White light prevents increased catechin synthesis by ultraviolet irradiation in banana fruits

Irradiation of green banana fruit (Musa AAA, Cavendish subgroup, ‘Williams’) with an ultraviolet (UV)-C fluence of 720 Jm'2 increased ethylene evolution five-fold compared with controls during the first 24 h in either dark or light. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in extracts from the outer peel of irradiated fruit increased at least two-fold in either light or dark, but at 20°C it took 1-2 d for PAL activity to increase above the rate in controls. Irradiation did not affect the content of total phenolic compounds in outer peel in either dark or light until 4-6 d later. The content of chlorogenic acid was also not increased in either dark or light by UV-C. The catechin content of outer peel doubled in the dark within 24 h of irradiation and continued to increase six-fold during the first three days after irradiation. Exposure to white light (13.2 Wm 2) after irradiation almost completely prevented this increase in catechin content. These results show a close metabolic relationship between catechin and the bronze pigment previously reported in bananas irradiated with UV-C.     

Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine colour,quality and consumer acceptance

The influence of nectarine cultivar and the harvest date on fruit colour, fruit size, fruit quality parameters, and consumer acceptance were assessed. The analyses were carried on cultivars with different fruit taste (acidity and sweetness), from 5-years-old trees at the IRTA-Experimental Station of Lleida (Spain). The six cultivars were grouped in three pairs in which each had a similar commercial harvest date. Each pair comprised by a non-acid cultivar and an acid cultivar, except the pair of ‘Big Top^®’ and ‘Mesembrine^®’, which included two non-acid cultivars. The nectarines were harvested at 8 days intervals on five harvest dates, three of which were before the commercial harvest date, one at commercial harvest and another 1 week after commercial harvest.     

Horticultural factors regulating effectiveness of GA3 inhibiting flowering in peaches and nectarines (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

The application of gibberellic acid during the flower bud induction period significantly reduced flowering in peaches and nectarines. The magnitude of the response significantly depended on the total amount of active material applied per tree. Results show, for cultivars tested, a higher sensitivity of peach to GA₃ in comparison with nectarine. Concentrations of 0.5 or 1.0 g tree⁻¹ of gibberellic acid reduce flowering by about 50% in both, peaches and nectarines, respectively, and it gives rise to a reduction of costs of hand thinning by 50%, approximately, without affecting the yield. Fruit colour advanced, total soluble solids concentration increased and fruit firmness increased as a consequence of treatments. The effect was higher in the basal part of the shoots and reduced from the base to the apical part.     

Comparison of anthocyanin synthesis of true-to-type `Tsugaru' apple and its red sport strains

Summary

The effects of light and temperature on anthocyanin accumulation in `Tsugaru' red sport strains, `Homei' and `Misuzu' were compared with true-to-type `Tsugaru' apple. The fruit of the red sport strains developed their red colour earlier than `Tsugaru', and `Homei' contained much more anthocyanin both on the blush side and the shaded side of the fruit on the tree. Both red strains accumulated much more anthocyanin than `Tsugaru' under white plus ultraviolet light of 280-320 nm (+UV), and under white light (-UV). The responsiveness of `Homei' to -UV light was greater than that of `Tsugaru' and `Misuzu'. The optimum temperature for highest anthocyanin production changed from 158C to 208C with advance of fruit ripening in all strains. There were no clear differences between `Tsugaru' and red strains for anthocyanin accumulation in response to temperature. Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity has been investigated in relation with anthocyanin accumulation.     

紫外光对‘北陆’越橘转色果花青苷积累、关键酶活性及其基因表达的影响

以3年生‘北陆’越橘为试材,对发育过程中果实花青苷含量及合成酶活性变化进行研究,并进一步利用3种紫外光（UV-A、UV-B、UV-C）分别照射转色期越橘果实,测定了果实中花青苷等酚类物质的含量、生物合成酶活性及其基因表达,从底物、酶活性、基因转录水平阐明了不同紫外光对花青苷生物合成途径的影响。3种紫外光都明显诱导了果实花青苷的积累,特别是UV-C照射后果实花青苷含量提高了2.36倍。UV照射显著诱导果实PAL、UFGT酶活性升高,VcPAL、VcUFGT转录增强,但同时也抑制了DFR酶活性及基因表达,其中PAL、UFGT酶活性与花青苷的积累极显著正相关（r = 0.807**,r = 0.894**）,而DFR酶则相反（r =–0.854**）。结果表明,UV照射能诱导丙苯氨酸途径中响应紫外处理的一些关键基因的转录激活（如VcPAL,VcUFGT）或抑制（如VcDFR）,并影响相应酶活性的变化,促使花青苷等酚类物质的积累。     

