The genetic variability,inheritance and inter-relationships of ascorbic acid, β-carotene,phenol and anthocyanin content in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is rich source of dietary antioxidants, minerals and nutrients. Dietary antioxidants have been known as beneficial for enhancing the fitness, preventing certain diseases and even mitigating the effects of ageing. The objectives of the present study were to determine variability and inheritance of antioxidants, to identify antioxidant rich and productive genotypes, and to suggest suitable breeding approaches. The genotypes, namely Ofra, Chandler, Festival and Camarosa showed higher concentrations of dietary antioxidants and therefore could be useful in future breeding. Results indicate that the effect of the genotypes on antioxidant contents is stronger than that of the environment. The high heritability (>80%) and low genetic advance as percentage of mean (<40%) for ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents could be improved by heterosis breeding. However, selection and hybridization would be effective tools to enhance the phenols and anthocyanin content, and yield potential as these traits showed high heritability (>80%) and high genetic advance as percentage of mean (>40%). Positive direct effect on fruit yield was highest for phenol content (0.609) which is also fairly close to its correlation coefficient (0.765) indicating that a direct selection based on phenol content would be most effective and that the phenol content could be used as a reliable biochemical marker to identify the productive genotypes having higher amounts of dietary antioxidants. The information could also be used for developing antioxidant rich cultivars, i.e. ‘Breeding Strawberry for High Antioxidants’.     

Agronomic evaluation of seedlings from crosses between the main Spanish olive cultivar ‘Picual’ and two wild olive trees

Summary

Until recently, olive breeding programmes have been based exclusively on cultivated olive germplasm (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea), in contrast to breeding in other fruit crops where the use of wild relatives has been widely reported. In this study, ten agronomic traits were evaluated in two progenies derived from controlled crosses between the Spanish olive cultivar ‘Picual’ (female) and two wild (O. europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) genotypes (males). The results of this evaluation were compared with the progenies of crosses between ‘Picual’ (female) and the three cultivars, ‘Sikitita’, ‘Meski’, and ‘Zaity’ (male). The two ‘Picual’ × wild genotype progenies had the highest mean values for vigour traits (i.e., tree height and trunk diameter). Progenies from both ‘Picual’ × wild genotype crossess also showed the highest percentages of trees (53.8% and 37.5%) with a short juvenile period, compared to the progenies from crosses between ‘Picual’ and each of the three cultivars ‘Sikitita’, ‘Meski’, and ‘Zaity’ (0%, 5%, and 3.6%, respectively). Significant differences were also observed between progenies in fruit traits as well as in oil contents and fruit weights. Progenies from both crosses with wild olive showed lower values for the fruit traits evaluated than the cultivated olive progenies. However, significant improvements were achieved compared to fruit traits in the wild parents. The implications of these results for the future use of wild germplasm in olive breeding programmes are discussed.     

Growth,development and mineral contents of three cultivars of amarant

The growth, development and mineral contents of 3 cultivars of amarant (Amaranthus cruentus L.), ‘Large Leaf’, ‘Light Red’ and ‘Local Green’, were compared in a greenhouse study. There were small differences between the cultivars for the development per plant of leaf area, number of branches, number of nodes, and dry-weight production of stems, roots, inflorescences and most especially leaves at the edible stage. The 3 cultivars produced edible shoots between 5 and 7 weeks. There were, however, significant differences in the mineral content of the cultivars, in the order ‘Local Green’ > ‘Large Leaf’ > ‘Light Red’, for the concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. It is concluded that, although the 3 cultivars matured at the same time, ‘Local Green’ was the most nutritive as to mineral contents.     

Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

压砂地中晚熟西瓜主要性状的遗传效应及其配合力分析

为提高压砂地中晚熟西瓜品种的种类数量及抗性,选用4份中晚熟西瓜自交系为亲本材料。采用Griffing方法Ⅳ配制杂交组合6个。对4个亲本及F1代的7个主要数量性状进行方差和配合力分析。结果表明,‘W08-15’各性状一般配合力效应值较高,综合性状表现优良,中晚熟西瓜品种选育可用其作为主要亲本来使用。在特殊配合力相对效应值上‘,W03-15×W08-15’是比较优良的杂交组合。在遗传力分析中,单果质量、果皮硬度、果肉硬度和维生素C含量分别具有较大的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力。该结果可为压砂地中晚熟西瓜杂交育种的亲本选择和选配提供依据。     

Comprehensive evaluation of the Fruit Quality of the Main Cultivars of Pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China

