砧木对小型早熟西瓜果实糖代谢及相关酶活性的影响

 以小型西瓜品种‘小兰’自根植株为对照, 研究‘杭州长瓠’、‘超丰F₁’、‘勇士’、‘黑籽南瓜’4 种砧木对其果实糖代谢特性及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明: 4 种嫁接西瓜果实发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和糖代谢酶活性变化趋势与自根西瓜一致。在果实发育早期, 果实中以分解酶类为主, 糖分积累低; 发育后期以合成酶类为主, 糖分积累多。西瓜嫁接后果实糖分含量明显降低, 降低程度依砧木而异, 超丰F₁/ 小兰、杭州长瓠/ 小兰西瓜的糖含量明显高于黑籽南瓜/ 小兰、勇士/ 小兰。砧木可能主要通过影响果实发育早期转化酶( Inv) 、发育后期蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS) 、蔗糖合酶(SS) 活性来影响糖分积累。各处理糖代谢酶的净活性与糖分积累存在较好相关性, 说明糖代谢酶在西瓜果实糖分积累中的作用是综合的, 造成自根及嫁接西瓜果实糖分积累的差异是Inv、SPS、SS 几种酶共同作用的结果。     

Carbohydrate changes in flowers,leaves, shoots and spurs of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple during flowering and fruit setting periods

Summary

Changes of carbohydrate concentrations in different parts of the flower and the surrounding tissues (leaves, spurs and shoots) were measured in apple (Malus pumila) in 1987 and 1988, during the periods of flowering and fruit setting, to investigate their importance for fruit setting. HPLC was used for soluble sugar and sorbitol analysis. Starch was hydrolysed to glucose enzymatically and glucose concentration was determined colorometrically to estimate starch concentrations. Soluble sugars plus sorbitol (the soluble pool) increased rapidly in all parts of the flower from bud burst until full bloom. In contrast, in the same period, starch concentrations decreased rapidly and reached about zero at full bloom in the storage organs (shoots and spurs), indicating starch conversion to sugars and their movement to the growing flowers. Sorbitol was the most abundant carbohydrate in all apple tissue measured, with the exception of sepals, in which glucose concentration was the highest from full bloom onwards. Sepals had much higher glucose and fructose concentrations than leaf laminae but much lower sorbitol concentrations. Although dry weight, soluble pool and starch concentrations and total soluble pool content increased in the receptacle after petal fall, sucrose concentrations and total sucrose content dramatically decreased. These results suggest a preferential mobilization and utilization of sucrose rather than sorbitol during the fruit setting period and probably an important role of sucrose metabolism in fruit setting.     

苹果果实质地软化过程中碳水化合物代谢及其关键酶基因表达的变化

以耐贮的富士苹果和不耐贮的金冠苹果果实为试材,研究果实发育和采后软化过程中糖和淀粉含量及其代谢相关酶活性变化,并分析其关键酶基因表达的变化。结果表明,淀粉含量和淀粉酶(AM)活性与果实硬度变化显著相关,且在富士和金冠果实间差异显著。随果实软化,金冠果实AM活性显著升高,而富士果实维持在较低水平,与金冠果实淀粉含量下降而富士淀粉含量低且稳定的变化规律相吻合;MdAM基因在金冠贮藏期的表达量迅速增加,显著高于富士。苹果果实蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量均与成熟期果实硬度变化显著相关,贮藏期金冠果实蔗糖含量与硬度变化显著负相关,且SPS活性与硬度下降显著负相关,MdSPS基因大量表达,与此期SPS活性升高及蔗糖积累相一致。由此认为,淀粉降解参与了苹果果实软化,并与果实耐贮性关系密切,而且SPS在苹果果实蔗糖代谢和果实软化中起着重要作用,也与果实贮藏品质存在一定的相关性。     

草莓果实蔗糖和己糖的代谢特性及其与糖积累的关系(英文)

以设施栽培的枥乙女草莓为试材,研究蔗糖代谢和己糖代谢关键酶在草莓果实糖积累进程中的作用。采集花后1～8周的果实,分别测定果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖的含量和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)、可溶性酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、己糖激酶(HXK)及果糖激酶(FRK)等蔗糖和己糖代谢酶的活性。结果表明,草莓果实的总糖含量随果实发育持续积累,但蔗糖的快速积累对果实后期糖的积累贡献最大。在果实发育前期,草莓AI活性随果实发育而下降,但在果实发育后期,AI活力随果实成熟而急剧上升,这使果实最终以积累己糖为主。果实蔗糖快速积累期,合成蔗糖的酶SPS和SS(合成方向)的活性下降到较低水平,表明这2种酶对草莓后期果实蔗糖的快速积累贡献较少。果实发育后期较低的HXK和FRK活力有利于果实糖的快速积累。     

Effects of suboptimal low temperature on yield,fruit appearance and quality in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars

Summary

The effects of suboptimal low temperature were investigated on an array of yield, fruit appearance and fruit quality characters in 23 cultivars of melon, Cucumis melo L. The cultivars were grown in two temperature regimes: (I) a heated greenhouse (T1) with temperatures similar to those used in commercial cultivation in the winter in Israel; and (ii) an unheated greenhouse (T2) that had significantly lower night temperatures than T1. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in all characters. Plants from T2 showed an extended fruiting period, more fruits and higher total yield but smaller and lighter fruits than in T1. Fruits from T2 also had significantly more netting and higher amounts of total soluble sugars (TSS), sucrose and fructose than fruits from T1. Hybrid cultivars showed significantly higher electrical conductivity (EC), pH, acidity, TSS, sucrose, fructose and total sugars than open pollinated cultivars. Three trends were found among the characters in respect to the performance of the cultivars between T1 and T2: (a) most cultivars had significantly higher amounts in T2 than T1 (fruit/plant, yield/plant and fructose); (b) only cultivars with amounts below the pooled mean in T1 had higher amounts in T2 (percent dry weight, sucrose, TSS and total sugars); (c) no trend was found between T1 and T2 (mean fruit weight, pH, EC, glucose). Suboptimal low temperatures, when used appropriately, can aid in improving fruit quality.     

苹果果实套袋对光合同化物积累与转化的影响

 通过建立一定的源库单位,分析富士苹果套双层纸袋后果实库中光合同化物的积累与转化代谢的动态变化。结果表明：套袋45 d（盛花后90 d）后,果实中光合同化物山梨醇的积累量明显高于未套袋的对照,但淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量低于对照;与糖转化代谢相关的蔗糖合酶（SS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、酸性转化酶（AI）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和淀粉酶的活性均低于对照。套袋降低了果实的库活力,减弱了调运养分的能力。     

套袋对''''黄金梨''''果实糖代谢及相关酶活性的影响

以黄金梨为试材,研究了套袋对果实糖含量及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:发育过程中套袋黄金梨果实的糖含量、淀粉含量以及糖代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势与对照果实基本一致.与对照相比,套袋果实可溶性糖和淀粉的含量都有所降低,转化酶、淀粉酶活性均有一定的升高,而蔗糖舍酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶活性下降.因此,套袋可能通过影响发育过程中糖代谢相关酶的活性调控果实的生长发育、糖分积累和品质形成.     

外源生长素PCPA对番茄果实蔗糖代谢的影响

以自然坐果的普通栽培型番茄为对照,PCPA蘸花处理后,取不同发育期的番茄果实内各部位,测定糖的组成和浓度、蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性.结果表明:在番茄果实各发育期,PCPA蘸花处理的果实内各部位糖分含量的总体变化趋势与对照基本相同,果实成熟期中果皮和心室隔壁、胶质胎座中葡萄糖和果糖含量较高,但PCPA蘸花处理的果实中葡萄糖和果糖含量增幅高于对照.果实成熟期PCPA处理的番茄果实内维管束酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性都明显高于对照,中果皮和心室隔壁、胶质胎座中也有较高的酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性.     