三个类型桃及其杂种后代糖酸含量的差异

 以早星×早露蟠桃和94-1-40×早红2号两个杂种后代群体为试材,研究了果实糖、酸性状遗传与果形（扁平/圆形）、果皮毛有无（普通桃/油桃）、果肉颜色（白肉/黄肉）等质量性状的关系。桃果实的可溶性糖主要是蔗糖,占总可溶性糖的60%以上,其次是葡萄糖、果糖和山梨糖醇。桃果实的有机酸主要是苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸,莽草酸含量很低,仅占总酸含量的约0.3 %。在蟠桃群体中蔗糖、总糖、可溶性固形物的含量均显著高于普通桃群体,而葡萄糖、果糖、柠檬酸和莽草酸含量在蟠桃和普通桃后代间不存在显著差异。不同年份间苹果酸和奎宁酸含量在蟠桃和普通桃后代间存在差异。油桃后代的苹果酸、总酸平均含量显著高于普通桃后代,其柠檬酸、奎宁酸、莽草酸平均含量与普通桃后代间不存在显著差异。2005年油桃后代总糖、可溶性固形物及各可溶性糖组分含量均显著高于普通桃,2004年仅山梨醇含量显著高于普通桃后代。两年的结果均表明,总糖、可溶性固形物、总酸及各种糖酸组分在黄肉桃和白肉桃之间不存在显著差异,与吴本宏2003年的报道一致。     

早熟油桃新品种‘陇油桃2号’

 ‘陇油桃2号’是用‘艳光’油桃种子经胚挽救培育的早熟油桃品种。花铃形,花粉多,自花结实。果实圆形,果顶圆平,两半对称,平均单果质量100 g,最大果153 g。果皮底色乳白,成熟时果面全红,果肉白色,硬溶质,风味浓甜,果实含可溶性固形物12.5% ~ 14.6%,可溶性糖12.06%,可滴定酸0.28%,维生素C 78 mg · kg^-1,品质优良。粘核。6月下旬成熟,果实发育期70 d左右。丰产性强,4年生树产量约20.3 t · hm^-2。     

Effect of hail nets on the microclimate,irrigation requirements,tree growth,and fruit yield of peach orchards in Catalonia (Spain)

Summary

Hail nets protect orchards from storm damage, but also offer potential water savings for fruit trees grown in arid areas. We investigated the effects of black nets on water use, growth, yield, and fruit quality in peach trees growing in Catalonia, Spain, over 2 years (2006 and 2007). Water savings were quantified by irrigating the netted trees to a similar midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) as the control trees. This method was only partially successful in 2006, with the netted trees being over-watered early in the season (i.e., higher Ψ_stem than the controls), and under-watered (i.e., lower Ψ_stem than the controls) later in the season. A combination of water stress and a hail net resulted in lower yields because of a smaller fruit size. Skin colour was more enhanced in control fruit. In 2007, Ψ_stem values were similar between treatments. Any difference in tree performance was therefore due to the hail net per se. Fruit size was similar between treatments, and the lower yields of netted trees were due to decreased fruit number. There were no treatment differences in fruit skin colour or flesh firmness. Soluble solids concentrations were higher in nonnetted fruit. In both years, water savings amounted to approx. 25%, if irrigation replaced the potential evapotranspiration that was measured. Hail nets are therefore recommended for their effects on water saving in arid areas, despite lower fruit yields.     

Methyl jasmonate plays a role in fruit ripening of ‘Pajaro’ strawberry through stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis

The role of methyl jasmonate (MJ) in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Pajaro) fruit ripening was investigated by monitoring its endogenous concentrations in fruit at various stages of development and the effects of exogenously applied MJ at these stages on ethylene biosynthesis. The concentration of endogenous trans-MJ was significantly higher in the white fruit (31.7–162.2 ng g⁻¹) and decreased sharply in half and fully ripe fruit. Higher concentrations of endogenous trans-MJ at the white stage of strawberry fruit development followed by a decline during fruit ripening indicate that MJ may play an important role in modulating fruit ripening. Significantly increased ethylene production was measured in the fruit when MJ was applied at white, half ripe and at fully ripe stage. The application of MJ (50 μM) resulted in significantly highest ethylene production and increased activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase as compared to all other treatments. The effect of exogenously applied MJ on ethylene production, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities was dependent on concentration of MJ applied and on fruit developmental stage. In conclusion, MJ in strawberry modulates fruit ripening, as its concentration is higher in white fruit and is declined with the progression of ripening and exogenous application of MJ increases ethylene production, activities of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase depending upon the concentration of MJ applied and fruit developmental stage.     

基于蛋白质组学研究光质对番茄果实挥发性物质的影响机理

以‘Micro-Tom’番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)为试材,种子发芽后30d移入人工气候室,分别进行红/蓝光组合(1:1、3:1、5:1、7:1)处理,以白光处理为对照。在番茄果实绿熟期、转色期、成熟期取样,测定果实挥发性物质含量及蛋白组数据。结果表明,在转色期和成熟期,对番茄风味有积极作用的己醛、反式–2–己烯醛、β–紫罗兰酮、牻牛儿丙酮、6–甲基–5–庚烯–2–酮、2–苯乙醇、愈伤木酚的含量在红/蓝光3︰1组合处理中最高,而对风味有消极作用的水杨酸甲酯的含量较低,并且在成熟期为0。进一步分析了红/蓝光3︰1组合处理与对照相比的差异蛋白,在成熟过程中番茄果实共鉴定到12个与挥发性物质产生有关的差异蛋白,其中8个上调表达,4个下调表达。通过对12个差异蛋白进行mRNA水平的验证发现,只有转色期的苯丙酮酸互变异构酶(MIF)在蛋白质和mRNA水平表达不一致,其他11个蛋白在两个水平表达均一致。     

套袋对桃果实成熟过程中酚酸类和类黄酮类物质积累的影响

 以‘晚蜜’桃为试材, 果实于盛花后75 d套袋、盛花后144 d除袋, 以未套袋果作对照, 应用HPLC - MS技术对果皮中酚酸类和类黄酮类物质进行了定性定量分析。在成熟果中分离、检测到了3种酚酸类物质, 8种黄酮醇类物质, 5种黄烷- 3 - 醇类物质和2种花色苷类物质。伴随果实成熟, 酚酸类和黄烷- 3 - 醇类物质的含量逐渐下降; 黄酮醇类物质在果实发育早期含量较高, 而后逐渐降低, 果实着色初期其含量骤然上升, 到成熟后期又急剧下降; 未套袋果在盛花后144 d已有花色苷积累, 套袋果除袋后果皮迅速合成花色苷。成熟期套袋果和未套袋果中的酚酸和黄烷- 3 - 醇类物质的含量没有差异, 但套袋果中花色苷类和黄酮醇类物质的含量显著高于未套袋果, 其中套袋果的花色苷含量为未套袋果的1174倍。试验表明, 酚酸类和黄烷- 3 - 醇类物质对光较敏感, 套袋显著抑制了这两类物质的合成, 但未影响成熟果中的含量, 套袋处理增加了成熟果中花色苷和黄酮醇的积累。桃果皮中的花色苷类物质代谢在果实发育早期向花色苷以外的各分支代谢方向进行, 果实着色初期同时积累黄酮醇和花色苷, 到成熟后期主要为花色苷的合成。     

Comparison of yield,fruit quality,antioxidant activity,and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape obtained from organic,conventional, and integrated fertilization

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of three different fertilizing systems, including organic, conventional, and integrated ones, on the yield, fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape. The study was carried out on several 6-year-old white seedless grapevine located in the Urmia Province (North-West Iran). The results showed that the fruit physical characteristics and yield were affected significantly by different fertilization systems. The highest yield was observed in the conventional fertilization, followed by organic and integrated systems. The leaf mineral contents were obviously dependent on the different fertilization used, whereas pH and titratable acidity were not affected. Based on our results, the highest values of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid were found in the organic and integrated fertilization systems, respectively. Also, the highest contents of total phenolic, catechin, and quercetin-3-galactoside were observed in the organic fertilization system. Overall, the highest nutritional quality and biochemical characteristics of white seedless grape were obtained in organic fertilization system, which improved antioxidant capacity by enhancing total phenolics, total flavonoids and valuable phenolic compounds.     