To establish a quality evaluation system of the fruit quality of pear, 15 evaluation indicators of 9 main cultivars of pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China were analyzed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to form a comprehensive evaluation model and select the characteristic indicators of the fruit quality. All of the 15 evaluation indicators showed significant differences from the results of ANOVA (P?<?0.05) among different cultivars. The values for coefficient of variation (CV) among 15 evaluation indicators ranged from 1.46% to 326.38%. There were different degrees of correlations between the evaluation indicators based on the results of CA. PCA was used to remove the overlapped information between the indicators, and then there were new variables with less information, so that the principal component comprehensive model was established. The rank of the 9 cultivars based on comprehensive scores of the fruit quality was listed as follows: ‘Mili’?>?‘Xuehua’?>?‘Hongxiangsu’?>?‘Daguoxing’?>?‘Yali’?>?‘Huangguan’?>?‘Yuluxiang’?>?‘Hongxiaoli’?>?‘Anli’. By combining HCA and principal component comprehensive model, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, h^* and fruit shape index were selected to be the characteristic indicators for the evaluation of the fruit quality of the main cultivars of pear in North China.

     

青花菜与甘蓝近缘野生种‘B2013’杂交后代对根肿病抗性的遗传分析

以高感根肿病的青花菜自交系‘93219’和高抗根肿病的甘蓝近缘野生种（Brassica macrocarpa Guss.）自交系‘B2013’为亲本配制的6个联合世代（P1、P2、F1、BC1、BC2和F2）群体为试材,采用主基因 + 多基因混合遗传模型对根肿病抗性进行了遗传分析。结果表明：青花菜 × 甘蓝近缘野生种‘B2013’后代对根肿病抗性的最适遗传模型为B-1模型,即由两对加性―显性―上位性主基因控制。BC1、BC2和F2世代主基因遗传率分别为81.22%、78.36%和80.00%,遗传变异平均值占表型变异的79.86%,环境变异平均值占表型变异的20.14%,表明抗病性以主基因遗传为主,同时受环境影响较大,应在早期世代进行选择,BC1、F2世代主基因选择效率较高。     

Fruit Quality and Composition of Two Advanced North Carolina Strawberry Selections

ABSTRACT

The advanced selections, NCS 10-038 and NCS 10-156, from the North Carolina breeding program were compared to the traditionally used cultivars, Camarosa and Chandler, for storage life and fruit composition in 2014 and 2015. Postharvest quality of NCS 10-038 was similar to that of ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ after 8 days storage at 4 °C. NCS 10-156 was significantly worse in overall appearance and had more fruit shrivel, calyx browning, and mold than the other genotypes. However, NCS 10-156 was highest in soluble solids content and was similar in total anthocyanin content and total phenolic content to ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’. Further analysis of flavonoids by high performance liquid chromatography showed that NCS 10-156 was much lower in total flavonols than the other genotypes and comparable in anthocyanin pigments to ‘Chandler’. NCS 10-038, while similar in pigment profile to ‘Camarosa’, had less total anthocyanin than the other genotypes. NCS 10-038 had a lighter red color than the other genotypes and was similar in postharvest quality to ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ and may be suitable for long-distance markets. NCS 10-156 is slightly softer than the other genotypes and more prone to mold while the higher soluble solids content may make it suitable for direct market sales. Both selections show postharvest promise for strawberry production in the humid mid-South region.     

辣椒成熟果实中辣椒红色素含量的遗传分析

采用Griffing双列杂交第Ⅱ种方案,以6份辣椒红色素含量存在差异的辣椒为材料,对辣椒成熟果实中辣椒红色素的配合力及其遗传参数进行估算。结果表明,辣椒红色素性状的一般配合力在-36.638~39.831之间,特殊配合力在-22.704~27.620之间;广义遗传力为64.37%,狭义遗传力为53.21%。在提高辣椒红色素育种中,应用系谱选择法能有效提高辣椒红色素含量。     

黄瓜早熟性状配合力测定及其相关性分析

以黄瓜(CucumissativusL.)4个高代自交系为亲本,按部分双列杂交法配制6个组合,利用软件QGAStation对与早熟有关的7个性状的配合力及相关性进行研究。结果表明,4429适合作为提高早期产量及早期采瓜数的亲本;CC3适合作为降低第1雌花节位和减少侧枝数的选育亲本。组合4429×CC3和4429×4430在早期采瓜数上具有杂交优势;组合4429×4431和4429×4430在减少侧枝数上具有杂交优势。早期产量的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力相同,适于常规育种;而早期采瓜数和侧枝数的广义遗传力明显高于狭义遗传力,适于优势育种。相关性分析表明,在基因型方面,早期产量与早期采瓜数呈显著正相关,在表现型和基因型方面,早期产量与茎粗呈极显著负相关。     

Phenolic Compounds,Antioxidant Activity,Fatty Acids and Volatile Profiles of 18 Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars and Genotypes

The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p?<?0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64?mg GAE ml^?1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991?mg kg^?1), ellagic acid (1057.16?mg kg^?1), catechin (425.4?mg kg^?1), and rutin (216.6?mg kg^?1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively.

     

Cultivars Resulting From Cherry Breeding in Germany

In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit.     

Study of Genetic Diversity of Pear Genotypes and Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) Using Inter<Emphasis Type="Italic">-</Emphasis>Simple Sequence Repeat Markers (ISSR)

ISSR molecular marker was used to investigate genetic diversity of ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard and its relationship with other commercial and native cultivars of pear. Among ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard 23 genotypes were selected base on difference in tree vigor, leaf color, shape and color of fruit and also 33 other commercial and native pear cultivars from Esteghlal orchard and other Mashhad commercial orchards were studied. A total number of 230 DNA fragments were obtained using 11 primers of which 225 were polymorphic. On average, each primer produced 20.9 bands. Dice similarity coefficient ranged from 0.27 (between ‘Dom Kaj’ and Asian pear) to 1 (between ‘Dare Gazi’ 1 and 2 genotypes). Sample cluster dendrogram indicated that 56 genotypes were divided into 12 distinct clusters. The dendogram generated on the principle of Unweight Pair Wise Method using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed by Dice coefficient and the genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters. ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes did not show 100% similarity due to seed propagation or mutation, as ‘Dare Gazi’ 3 and 18 genotypes had the lowest similarity coefficient (0.64). Asian pears were placed in a separate group from European pears. And ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes from different orchards were grouped separately, but all of them are called as ‘Dare Gazi’ pear for convenience. ISSR molecular marker can well identify the genetic variability among genotypes and cultivars and found suitable for grouping them.     

Romina and Cristina: Two New Strawberry Cultivars with High Sensorial and Nutritional Values

ABSTRACT

The two cultivars (Romina and Cristina) recently released from the Marche Polytechnic University (Ancona, Italy) strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) breeding program, show high adaptability to non-fumigated soil. Furthermore, ‘Romina’ showed very early ripening, conic or bi-conic fruit shape, good taste with high sweetness, high firmness and shelf life, and high vitamin C and folate contents. ‘Cristina’ showed very late ripening, high productivity, large fruit of conical shape, good taste, and high vitamin C and folate contents. The European Union patents of ‘Romina’ and ‘Cristina’ have been transferred to the United States, and nursery production has begun following United States rules to determine future market interest.     

辣椒果皮颜色的遗传分析

以商品成熟期果皮紫色(245)、绿色(246)、乳白色(247)的3份辣椒品系为亲本,配制杂交组合245×246和245×247,构建6世代遗传群体,通过目测分级、色差仪分析测定P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2各单株的辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色L值、C值和颜色级值,并应用6个世代联合分析法研究辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色的遗传规律。结果表明,辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色遗传为细胞核遗传,紫-绿组合的辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色性状符合1对加性主基因+加性-显性混合多基因模型,即D-2模型,其L值、C值和颜色级值F2主基因遗传率分别为22.39%、91.39%和82.26%;紫-白组合的辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色性状符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位多基因模型,即E-0模型,其L值、C值和颜色级值F2主基因遗传率分别为87.02%、94.34%和97.54%。表明主基因遗传力较强,多基因遗传力和环境效应影响弱,在育种时对辣椒商品成熟期果皮颜色的选择应在早期分离世代进行。     

Variation and correlation analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Malus germplasm

To clarify the variation and characteristics of polyphenolic compounds in Malus germplasm, and also to provide a theoretical basis for the application of apple landraces in China, polyphenolic compounds and concentrations were analysed in 103 Malus accessions from China using ultra performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The apple landraces of North China, which should have undergone more artificial selection than those of Northwest China and Northeast China, are used as table fruit, or as parents for breeding table varieties with high polyphenolic concentrations from. Wild species have been appropriated as parents for historical hybridisation of new genetic resources with high polyphenolic concentrations. The apple landraces ‘Bandayulenggunzi #1’ and ‘Duanzhigunzi’ possess the greatest concentrations of total polyphenols detected, and so could be used as table fruit by consumers directly, or as parents for breeding varieties with high polyphenolic concentrations from by breeders. The apple landraces originating from North China, Northwest China and Northeast China, are significantly separated by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the wild species and apple landraces are evidently discriminated by LDA as well. Hierarchical cluster analysis of polyphenolic compounds of Malus accessions resulted in clusters derived from closely-related biochemical pathways.     

