Poor anchorage and growth of spur ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees with deep crown roots

Spur ‘Red Delicious’ apple Malus domestica (Bork.) trees on MM 111 and seedlings that had been blown over by high winds had greater depth to first root and had thinner trunks than adjacent undamaged trees.     

Root growth,water relations and mineral uptake of young ‘Delicious’ apple trees treated with soil- and stem-applied paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (2R,3R + 2S,3S)-1-(4 chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trizol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol), at 25, 50 and 150 mg active ingredient, was applied as a soil drench or stem application to 1-year-old ‘Topred Delicious’ apples. Root growth measured as relative root surface area was reduced by both soil and stem applications. There was no significant difference in dry weight of the root tissue. The root-to-leaf-area ratio was significantly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants.Water relations measured as leaf conductance and leaf water potential were significantly influenced by paclobutrazol. Leaf conductance was higher in paclobutrazol-treated plants when the plants were turgid, as well as under some water stress. Leaf water potential was significantly higher in treated plants.There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium levels found in the leaf or root tissue.     

Induction of feathers by growth regulators on maiden trees of apple and pear

The relationship between some physiological and hormonal aspects of the morphogenesis of the lateral shoots (feathers) has been investigated on apple and pear maiden trees.

Bioassays of extracts from the upper part of Jonathan and Rhode Island Greening apple trees showed that the level of endogenous ‘promoters’ decreased in Jonathan (which tends to feather naturally) during the period of spring bud-break, while the level of ‘inhibitors’ appeared to be small but constant. In R. I. Greening (which does not feather easily) the levels of both promoters and inhibitors were higher and constant during the five weeks of the investigation. These data support the view that apical dominance is mainly related to the movement of auxins from the shoot apex to the regions below. Consequently the strong polarity of the shoots can be ascribed to the greater quantity of auxin-like substances and to the balance between these substances and inhibitors.

The application of the anti-auxin TIBA induced feather formation in Starking Delicious apple and Passe Crassane pear (which do not normally branch freely), but its action also involved some negative effects on the anatomical and morphological pattern of the trees.

In Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apples and Comice and Passe Crassane pears, a large number of feathers without any phytotoxic symptoms was obtained by the use, in the nursery, of diphenylurea (DPU) at 500 and 1000 ppm and maleic hydrazide (MH) at 1300 ppm. These results suggest a possible approach for producing nursery trees that are more suitable for the two modern training systems known as ‘palmetta anticipata’ and ‘slender spindle’.     

金帅苹果成龄树最佳负载量的探讨

通过对不同负栽条件下的果实产量、果品质量、树体生长及营养状况的比较分析,确定盛果期金帅苹果的最佳产量负载为0.2～0.3kgcm2干截面积。在此负载水平下,不仅可以保证产量,而且果实品质最佳,树体生长中庸健壮,枝叶营养水平适中。     

Some aspects of crop variation in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees

Fruit-set of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees was found to be largely independent of seasonal differences and much more closely related to the initial number of blossom clusters, when compared with many other apple cultivars under English conditions. In one young orchard, yield became increasingly a function of trunk girth during the first 3 cropping-years, but the trees then abruptly developed a biennial rhythm. Thereafter, blossom production was negatively correlated with the number of clusters in the previous year rather than with the number of fruits.Applications of daminozide or GA₃ appeared to increase or decrease, respectively, the amount of return bloom without altering the negative correlation with the number of clusters in the previous year. Chemical fruit-thinning with a mixture of carbaryl and NAA also appeared to be effective in increasing return bloom.     

巴姆斯对苹果幼树生长的影响

通过在苹果幼树上的田间试验，400～600倍巴姆斯能明显促进苹果幼树新梢加长生长、加粗生长，提高二次分枝能力，能明显加速苹果幼树成冠。     

Root damage affects nitrogen uptake and growth of young Fuji/M.26 apple trees

Summary

Effects of root damage during the transplant process on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake were studied with one-year-old bench-grafted Malus domestica Borkh ‘Fuji’ on M.26 rootstock apple nursery plants. Plants were potted after grafting and grown outside for one season. At the end of the season uniform trees were selected and randomly divided into four groups. One group of plants were moved into a 2°C cold room with soil and container intact (IR Treatment). Plants in other groups were removed from pots and stored as bareroot in the same cold room for three months. In the spring, bareroot plants were either: (1) transplanted with about 10% of the root system damaged during transplant (TP Treatment and Control-CK); or (2) root pruned by 25% (by volume) prior to transplant (RP treatment). Five trees from each treatment received 1 g of ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ at 12, 41 and 76 d after repotting. Control (CK) trees received no N. Trees were harvested 10 d after each N application, and plant growth and total N and ¹⁵N content of different tissues were determined. Root pruning reduced plant total biomass and root biomass at the first two harvests, but the plants from the RP treatment had highest total plant biomass and root biomass at the third harvest. There was no significant difference in the new stem and leaf growth among IR, RP and CK treatments at harvests but the TP treatment reduced new shoot biomass. Plants with intact roots (IR) had the higher total N content while control plants (CK) had the lowest. Root pruning reduced ¹⁵N uptake rate at the first two harvests but promoted it at the third harvest. Our results suggest that plant growth and nutrient uptake was suppressed by root pruning/damage during transplanting only in the early season, and the negative effects on growth and N uptake were offset later in the season by compensative root regeneration.     

The effect of overall herbicide systems of soil management on the growth and yield of apple trees ‘Golden Delicious’

A comparison of 6 methods of soil management for apple cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ between 1965 and 1976 showed that overall herbicides increased tree vigour and gave a higher yield than all other treatments. Yield was increased by 20% compared with well mown grass. The moss-covered surface that developed on overall herbicide plots gave good conditions for machinery passage and there was no increase in fruit loss through fungal rots.     

铁岭地区苹果幼树整形中的常见问题

苹果的幼树整形,对于保证苹果树整个生长周期内的稳产优质,从而获得最佳经济效益是至关重要的。但笔者发现,很多果树生产者技术应用不当,虽然也是按照最先进的生产模式进行宽行密植,并试图通过拉枝、抹芽等技术培养细长纺锤形、主干形等,但在具体应用上问题不少,很难达到预期效果。     

植物生长调节剂在枣树上的应用

综述枣树花前、花期、幼果期、果实发育中后期和采收前使用赤霉素、2,4-D、萘乙酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、防脱素、芸苔素内酯等植物生长调节剂对提高枣树坐果率,促进果实膨大,防止裂果等效果,及使用注意事项.     

富士苹果缺钙的原因及对策

结合生产实际分析了富士苹果缺钙症发生的原因,提出了在增施有机肥的基础上地下补钙,禁用环剥,合理负载、减少单株枝量等相应对策。     

苹果苗木及幼树促分枝技术研究进展

具有较好分枝状况的苹果苗木在栽植后更易于形成理想的树形而使果园实现早产和丰产以获得更好的经济效益,因而成为多个国家苹果矮化密植栽培的必要条件.与世界苹果生产水平较先进国家对苹果苗木促分枝技术的研究和应用较为深入和成熟的现状相比较,尽管我国苹果产业发展对苗木的要求越来越高,苗木促分枝方面的研究和应用还较为缺乏.除此之外,...     

Hormonal regulation of physiological leaf spot and premature leaf abscission in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees

Exogenous growth substances (GA₄₊₇, IAA, PBA, and ABA) alone and in combination were applied as leaf dips to young ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees in a growth room at 21 °C. All treatments containing GA₄₊₇ accelerated the incidence of physiological leaf spot over treatments without GA₄₊₇, ABA alone delayed the appearance of leaf spot. PBA, PBA + GA₄₊₇, and PBA + GA₄₊₇ + IAA retarded the abscission of spotted leaves.GA₄₊₇ and GA₄₊₇ + PBA also accelerated leaf spot development in bearing ‘Golden Delicious’ trees in the orchard.Fumigation of apple trees with ethylene at 2, 10, and 20 ppm had no influence on the occurrence of leaf spot or premature abscission.     

New approaches to the alleviation of barewood in young apple trees

Summary

Precocity is particularly important for the economic production of intensively planted apple trees. Unfortunately some cultivars show a propensity for barewood on young trees, which limits early production on 2 year-old spur sites. The new cultivar, ‘Scifresh’ (Jazz?) has shown serious problems of barewood under New Zealand conditions on M.9 and M.26 rootstocks. Barewood has been associated with excessive flowering on feathers and 1 year-old wood. Weak flower clusters develop towards the base of the shoots which do not set fruit and drop off, leaving blind buds. Although there are larger, more well-developed flower clusters on the distal parts of the 1 year-old shoots, cropping these can result in spur extinction. Therefore, in both cases, there is a lack of spur development for the following season resulting in barewood. Experimental treatments have focused on: 1) the effect of timing (January-May) and concentration (400 and 133 mg l^–1 gibberellic acid GA₃) sprays in the nursery to reduce flowering on 1 year-old wood; and 2) the effect of concentration and timing of localised cytokinin applications in the Spring to re-invigorate blind buds. Two applications of 400 mg l^–1 GA₃ in late January and late February in the first year in the nursery were effective in eliminating flowering on “knip boom” trees in the following Spring after cutting back. Two applications of 400 mg l^–1 GA₃, in early and late January, to “knip boom” trees in their second year in the nursery reduced flowering by over 40% when the trees were planted in the orchard. Twelve months later these trees showed an increased density of spur flowers on the original feathers. Aqueous solutions of the cytokinins benzyladenine and thidiazuron, at 500 mg l^–1 or 2500 mg l^–1 respectively, were applied by brush, prior to, during and post-budbreak, to sections of barewood on 2 year-old or 3 year-old wood on main branches of ‘Scifresh’/M.9 trees. Thidiazuron (at 2500 mg l^–1) was far more effective than benzyladenine at inducing growth of dormant buds, even resulting in multiple bud-breaks at individual sites.     

不同中间砧对鲁丽苹果幼树生长结果及耐寒性的影响

以海棠为基砧,以SH40、冀砧1号、冀砧2号和2号作中间砧的鲁丽苹果幼树为试材,研究了4种中间砧对其生长、产量、果实品质和抗寒性的影响。结果表明:不同砧穗组合的树高、干径、枝展随着树龄的增长而升高,其中冀砧2号中间砧树高增长量、中间砧干径最大;SH40中间砧树高增长量次之,枝展较大。冀砧2号中间砧树主枝数最多,为28.3个;2号中间砧树短枝比率最高,为75%。4个砧穗组合均是2020年开始有一定产量,其中冀砧2号中间砧树产量最高,单果重最高,苹果酸含量也最大。SH40中间砧树产量、单果重次之,固酸比最大。由低温半致死温度推断,树体抗寒性按中间砧排序,由强到弱依次为冀砧1号>SH40>冀砧2号>2号。综合分析认为,以SH40和冀砧2号作中间砧,鲁丽树体生长较好,结果初期产量高,果实品质优良,抗寒性较强。     

Responses of fruit growth,quality, and productivity to crop load in apple cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111

The effects of three crop load densities (4, 6 and 8 fruit per cm² of the cross-section of each tree branch, BCSA) on fruit growth, yield, fruit quality and vegetative growth were studied in apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) Ultrared Gala/MM111, from the fourth leaf (2006–2007 season) to the sixth (2008–2009 season). The maximum fruit growth rate was reached between 90 and 108 days after full bloom (DAFB), with values above 2.6 g day⁻¹. Accumulated yields to the sixth leaf reached 181, 157 and 123 Mg ha⁻¹ in the high, medium and low crop loads, respectively. Mean fruit weight decreased with increasing fruit crop load but the yields of fruit weight over 194 g were similar in all crop loads; the highest crop load exceeded the lowest crop load by 18.8 and 27.5 Mg ha⁻¹ of fruit weight of more than 172 and 154 g, respectively. The yields of harvested fruit exceeding 75% with red coloring did not show major differences, while fruit classified as 50–75% with red coloring were less common in the low crop load. No major differences were found at the end of the study in vegetative growth in the different seasons, nor in plant size. The reduction in mean fruit weight and in the percentage of fruit with good coloring was compensated by the increase in yields, thus not resulting in an effective reduction in the quality of the harvested fruit. The level of plant development reached with a semi-vigorous rootstock and high fruit loads allowed obtaining high fruit yield earlier and of good quality.     

多效唑在红富士苹果上的应用试验

2003—2004年在红富士苹果树上进行多效唑施用试验表明：5月30日地下施15％多效唑4．4g，8月12日再用1500mg／L多效唑溶液叶面喷布1次，时红富士苹果新梢生长的抑制作用较强，对花芽分化有明显促进作用，且对单果重的影响相对较小。     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。     

Graft union characteristics of M.26 apple rootstock combined with ‘Red Delicious’ strains — Morphological and anatomical development

This investigation records initial callus development within the graft union and the formation of vascular tissues during the first year's growth of two strains of spur types of ‘Red Delicious’ when combined with the M.26 rootstock. The differing components of stock and scion initiated a meristem at the union of tissues. This was accompanied by swirling of vascular elements continuing from a horizontal into a longitudinal orientation from the original disorganized cambium.Areas within the graft union have been designated as to callus formation, starch-grain accumulation and xylem-ray proliferation by light and scanning electron microscopy.     

The effect of paclobutrazol on the growth of cider apple trees,cv Michelin,when applied to orchard alleyway swards to suppress grass growth

Summary

Paclobutrazol was applied, with or without mefluidide, to the grassed alleyways between the bare soil tree lines in a bush cider orchard cv Michelin. The chemical not only suppressed grass growth but, in the year following application, produced typical paclobutrazol effects on the trees in adjacent rows including a reduction in growth.