaviour, the input water volumes caused a slight overflow only during a few rainfall events. Consequently, the results showed a high capacity to manage stormwater runoff and also in the smaller rain garden almost the total roof runoff volumes infiltrated into the soil. As regards plants, the results indicated that the growth is affected by their position in the rain garden, from the wettest condition in the centre to the driest at the perimeter, except for Hemerocallis hybrida that showed great adaptability in all positions. Aster novi-belgii, Echinacea purpurea, Iris pseudacorus, Molinia caerulea and Rudbeckia fulgida also showed good adaptation, even if not in all rain garden zones, with highly aesthetic results. Lythrum salicaria and Saponaria officinalis plants appeared to be unsuitable for rain gardens. The results of the experiment have shown that, in the Veneto plain environment, rain gardens with a size of 10–15% of the roof drainage area can ensure both the sustainable management of stormwater runoff and a high aesthetic functionality.     

Effects of fire frequency on plant communities and landscape pattern in the Massif des Aspres (southern France)

Fire frequency can affect pattern and diversity in plant communities and landscapes. We had the opportunity to study changes due to recurring wildfires on the same sites over a period of 50 years in the Massif des Aspres (southern France). The study was carried out in areas occupied byQuercus suber andQ. ilex series. A comparison of historical and cartographical documents (vegetation maps covering a 50 year interval and an accurate map of major wildfires during this period) allowed us to determine the changes occurring over time with or without fire action. Plant communities were grouped into three main vegetation types: forests, treed shrublands and shrublands. The passage of three successive wildfires on the same site led to a decrease in forest areas and an increase in shrublands; however, shrublands were already present before the first fire of the period under consideration. Less frequent fire occurrence induced more complex heterogeneity and greater landscape diversity. In the study region as a whole, with or without fire action, a significant decrease in forest surfaces was recorded, whereas there was an increase of unforested communities such as treed shrublands and shrublands. In some parts of the Massif fires increased the homogeneity of the landscape, in other parts they created a greater heterogeneity and diversity of plant communities.     

Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield,growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry

The effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the fruit yield, growth and nutrient element content of strawberry cv. Fern were investigated under organic growing conditions between 2006 and 2008. The experimental plot was a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Three PGPB strains (Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3) were used alone or in combination as bio-fertilizer agent in the experiment. Data through 3 years showed that the use of PGPB significantly increased fruit yield, plant growth and leaf P and Zn contents. Root inoculation of M3 and floral and foliar spraying of OSU-142 and BA-8 bacteria stimulated plant growth resulting in significant yield increases. M3 + BA-8, BA-8 + OSU-142, M3, M3 + OSU-142 and BA-8 applications increased cumulative yield by 33.2%, 18.4%, 18.2%, 15.3% and 10.5%, respectively. Number of fruits per plant significantly increased by the applications of M3 + BA-8 (91.73) and M3 (81.58) compared with the control (68.66). In addition, P and Zn contents of strawberry leaves with bacterial inoculation significantly increased under organic growing conditions. Available P contents in soil were increased from 0.35 kg P₂O₅/da at the beginning of the study to 2.00, 1.97 and 1.82 kg P₂O₅/da by M3 + OSU-142, M3 + BA-8 and M3 + BA-8 + OSU-142 applications, respectively. Overall, the results of this study suggest that root inoculation of Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with spraying Bacillus OSU-142 or Pseudomonas BA-8 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition content of strawberry plant under organic growing conditions.     

Crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple in Britain: Observations on natural outbreaks,and experiments on artificially inducing the disease in the field

Crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple came to prominence in Britain in the 1960s following the introduction of certain new types of clonal rootstock. Observations on crown rot outbreaks over the period 1976 to 1984 were as follows: only rootstocks MM.104 and MM.106 were affected; infection occurred in the bark of the rootstock axis below soil level; lesions caused girdling, and sometimes appeared above soil level and spread down the main roots to a limited extent; infection occurred during the growing season but disease development ceased with the onset of winter and did not resume the following year; trees on MM. 104 were susceptible throughout the life of the orchard while trees on MM. 106 were susceptible only during the establishment years; disease outbreaks occurred sporadically. Crown rot was induced experimentally on trees grafted on MM. 104 and on M.25 in field trials by irrigating for four to six weeks through inoculum applied to the base of the trees. No crown rot occurred on grafted MM.106 or on other grafted rootstocks in the same trials, although lesions developed above soil level on a few trees. The limited experimental data indicated that MM.104 was liable to attack throughout the growing season. The importance of environmental influences on the susceptibility of rootstocks to crown rot is discussed.     

Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield,growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry

During 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of two Bacillus strains OSU-142 (N₂-fixing) and M3 (N₂-fixing and phosphate solubilizing) were tested alone or in combinations on organically grown primocane fruiting raspberry (cv. Heritage) plants in terms of yield, growth, nutrient composition of leaves and variation of soil nutrient element composition in the province of Erzurum, Turkey. The results showed that Bacillus M3 treatment stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increase. Inoculation of raspberry plant roots and rhizosphere with M3 and/or OSU-142 + M3, significantly increased yield (33.9% and 74.9%), cane length (13.6% and 15.0%), number of cluster per cane (25.4% and 28.7%) and number of berries per cane (25.1% and 36.0%) compared with the control, respectively. In addition, N, P and Ca contents of raspberry leaves with OSU-142 + M3 treatment, and Fe and Mn contents of the leaves of raspberry with M3 and OSU-142 + M3 applications significantly improved under organic growing conditions. Bacterial applications also significantly effected soil total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn contents and pH. Available P contents in soil was determined to be increased from 1.55 kg P₂O₅/da at the beginning of the study to 2.83 kg P₂O₅/da by OSU-142, to 5.36 kg P₂O₅/da by M3 and to 4.71 kg P₂O₅/da by OSU-142 + M3 treatments. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with Bacillus OSU-142 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition of raspberry plant under organic growing conditions.     

Effect of angiontensin-(1-7) on development of monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling

AIM: To investigate the effect of angiotensin-(1-7) ［Ang-(1-7)］ on the development of monocrotaline (MCT) induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling.METHODS: 60 Sprgue-Dawely rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, PAH group and PAH+Ang-(1-7) group. Rats in PAH group and PAH +Ang-(1-7) group received 60 mg/kg MCT injection subcutaneously and after 24 h received either saline or 24 μg·kg-1·h-1 of Ang-(1-7) injection via osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks. These rats in control group were firstly injected saline subcutaneously and then received saline injection via osmotic minipumps.RESULTS: After 4 weeks, in PAH group, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI), percentage of wall thickness (WT%) and percentage of wall area (WA%) of pulmonary artery were significantly increased and NO concentration, the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation were significantly decreased compared with control group. However, RVSP, RVHI, WT %, WA % were dramatically decreased in PAH +Ang-(1-7) group and NO concentration, the level of eNOS protein, eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation were significantly increased compared with PAH group.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Ang-(1-7) could prevent the development of monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling, which appears to be associated with up-regulation of NO concentration and the level of eNOS protein, eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation.