An indirect method of estimating leaf area index in cordon trained spur pruned grapevines

The aim of this study was to validate an indirect method of estimating leaf area index (LAI) in cordon-trained spur-pruned grapevines. Indirect estimates were made using the LAI-2000 instrument, based on the principles of gap fraction theory. Results indicate that using an adjustment coefficient factor, this method could provide rapid and accurate estimates of LAI.     

喷施叶面肥对猕猴桃叶片生长和果实品质的影响

以 8～ 9年生“秦美”猕猴桃为试材 ,叶面喷施高美施、稀土微肥、爱多收、植物动力 2 0 0 3和红苹果2号等液肥。调查结果表明 :各种叶面肥对猕猴桃叶片的增大、增厚和增重均有作用 ,爱多收效果最好 ,其次为植物动力 2 0 0 3和高美施。植物动力 2 0 0 3和稀土微肥对增大果个 ,提高果实品质及贮藏性较为理想。     

2009年郑州地区猕猴桃冻害调查与原因分析

调查了中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所猕猴桃资源圃嫁接苗、实生幼树以及盛果期大树受冻情况,并结合气象学资料、枝条组织结构特征以及电解质渗出率对受冻原因进行初步分析.结果表明,2009年11月中旬的强降温雨雪天气是导致郑州地区猕猴桃发生冻害的原因;中华猕猴桃抗冻能力似乎强于美味猕猴桃;电解质渗出率的排列顺序为美味猕猴桃＞中华...     

Effects of defoliation on fruit growth,carbohydrate reserves and subsequent flowering of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines

A partial defoliation study was carried out on ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines with the aim of evaluating effects on fruit yield, changes in concentration of carbohydrates, and return bloom. At full bloom, ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines trained to the pergola system were submitted to 0% (control), 50% and 75% defoliation in the 2.0 m wide central horizontal area of the canopy. This area represents the vine ‘replacement cane zone’ (RCZ), whereas the remaining external area represents the ‘fruiting zone’ (FZ). Removing 50% of the leaves resulted in a small (−9 g in the RCZ and −3.3 g in the FZ), but significant, reduction in fruit weight compared to the control vines. More severe defoliation (75%) reduced fruit weight by 13 g in the RCZ and 7 g in the FZ. The defoliation treatment reduced the concentrations of starch and total soluble carbohydrates (glucose + fructose + sucrose) in the shoots and starch in trunk bark compared to those in control vines. The treatments caused a large reduction in return bloom, expressed as number of flowers per winter bud, by about 25% and 53% in vines with 50% and 75% defoliation, respectively.     

Non-destructive leaf area estimation in chestnut

In this research, an equation for estimating the leaf area was derived for the chestnut tree by using 18 chestnut genotypes and by measuring the lamina width, length and leaf area without damage being caused in 2004–2005. Multiple regression analysis for the genotypes was separately performed. The proposed leaf area (LA) estimation model is: LA = 3.36 + 0.11L² − 0.26L²/W² + 1.1W², R² = 0.988, where LA is the leaf area, W is the leaf width and L is the leaf length. The model was validated by measuring leaf samples of the SE-21-2 genotype in different climate conditions in 2004–2005.     

石榴开花期叶面积指数与坐果率的关系

石榴为石榴科石榴属植物。在我国栽培已有2000年以上的历史,是我国古老的栽培果树之一。其作为栽培的只有一个种,即石榴（Punica granarum L．）。石榴树适应性强,易栽培,易管理。它集食用、药用和观赏于一身,在国内外有着广阔的消费市场。石榴在我国有六个生产区,即陕西临潼产区、山东枣庄产区、安徽怀远产区、四川会理产区、云南产区和新疆叶城产区。在西昌,石榴也是果树主栽品种,为西昌果农创造了丰厚的收入。     

