果梅基因组DNA提取方法的比较及ISSR分析

以果梅品种鸳鸯梅、皇后梅和肖山选的幼嫩叶片为试材,提取果梅的DNA.针对果梅组织细胞体内含有较多的酚类、糖类及萜类等次生代谢物质的特点,采用传统的CTAB法、改良的CTAB法和改良的SDS法提取果梅基因组DNA,并比较其提取效果.结果表明:改良的CTAB法可获得高质量、高得率的基因组DNA,OD260/280比值在1.80左右.通过基因组DlNA-ISSR分析,完全满足试验要求.并进一步对改良的CTAB法的关键步骤作出具体的分析讨论.     

梅单瓣复瓣花的相关分子标记初探

 应用RAPD分子标记技术和SCAR 分子标记技术研究了梅单瓣花与复瓣花相关的分子标记。结果表明从34 个随机引物中筛选到一个多态性引物OPP01 , 扩增出只有单瓣花类型具有的分子量为1899 bp的DNA 特异片段, 即OPP01-DS-1899 ; 根据该序列设计大小分别为25 bp 和24bp 的一对引物SSD-1 和SSD-2 ,将RAPD 标记转为SCAR 标记, 该标记大小为1079 bp 。     

青梅果实的采后成熟特性和肉质变化

研究了２０℃,相对湿度９３％条件下青梅果实的采后成熟特性和肉质变化,结果表明,青梅果实采后呼吸活性和乙烯生成量随着成熟作用的进展而加大,乙烯生成量极高,在呼吸类型上属于跃变型果实;果皮急速黄化,果肉急速软化,主要原因在于多聚半乳糖醛酸酶,果胶甲酯酶活性的增大,导致水溶性果胶含量上升和盐酸可溶性果胶含量的下降。     

Determination of S-RNase genotypes and isolation of four novel S-RNase genes in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) native to China

Summary

Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) originated in China with more than 500 cultivars. Most cultivars are self-incompatible. It is essential to identify S-genotypes for production and breeding. The S-genotypes of 17 Japanese apricot cultivars native to China were determined using the Prunus S-RNase consensus primer pair, Pru-C2 and PCE-R, which were designed from the second and third conserved regions of Prunus S-RNases, respectively. Eleven S-RNase alleles (S₁ S₂, S₇, S₁₂, S₁₄, S₁₅, S₁₈, S₂₀, S₂₂, S₂₃ and S₂₆) and four new S-RNase alleles (S₃₀, S₃₁, S₃₂ and S₃₃) with GenBank Accession Numbers JN232975, JN232976, JN232977, JN232978 were identified. Furthermore, the S-genotypes of four Japanese apricot cultivars were confirmed by field-testing for cross-pollination. The results of this study enrich the information available on S-genotypes in Japanese apricot and provide a reasonable basis for the appropriate arrangement of pollination trees in orchard practice.     

中国梅的变异与分布研究

通过文献阅读、标本查阅及实地考察，发现了梅的一些变异类型。提出了梅的地理分布格局，对梅分布的历史迁作的探讨。种、滇、藏交界的横断山区是梅的自然分布中心，另外还有一些亚中心；在对种群数量和变异类型研究的基础上，确认梅的自然分布中心即梅的变异中心。     

采后处理对青梅果实的生理和品质的影响

测定了青梅采后室温贮藏下生理和品质的变化 ,研究了采后处理对梅果室温和冷藏后转入常温的贮藏效果。结果表明 ,采后果肉急速软化 ,可滴定酸迅速下降。各处理对青梅果实的保鲜效果以乙烯吸收剂处理效果最好 ,其次是GA3处理。CaCl2 处理浓度以 2 %为宜 ,热空气处理的时间不能超过 2d     

Fruit set after self-pollination at different floral stages and its relation to pollen-tube growth and stylar S-RNase content in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)

Summary

To investigate fruit set after self-pollination at different floral stages, and its relationship to the S-RNase content of the style in Japanese apricot, which exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), the cultivar ‘Xiyeqing’ was selfand cross-pollinated at –6, –4, –2, 0 and +2 d after anthesis (DAA). At –6 and –4 DAA, the percentage fruit set was low, suggesting that the propensity to seed set was weak during this period. At –2 DAA, the percentage fruit set, after self-pollination, reached a maximum of 5.97%. Thus, the effective time of self-pollination to obtain inbred seed was –2 DAA. Soluble protein extracts of styles at each floral stage were subjected to iso-electric focussing. The results showed that S-RNase began to be synthesized from –6 DAA, reached its maximum expression 2 – 3 d before anthesis, and was degraded slowly after anthesis. The number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base, as detected by fluorescence microscopy, varied at –2, 0, and +2 DAA. The number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base, and the percentage fruit set after self-pollination, exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.8615; P = 0.1), while the S-RNase content per style showed a negative relationship to fruit set percentage (r = –0.9640; P = 0.01), and to the number of pollen tubes arriving at the stylar base (r = –0.9380; P = 0.01) during this period. This implied that the S-RNase content in the style was mainly responsible for the low percentage fruit set and the low number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base after self-pollination.     

Incompatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.): Methodological considerations

Summary

The recent introduction of new self-incompatible varieties of apricot has required further research on the extent of self-incompatibility in apricot and its genetic determinism. The different laboratory and field techniques utilized to date for incompatibility studies in apricot have often given markedly diverging results, leading to difficulty of interpretation. The purpose of this study was therefore to make a critical assessment of the reliability of the various methods, to obtain a more precise tool for compatibility studies. Forty-eight apricot crosses were assessed over a two-year period and the results compared using the normal field techniques (active pollination without bagging, active pollination with bagging and passive pollination) and laboratory tests (fluorescence test). The present study reports on some aspects of the different techniques and offers methodological suggestions for improved practical application of the various tests.     

梅野生种与栽培品种的同工酶研究

对梅的野生种及果梅、花梅栽培品种的过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、α—淀粉酶及酯酶的研究结果表明,所有受试类型都有基本相似的特征酶谱。野生梅、半野生梅、单粉垂枝梅和淡晕宫粉梅较为原始,白须朱砂梅和送春梅较为进化,大羽梅最为进化,其构成十分复杂。     

Cross-(in)compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

Eight apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and selections were self- and cross-pollinated in order to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Overall, 40 pollination combinations were examined. Pollen-tube growth in pistils pollinated in the laboratory was analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Three inter-incompatiblity groups of cultivars were found, of which two had not been described previously, while an existing group was expanded with one additional cultivar. The first group consisted of three Hungarian cultivars (‘Ligeti Orias’, ‘Cegledi Orias’, and ‘Szegedi Mammut’) and a Moldavian cultivar (‘Kostjuzhenskyi’). The second group consisted of two American cultivars (‘Stark Early Orange’ and ‘Nugget’). The third group consisted of two Serbian selections (‘Novi Sad Early’ and ‘Frushka Gora Early’). In the incompatible cultivar combinations, pollen-tube growth stopped in the style with the formation of the characteristic swelling. In the compatible combinations, the pollen tubes reached the ovary in the majority of the pistils examined.     

Cold and heat requirements of the apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

The cold units (CU) and heat units (HU) required for the flowering of 13 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in AbaraÂn (Murcia) have been established. The end of the dormancy period was determined on the basis of the dry-weight increase of the flower buds. The tests in which the dry weight was measured after forcing the flower buds at 208C turned out to be more precise in detecting the beginning of the reactivation phase than those in which they were not forced.     

梅遗传多样性的SRAP分析

 为探明梅种质资源间的亲缘关系,利用SRAP标记对梅135份样品进行了遗传多样性分析。17个引物组合共扩增出124个位点,其中多态性位点为106个,多态位点比率87.5%。每个引物组合扩增位点数在4 ~ 12个之间,平均每个引物组合扩增位点数为7.3;通过NTSYS软件计算得到的样品间SM相似系数介于0.556 ~ 0.958,平均值为0.733,显示梅资源间存在一定的遗传差异;根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法构建树状聚类图,聚类分析将135份样品分为7组,聚类分析结果与梅种的形态分类系统基本相符。     

梅及其近缘种数量分类初探

对包括野梅、半野生梅、栽培果梅和桃、山桃、光核桃、杏、山杏、藏杏、洪平梅及李等共４１个分类运算单位（ＯＴＵ）选用３７个性状进行聚类分析。结果表明，梅种内可聚力杏梅、常绿梅、品字梅、毛梅、小梅、长梗梅、野梅、果梅等８个类群。以距离系数而论，与梅亲缘关系最近者为洪平梅、藏杏，其余依次为山杏、杏、山桃、光核桃、桃、李等。参照聚类结果、形态分类以及其它因素，提出了梅种内及若干近缘种有关分类位置的方案。     

利用RAPD标记鉴定和区分梅花42个宫粉型品种

 利用RAPD标记，对形态特征相似的42个宫粉型梅花品种的基因组DNA进行随机引物PCR扩增。从120个引物中筛选出21个引物，共扩增出96条谱带，其中多态性谱带68条，占扩增谱带数的70．8％ ，品种问相似系数范围为0．737～0．961。在21个引物中，7个引物扩增的谱带可区分27个品种，7个引物相互组合可区分其余的l5个品种。梅花品种RAPD指纹图谱的建立可以为品种知识产权保护提供依据。     

气调包装和乙烯吸收剂对梅果叶绿素含量、叶绿素酶活性与乙烯释放的影响

研究在25℃下,气调包装和乙烯吸收剂处理对青梅果实采后叶绿素含量、叶绿素酶活性和乙烯释放量的影响及它们之间的关系。结果表明:2个处理均能抑制果实乙烯释放和叶绿素酶活性上升,延缓果实叶绿素含量降低,以气调包装效果更佳。对乙烯吸收剂处理的果实进行相关性分析,其内源乙烯含量与叶绿素酶活性呈显著正相关(R=0.8204),而叶绿素酶活性与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.8990)。     

杏的脱毒及组培快繁研究

杏(Prunus arm eniaca L.)作为主要核果类果树树种之一,在世界各大洲都有栽培。随着研究的深入,研究人员发现,给杏树生产带来严重危害的是病毒,并且已应用ELISA方法检测出杏树病毒有李子苦痘病毒(PPV)、李枯叶坏死坏斑病毒(PNRSV)、李矮缩病毒(PDV)、苹果花叶病毒(ApM V)、苹果     

不同发育时期对山茱萸果实品质变化规律的影响

以不同发育时期的山茱萸果实为试材,采用果实形态结构观察以及植物生理学方法,研究了不同发育时期对山茱萸果实品质变化规律的影响,以期为果实发育过程中的物质积累研究提供参考依据。结果表明:依据果实外部形态及内部结构特征,可以将山茱萸果实发育划分为3个时期,依次为幼果期、中果期和成熟期。不同发育时期山茱萸果实品质指标呈规律性变化。对果实发育过程中多项品质指标进行综合评价,确定幼果期为山茱萸果实品质形成的关键时期,成熟期果实纵、横径和单果干质量的变化趋于稳定,可以为采收期的确定提供参考依据。     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对杨梅活性氧代谢的影响

2℃±1℃下,杨梅采后6d内,SOD活性缓慢下降,APX和GR活性缓慢上升,活性氧产生速率趋于稳定状态,MDA含量也缓慢上升。6d后,SOD、APX和GR活性迅速下降,活性氧产生速率和MDA含量均迅速上升。1%壳聚糖处理杨梅能延缓SOD、APX和GR活性的下降,使之保持在较高水平,维持MDA在较低水平,同时抑制活性氧的产生速率。而0.5%壳聚糖处理对杨梅SOD、APX和GR活性及活性氧产生速率和MDA含量无明显影响。