Pollen Source Influences Fruit Quality,Aril Properties,and Seed Characteristics in Pomegranate

A study was conducted to determine the effect of pollen source on fruit, aril, and seed characteristics in pomegranate. The cultivar Malas Yazdi was pollinated with three pollen sources including: Rabab Neyriz (a commercial cultivar), Malas Pishva Varamin (selected superior local cultivar), and Poost Sefid Dezful (non-commercial cultivar). The results showed that the rate of fruit set from different pollen sources varied from 13% to 46%. Pollen source also had significant effects on other fruit properties, such as fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit length and diameter, fruit peel color, fruit peel thickness, and edible portion of the fruit. Aril characteristics including number of arils per fruit, aril length and diameter, aril weight, and aril color were also significantly affected by pollen source as well as seed physical properties, including seed weight, seed length and diameter, seed hardness, and seed toughness. However ‘Malas Pishva Varamin’ as a pollinizer showed the lowest rate of fruit set, but performed better in terms of fruit quality and seed characteristic than ‘Rabab Neyriz’ and ‘Poost Sefid Dezful’. This is the first observation of xenia effect in pomegranate breeding and could serve as a new area of research for pomegranate production. These findings suggest that selection of suitable pollinizer could be a new area of research for pomegranate production.     

Study on Fruitset and Pollen-Compatibility Status in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avuim L.) Cultivars

Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits.

     

利用多种分子标记构建龙眼高密度分子遗传图谱

 以龙眼特优质品种‘凤梨朵’为母本, 大果型主栽品种‘大乌圆’为父本, 杂交创建了‘凤梨朵’ ב大乌圆’F₁群体。从该杂种群体中随机选用94个单株作为作图群体, 连同两个亲本品种, 进行了RAPD、ISSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记分析, 并运用JoinMap3.0进行连锁分析, 分别构建了‘凤梨朵’和‘大乌圆’的分子遗传图谱, 其中, ‘凤梨朵’的遗传图谱为21个连锁群, 包含183个标记位点,覆盖总图距965.1 cM, 位点间平均遗传距离为5.84 cM; ‘大乌圆’的遗传图谱为22个连锁群, 包含251个标记位点, 覆盖总图距1 064.8 cM, 位点间平均遗传距离为4.65 cM。这是龙眼上首次报道的高密度分子遗传图谱, 为后续的基因定位及辅助选择奠定了良好的基础。     

The rootstock effects on plant adaptability,production, fruit quality,and nutrition in the peach (cv. ‘Suncrest’)

In clayey and calcareous soils without a stable irrigation and fertilization system, the type of rootstock can particularly affect both the vegetative and productive properties of ‘Suncrest’ peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) plants, and the qualitative and nutritional attributes of their fruit. The GF677 rootstock (P. persica × Prunus amygdalus) promoted the highest vegetative development, followed by Julior (Prunus insistitia). The ‘Suncrest’ on Ishtara [(Prunus cerasifera × P. persica) × (P. cerasifera × Prunus salicina)] and Barrier1 (P. persica × Prunus davidiana) had lower, but similar, plant vigour, but the latter rootstock differed in its higher production of pruned wood. The lowest adaptability to these cultivation conditions was observed for ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Citation (P. persica × P. salicina), which showed the lowest plant development and production. For the plant yield, the ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto GF677, Julior, Ishtara, and Barrier1 were all similar. The fruit yield and both the canopy volume and pruned wood of ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Ishtara showed a particular relationship, giving the best indices of yield efficiency and plant physiological equilibrium. Moreover, the same rootstock promoted the largest fruit size, while the smallest fruit were found on GF677 rootstock. The fruit from the Citation ‘Suncrest’ ripened 3 days early, while those from Barrier1 had a late fruit ripening. Firmness, soluble solids and the soluble solids to total acidity ratio were only affected slightly by the different rootstocks, while the total acidity of the fruit varied significantly according to rootstock; the fruit from ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Barrier1, Julior, and Citation had the highest total acidities. The rootstock effects on the nutritional attributes of the fruit were relevant. The ‘Suncrest’ on Julior and GF677, followed by Ishtara, produced fruit with the greatest antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents. The ‘Suncrest’ on Citation and, especially, Barrier1 had reduced nutritional values of the fruit. The variations in antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents showed a positive correlation.