Estimating leaf area of plantain

The area of leaves of plantain (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana) was traced on graph paper. Then the length (L) and the maximum width (W) were measured. A known leaf area from each leaf was taken and both the sample and the remaining leaf blades were dried and weighed. Using known leaf area and their dry weights, the leaf area of each whole leaf was determined. From the regression equation, a coefficient for estimating the true leaf area from the L × W measurements was determined to be 0.8 (approx.) which was statistically significant (P = 0.05).Using a mathematical method (independent of the first method), the coefficient for estimating the true leaf area of plantain was found to be 0.7854. A significant correlation (r, 0.001 = 0.73) was also found between the area traced on graph paper and that determined using the coefficient 0.8 (L × W).     

黄土高原坡地枣树林龄和坡向对叶面积指数的影响

应用WinsCanopy2005a植物冠层分析仪,研究5月上旬至8月下旬陕北坡地枣树叶面积指数(LAI)随时间的动态变化规律;比较不同林龄、不同坡向枣树LAI之间的差异性及LAI与冠层其他特征之间的相关性。结果表明,陕北坡地枣树LAI的季节动态变化规律明显,从5月上旬至8月下旬呈不断上升的S曲线,最大值出现在8月下旬,为2.18±0.1;不同林龄枣林LAI大小为:10 a5 a3 a,各林龄LAI之间差异达到极显著水平(P0.001);不同坡向枣林LAI两两之间也有显著差异(P0.05),其中阴坡与阳坡差异达到极显著水平(P0.001),阳坡枣树生长前期(开花期前)LAI较小,但是在整个生育期生长迅速,生长后期LAI明显大于其他坡向;LAI与林隙分数、冠层透光率、冠层下方总光合光量子通量密度均有很好的相关关系,相关系数均超过0.80。据此,林龄和坡向是影响枣树LAI的重要因子,在枣树的修剪和栽培时宜根据具体情况区别对待。     

Canopy profiles of starch and leaf mass per area in greenhouse tomato and the relationship with leaf area and fruit growth

Better knowledge of patterns of carbon allocation in plants growing in CO₂-supplemented atmospheres may help to guide more efficient management of CO₂ applications in tomato greenhouses. Leaf starch and LMA (leaf mass per unit area) were investigated in commercially grown greenhouse tomato plants to determine the distribution and influence of leaf area and fruit load on these measures.     

Carbohydrate dynamics in kiwifruit

Summary

Rates of fruit growth, on-vine changes in the soluble and insoluble carbohydrate pools, and subsequent changes during storage were examined on kiwifruit from vines having moderate to very high crop loads (20–50 fruit m^?2). In accord with previous studies, vines carrying the highest loads exhibited a 18% decrease in mean fruit weight and a two-fold increase in total yield compared with those having the lowest crop loads. Rates of dry-matter accumulation in the fruit varied in proportion to total yield and remained constant over the entire season – a result that deserves further investigation. Effects of crop loading on the carbohydrate composition of fruit were small and after reviewing the available literature we conclude that the primary determinants of fruit composition are genetic and climatic. Relationships between the various fruit quality variables were used to develop a predictive model of soluble solids concentration of fruit at eating ripeness from harvest measurements of fruit density (weight per unit volume) or dry matter. The accuracy of these predictions are of the order of 1% (w/v). The rate of change in soluble solids during storage at 0°C is shown to follow a simple exponential function of time with a time constant of 20 d.     

