枳实生苗抗旱丛枝菌根真菌菌种比较的研究

 盆栽条件下研究丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiforme、G. mosseae、G. geosporum、G. diaphanum 和G. etunicatum 对正常水分和水分胁迫下的枳实生苗水分代谢的影响。结果表明, 在正常水分和水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌都明显增加植株的生长, 提高叶片可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、可溶性蛋白质以及根系可溶性糖的含量。叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性增强, 从而提高了植株的抗旱性。正常水分下以接种G. versiforme的效果最好, 水分胁迫下以接种G. mosseae的效果最好。     

淹水胁迫对‘纽荷尔脐橙’/枳幼苗形态及生理特性的影响

【目的】研究淹水胁迫后脐橙植株形态学特征变化并揭示脐橙响应淹水胁迫的生理学机制。【方法】以枳砧‘纽荷尔脐橙’幼苗为材料,进行盆栽土壤淹水胁迫处理,观察其形态学及解剖结构特征变化,并测定叶片和根系活性氧物质变化、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖等物质变化。【结果】土壤淹水处理20 d内,脐橙幼苗叶片外观形态及微观结构均无明显变化,根系出现裂生型气腔;长期(45 d)淹水后,脐橙幼苗叶片叶脉(上部叶主脉、侧脉以及细脉,下部叶主脉)明显变黄,而脉间相对保持绿色,根系生长受到抑制并伴有发黑现象。淹水胁迫(10 d内)诱导叶片和根系活性氧物质含量增加,随后抗氧化酶系统启动,POD和CAT活性在淹水后15 d均显著高于对照。长期(45 d)淹水胁迫后,叶片抗氧化酶仍维持较高活性,而根系酶活性则显著降低。另外,相同处理条件下,脐橙幼苗根系POD活性远高于叶片,而CAT活性远低于叶片。长期淹水后,叶片和根系的可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照,而可溶性蛋白含量均显著低于对照。【结论】‘纽荷尔脐橙’幼苗不同器官响应淹水胁迫的敏感程度及调控机制存在明显差异,各器官会通过形态结构变化、抗氧化酶活性变化以及渗透调节物质含量变化等协同调控;长期淹水则影响体内代谢过程,诱导叶片和根系出现明显的可见症状,抑制脐橙的生长发育。     

Analysis of metabolic and nutritional biomarkers in Brassica oleracea L. cv. Bronco plants under alkaline stress

Alkaline stress is caused by accumulation of alkaline salts (such as NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) in the soil. This problem, common in arid and semiarid areas of Spain, results from intensive agriculture, the use of hard water, and cultivation in areas of calcareous rock. The present study examines plant metabolic responses against this stress in Brassica oleracea L. cv. Bronco in order to better understand the systems of resistance that could promote plant growth in alkaline soils, and indicates the most relevant biomarkers of alkalinity toxicity. Alkaline stress causes a sharp reduction in biomass, an accumulation of Na⁺, and a nutritional deficiency. With this debilitated photosynthetic capacity and the antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) sharply decreases and O₂^.- accumulates, resulting in two of the main causes of stress. Therefore the mechanisms of uptake and compartmentalisation of nutrients and detoxification of O₂^.- systems should be strengthened in order to remedy alkaline stress. In this work, the authors conclude that Na, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn ions are the best indicators of alkaline stress, due to their strong correlation with reduced leaf biomass reduction and photosynthetic pigments, together with the greater accumulation of proline and certain antioxidant enzymes such as SOD.     

Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and nitric oxide on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of Brassica napus L. under nickel stress

The effects of nickel in combination with salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) on 21-day-old canola plants were evaluated. Exposure to 0.5 mM NiCl₂·6H₂O for 10 days resulted in toxicity symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis at leaves. Addition of 0.2 mM SA or 0.2 mM SNP slightly reduced the toxic effects of nickel. After application of both SA and NO, these symptoms considerably decreased. Treatment with Ni resulted in a decrease in dry weight of roots and shoots and chlorophyll content of leaves. In Ni-treated plants, level of lipoxygenase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ and proline contents significantly increased, while the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased in leaves. The results indicated that Ni caused an oxidative stress in canola plants. The Ni-stressed plants exposed to SA or NO, especially to SA + NO, exhibited an improved growth as compared to Ni-treated plants. SA or NO, especially both together considerably reduced root-to-shoot translocation of Ni and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in leaves of Ni-stressed plants. Interaction of SA and NO improved the chlorophyll content and decreased the level of lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂ and proline accumulation in leaves. These results suggest that SA or NO in particular their combination counteract the negative effects of Ni on canola plants.     

Indole acetic acid differently changes growth and nitrogen metabolism in Pisum sativum L. seedlings under chromium (VI) phytotoxicity: Implication of oxidative stress

The present study investigated impact of exogenous application of indole acetic acid (IAA; 10 and 100 μM) in pea seedlings under hexavalent chromium (Cr VI; 50, 100 and 250 μM). Cr and 100 μM IAA alone as well as in combination decreased seed germination rate compared to control. However, under Cr phytotoxicity, addition of 10 μM IAA recovered seed germination rate to the level of control. Exposure of pea seedlings to Cr and 100 μM IAA during their early stage caused decrease in fresh mass, length, protein and nitrogen contents of roots and shoots compared to control. Treatment of pea seedlings with Cr resulted in a rapid accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots. Moreover, addition of 100 μM IAA together with Cr, further increased accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots compared to Cr treatments alone. Treatment of pea seedlings with Cr and 100 μM IAA, resulted in a marked decrease in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities (except 50 μM Cr alone for GOGAT), and an increase in ammonium content and glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Parameters related with oxidative stress, i.e. superoxide radicals and reactive carbonyl groups (protein oxidation) were increased by Cr and 100 μM IAA compared to control. By contrast, addition of 10 μM IAA together with Cr, alleviated negative effect of Cr on growth, protein, nitrogen and nitrogen metabolism, and led to decrease in oxidative injuries caused by Cr. The data indicate that 10 μM IAA protects pea seedlings during the early growth period against Cr phytotoxicity by regulating Cr accumulation and oxidative damage. However, addition of 100 μM IAA together with Cr showed opposite responses.