甜瓜反义酸性转化酶基因对甜瓜的遗传转化

利用子房注射法将甜瓜反义酸性转化酶基因导入厚皮甜瓜自交系‘0123’果实, 应用PCR和Southern Blot对后代进行分子鉴定。结果表明, 330株甜瓜转化植株中, 有2株为阳性转基因植株, 转化率约为0.6%。进一步研究发现, T0代转基因甜瓜植株生长势减弱, 果实比对照小30%左右, 但可溶性糖含量比对照提高了52%。PCR和PCR - Southern Blot鉴定表明, T0-1的自交后代没有基因丢失, 反义酸性转化酶基因已在转基因植株中稳定遗传。T1代转基因植株生长势也明显减弱, 但成熟果实可溶性总糖含量提高了26% , 蔗糖含量比对照提高了2.5倍, 果糖和葡萄糖含量略有降低, 酸性转化酶活性比对照明显降低。这些结果表明, 反义酸性转化酶基因通过降低酸性转化酶活性, 调控了甜瓜果实蔗糖代谢过程, 改变了甜瓜果实糖分组成, 同时抑制了植株生长。     

红富士苹果果实发育期间生理生化变化的研究

红富士苹果果实发育期间,果实中总糖、果糖和蔗糖含量有两个迅速积累期。前期淀粉积累对采收时果实糖含量有一定的影响。果实中的转化酶活性与蔗糖积累,淀粉酶活性与淀粉积累均呈负相关。果实后期软化与果胶甲酯酶(PE)关系不大,而与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)密切相关。果实中糖含量和果实着色面积可作为红富士苹果适期采收的主要生物学指标,而酸含量及硬度可作为主要参考指标。     

不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量差异的代谢机理

 以促成栽培的‘枥乙女’草莓为试材，分析了不同月份采收的果实糖含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明，不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量有差异，成熟果实的总糖和蔗糖含量以2月份采收的最高，1月份次之，4月份最低；不同月份果实糖含量不同主要由蔗糖含量的差异引起。2月份果实的蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)合成方向活性显著高于1月份，而转化酶活性显著低于1月份，这样有利于2月份成熟果实的蔗糖积累。4月份成熟果实的SS(合成方向)、SPS和酸性转化酶(AI)活性水平均与2月份相近，但此时果实仍不能积累蔗糖，表明4月份草莓果实不能积累蔗糖与糖代谢关系不密切。     

Improved productivity and quality associated with salicylic acid application in greenhouse pepper

Previous studies have shown that salicylic acid (SA) plays a role in the response of plants to diverse conditions. Therefore, a factorial experiment block design was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar spray of salicylic acid (10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴ M) on fruit productivity and quality of pepper grown in a moderately salt-stressed greenhouse. SA application at low concentration (10⁻⁶ M) positively increased the foliage fresh and dry weight, fruit number, average fruit weight, fruit yield, vitamin C, carotenoids content, cuticle thickness of fruit pericarip and translocation of sugars from leaves to fruits. It was found that SA treatment (10⁻⁶ M) caused a reduction in peroxidase and increasing of invertase activities of pepper leaves and fruits. According to these results it is expected that, SA treatment regulated sugar contents (translocation from source to sink) and antioxidants and thus reduced stress-induced inhibition of plant growth.     

核桃果肉发育过程中糖含量及相关酶活性的变化

 以普通核桃为试材，研究了核桃果肉发育过程中糖含量及其相关酶活性的变化。结果表明:总糖含量呈现逐渐增长趋势，在果实油脂转化期(约花后90 d)达到极大值；淀粉含量呈波动状态。各种可溶性糖含量变化各异，果糖在果实发育前期含量最高，后期有所降低；葡萄糖含量变化不大; 蔗糖含量前期极低，后期逐渐增加。酸性转化酶和淀粉酶前期活性很强，后期降低；蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化趋势相似，前期弱后期强。     

红沙枇杷‘大红袍’与白沙枇杷‘宁海白’糖积累及代谢的差异

以白沙枇杷品种‘宁海白’和红沙枇杷品种‘大红袍’为试材,分析了果实发育进程中果实糖含量、蔗糖与山梨醇代谢关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,两个品种的果实发育与糖积累进程基本相似,蔗糖含量在整个果实发育过程中变化不大,山梨醇含量随果实发育呈下降趋势,果糖与葡萄糖是这两个品种积累的主要糖,90%左右的果糖与葡萄糖是在成熟前3周内积累的;两个品种间果糖含量差异较大,‘宁海白’的果糖含量比‘大红袍’高约 1/3,而葡萄糖含量仅高8%。转化酶、SS分解活性和SDH的变化趋势基本类似,都是幼果期较高,此后随果实的发育呈下降趋势,到果实发育后期又转为上升直至成熟;SS合成活性和SPS活性变化与前面几个酶的变化趋势不同之处是成熟时的活性又有所下降。‘宁海白’的转化酶、SS分解活性均高于‘大红袍’,特别是果实发育后期的酸性转化酶活性远高于‘大红袍’,而SDH活性是‘大红袍’略高于‘宁海白’。以上结果表明,枇杷品种间糖含量的差异与其代谢酶的活性水平有关。     

枣果实糖酸组分特点及不同发育阶段含量的变化

以20个枣品种为试材,采用超高效液相色谱法对枣果实中的主要糖和有机酸组分进行了测定分析,比较了不同品种间的差异并揭示其动态变化规律。结果表明:枣果实中主要的可溶性糖为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖,其中蔗糖含量最高,其次是果糖和葡萄糖,属蔗糖积累型;总糖及各组分糖的含量在不同品种果实间存在显著差异,所测品种中‘新郑灰枣’总糖含量最高;随着果实的发育,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量不断积累,在果实发育前期主要是果糖、葡萄糖的积累,白熟期之后以蔗糖积累为主。枣果实中的有机酸主要是苹果酸、奎宁酸和琥珀酸,其中苹果酸含量最高,属苹果酸优势型;总酸及各组分酸的含量在不同品种间存在极显著差异,‘彬县晋枣’总酸含量最高;随着果实的发育成熟,总酸及苹果酸、奎宁酸和酒石酸含量不断增长,柠檬酸含量在不同发育时期间无显著差异,琥珀酸含量在白熟期低,且与脆熟期和完熟期差异极显著,而脆熟期和完熟期之间无显著差异。糖、酸相关性分析表明,总酸与苹果酸和奎宁酸,总糖与蔗糖,果糖与葡萄糖,苹果酸与总糖和蔗糖之间都呈极显著正相关。柠檬酸与果糖和葡萄糖之间存在显著负相关,总酸与果糖、酒石酸与熊果酸之间存在显著正相关。     

套袋对‘茌梨’果实蔗糖代谢及相关酶基因表达的影响

 研究了4种材质的果袋套袋处理对‘茌梨’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Chili’）果实生长发育过程中可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明,果实中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及可溶性总糖含量均随着果实的发育进程而增加;不同材质果袋影响糖增加的程度不同,套黄蜡纸袋的糖增加最少;转化酶（Ivr）活性随着果实的发育而降低,套袋降低了花后75 ~ 90 d 和花后150 d 果实酸性转化酶（AI）活性,而对中性转化酶（NI）影响不明显;蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性随着果实的发育而增加,套袋处理不同程度上降低了SPS活性,以套黄蜡纸袋最为明显,其次是套白蜡纸袋和无纺布袋,套塑料膜袋的大部分测试点与对照差异不显著;随着果实的发育,果实中蔗糖合成酶合成活性（SSs）逐渐增加,蔗糖合成酶分解活性（SSc）逐渐下降,套袋对SSs活性影响在多数测定点差异不显著,但降低了果实发育后期SSc活性。蔗糖代谢相关酶基因AIV1、AIV2、SPS1和SUS1表达的实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,套袋降低了AIV2的相对表达量,降低程度套无纺布袋大于套塑料膜袋;推迟了果实中SPS1的相对表达量最大值出现的时间,套塑料膜袋果的SPS1相对表达量在发育前期显著低于对照;影响了SUS1相对表达量的变化,整个发育过程未见套塑料膜袋果有SUS1相对表达量高峰出现,套黄蜡纸袋果的SUS1相对表达量最大值较对照提前15 d,之后显著低于对照。     

不同季节菠萝果实糖积累的差异

以菠萝‘无刺卡因’（Ananas comosus‘Smooth Cayenne’）为试材,对栽培管理条件一致的冬季果和夏季果的糖含量及其代谢相关酶活性的变化规律进行研究。结果发现,2月份采收的冬季果发育为快—慢不典型的单‘S’型规律,而7月份采收的夏季果发育为典型的单‘S’型规律（慢—快—慢）,且夏季果比冬季果发育期短40 d。2月份采收的冬季果,成熟时己糖与蔗糖的比值为0.37,主要以积累蔗糖为主;而7月份采收的夏季果,成熟时己糖与蔗糖的比值为5.92,主要以积累己糖为主。不同产期菠萝果实蔗糖积累与蔗糖代谢酶的活性存在明显差异。2月份采收的果实发育过程中积累较多的蔗糖,主要与蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的合成活性升高、转化酶活性降低有关;7月份采收的果实蔗糖积累较少,主要与转化酶活性的升高有关。表明不同产期的菠萝果实发育及糖代谢不同。     

扁桃果实发育期果肉组织糖含量及相关酶活性的变化

【目的】为提高扁桃质量而了解扁桃果实发育过程中糖代谢状况十分必要。【方法】以‘晋扁1号’扁桃(Amygdalus communis L.)为试材,测定了其果实发育过程中果肉组织糖含量及相关酶活性的动态变化。【结果】结果表明,扁桃果实中总糖、蔗糖、山梨醇、葡萄糖含量表现为前期高,后期低;果糖含量变化不大,果实成熟时迅速增加;淀粉含量前期快速升高,后期呈波动状态,维持较高水平。酸性转化酶(AI)和淀粉酶均在幼果期达到最大值,后期降低;蔗糖合成酶(SS合成方向)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在整个果实发育期表现为前期弱,后期强;山梨醇氧化酶(SOX)和山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)活性前期很强,后期降低。相关性分析结果表明,AI、淀粉酶、SOX、SDH活性与总糖含量有显著的负相关,AI、SOX、SDH活性与淀粉含量呈极显著的负相关。【结论】由此可知花后15~45 d是‘晋扁1号’扁桃田间管理的关键时期。     

The effect of root restriction on the incidence of blossom-end rot in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

Water and calcium uptake are important factors affecting the incidence of fruit blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato and pepper. In the present study an attempt was made to manipulate these factors by severe root pruning and to examine the effect on BER in greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Mazurka). Pepper plants were transplanted, with the root system split into four separated compartments, each containing a single root quarter. Removal of half, or three quarters, of the root from fruit-bearing plants significantly reduced fruit BER incidence compared with plants with intact roots, especially in fruits which were at the rapid expansion stage at the beginning of the treatments. Removal of three quarters of the root reduced midday leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and plant height. The number and weight of fruits were not affected by these treatments. Root pruning caused only a slight reduction in stem sap flow, as measured by the heat pulse technique. Calcium concentrations in the distal part of fruits from quarter-root-plants were higher than in fruits from non-pruned plants, whereas magnesium and potassium concentrations were not affected. On the other hand, in the leaves, calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations were all reduced by root pruning. The K/Ca ratio decreased in the blossom-end of the fruits and increased in the leaves of root-pruned compared with control plants. The results suggest that root pruning did not affect the total uptake of calcium, apparently driven by transpiration, but did enhance calcium partitioning to the developing fruit. Root pruning also affected calcium distribution within the fruit and therefore attenuated BER incidence.     

苹果果实发育过程中淀粉代谢和淀粉粒超微结构研究

苹果果实发育过程中,伴随果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累,淀粉含量经历了从低到高,又从高到低的变化。发育中后期,果实淀粉与可溶性糖呈现互为消长的变化。淀粉粒超微结构的变化表明,幼果期果肉细胞代谢旺盛,可观察到发育初期的造粉质体和大量的线粒体;发育中期是果实淀粉的主要累积期,整个造粉质体内充满淀粉;成熟期的果肉细胞呈现降解特征,淀粉粒大部分被降解,但淀粉粒表膜依然保持完整。还研究了淀粉代谢及淀粉粒超微结构变化与果实发育的关系。