新疆野苹果多酚物质的遗传多样性

以新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)30个单株的成熟果实为试材,对果实多酚物质的组成、含量及遗传多样性进行了研究,结果表明：新疆野苹果30个单株多酚物质含量存在广泛的遗传变异,变异系数均在36.12%以上,遗传多样性极为丰富;鉴定出原花青素、没食子酸、绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、香草醛、阿魏酸、苯甲酸、根皮苷、槲皮素、肉桂酸、根皮素等13种多酚物质,其中原花青素、表儿茶素、根皮苷和绿原酸是野苹果的主要多酚组分,总酚及主要多酚物质含量显著高于栽培苹果(Malus domestica)品种红星。     

Plant density studies with direct seeded tomatoes in Ontario, Canada

In direct seeded tomato density experiments with constant rectangularity of 1.0 carried out at Preston and Simcoe Research Stations, Ontario, Canada in 1971, the effect of increasing plant density from 4.2 to 62.1 plants/m² was to increase total plant weight, total fruit weight and ripe fruit weight per unit area. The proportion of ripe fruit to total fruit increased with increased density, and ripe fruit yields from a single harvest of up to 14 kg/m² were obtained.Using the reciprocal yield-density equation (when W is the mean weight per plant (or plant part) at density , A and B are constants, and density is the only variable) to analyse the experiments, showed that both the A and B constants were influenced by cultivar while the A constant was influenced more by fertilizer application than was the B constant. In general the effect of increased fertilizer was to increase the yield potential ( ) for total plant weight and total fruit weight, but this effect was not so marked for ripe fruit weight.     

甜瓜新品种‘翠雪5号’

‘翠雪5 号’为光皮类型中晚熟厚皮甜瓜新品种。果实椭圆形,平均单果质量1.15 kg,果皮白色,完熟时果面会出现黄晕。果肉白色,厚3.5 cm,质地松至松脆;果实中心可溶性固形物含量16%左右。田间表现较耐蔓枯病,较抗白粉病,适宜于保护地栽培。     

油蟠桃新品种‘美月’

‘美月’是以‘燕蟠’蟠桃为母本,以‘AT163’油蟠桃为父本,经过有性杂交培育而成的油蟠桃新品种。果实扁平形,平均单果质量147 g。果面全红,果肉白色,质地细脆,风味甜,可溶性固形物含量15.4%。具有早熟、大果、耐贮运、抗裂果、不易流胶、丰产等优点。果实发育期93 d。     

早熟甜油桃新品种‘秦光7号’

‘秦光7号’是从82-4-33的实生苗中培育而成的早熟油桃新品种。果实椭圆形,平均单果质量175 g,最大255 g,果肉白色,近全红色,外观鲜艳,风味香甜,可溶性固形物13.0% ~ 15.0%,品质优,离核。花粉多,丰产。果实发育期85 d。     

早熟甜油桃新品种‘秦光3号’

‘秦光3号’油桃是以‘82-4-33’为母本,‘阿姆肯’为父本,通过有性杂交培育而成的早熟新品种。果实生育期78 d。果实椭圆形,平均单果质量160 g,最大果245 g,果肉白色,果面着粉红色晕,外观漂亮,风味甜浓,芳香,可溶性固形物13.0%,品质优,半离核,丰产。     

壶瓶枣果皮细胞解剖结构研究

旨在探讨枣果实裂果的机理,笔者采用石蜡切片法结合电镜扫描分析法,对壶瓶枣果白熟期后的阴面和阳面的果皮细胞层数、大小及果皮皮孔等微观结构及其变化规律进行研究。结果表明:随着枣果的逐渐成熟,体积不断膨大,果皮细胞层数和果皮细胞大小均呈现"少-多-少"的单峰变化,进入完熟期后逐渐稳定。