厚皮甜瓜叶面积测定方法的研究

在传统的长宽系数法的基础上,探讨通过叶片长宽和缺刻深度估算叶面积的可行性,以期为生产和科研提供适应性广和准确度较高的厚皮甜瓜叶面积测定方法。以‘长香玉’‘秋月’‘激情’‘红姑’4个品种为材料,测量叶长、叶宽、缺刻深浅等叶片形态特征指标并采用扫描法测定叶面积,共获得1 298份叶片数据。结果表明,叶面积与叶长、叶宽、缺刻深浅之间存在显著的相关性;通过模型拟合和优选,得到以反映叶片大小的变量L·W及反映叶片缺刻的变量N_1·L和N_2·L为自变量构建的厚皮甜瓜叶面积的数学模型S=-13.2897+(L·W)~(0.943)+0.267N_1·L+0.153 N_2·L的预测效果较好,模型拟合结果决定系数R~2和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.988 6和7.686,模型外部验证结果相关系数r和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.995 0和7.201;各个品种外部验证结果,预测值与实测值之间的相关系数r均在0.994 0以上,均方根误差RMSE均小于6.900;在模型中添加缺刻变量后,均方根误差RMSE由9.434降低到7.201。因此,在模型之中导入缺刻变量后可以提高预测叶面积的准确度,增强模型对不同叶形和不同品种叶片的适应性。     

一种新的葡萄叶面积测定方法

为验证照相机辅助计算机图像处理技术在测定叶面积上的可行性,对少毛变叶葡萄、红提和藤稔的试管苗及大田植株叶面积进行测定,同时与网格法、复印称重法和直接称重法进行比较分析。结果表明:照相机辅助计算机图像处理技术测定法和上述几种测定方法测定结果无显著性差异,适用于少毛变叶葡萄、红提和藤稔试管苗及大田植株葡萄叶面积的测量,并具有准确、快速的优点。     

葡萄叶面积非离体测定新方法

传统的叶面积测定法与先进的电子技术测定法在‘巨峰‘葡萄叶面积的测定过程中存在一定的局限性.该文介绍了一种以各叶脉长度为变量的多元线性回归方程法,叶面积Y=11.201X1 11.261X2 12.409X3 15.122X4-248.690,X1、X2、X3、X4分别为中脉长、第1侧脉长、第2侧脉长、第3侧脉长,复相关系数0.991.根据试验精度要求,通过葡萄的各侧脉、中脉来推算葡萄的单叶面积是完全可行的,而且测定准确、经济、简单、迅速.     

Effects of shading on gas exchange,specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content in four kiwifruit cultivars under field conditions

Diurnal changes of incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), transpiration rate (E), photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cs) and water use efficiency (WUE), together with a number of environmental factors, were measured on individual leaves at well exposed and shaded positions within the canopy for four cultivars of kiwifruit (Actinidia sinensis, P.). Pn and E rates were'much lower in the shaded leaves for all cultivars due to extremely low PPFD values reaching these leaves. Cs followed a trend similar to that for Pn. Exposed leaves showed a significantly higher WUE in the morning, while no difference was observed between exposed and shaded leaves around midday. Specific leaf weight (SLW) was lower in shaded leaves, which had a greater chlorophyll content than exposed leaves.     

日本的猕猴桃人工授粉技术

猕猴桃为雌雄异株果树,栽植时需配置一定数量的雄株(配置比8～6:1),这不仅影响了单位面积产量,而且增加了管理成本.在自然授粉情况下,由于部分雌花授粉不完全,果实中种子少,易造成畸形果或小果,甚至引起落果.为解决此问题,日本从20世纪80年代初就着手进行猕猴桃人工授粉技术的研究,现在已在生产中广泛应用.     

叶面积指数测定方法综述

叶面积指数(LAI)被定义为单位地面面积上叶面面积总和,是极其重要的植被特征,是表征植被冠层结构最基本的参量之一,它控制着植被的许多生物、物理过程,如光合、呼吸、蒸腾、碳循环和降水截获等。因此如何有效的测定叶面积指数将是我们面临的重大课题。本文阐述了直接收获法、调落叶法等叶面积测定方法,同时也将例举这些叶面积测定方法已测定过的物种范围,并就这些方法中所存在的局限性进行说明。     

红阳猕猴桃引种栽培应注意的几个问题

红阳猕猴桃原产四川苍溪县 ,其突出特点是果肉呈放射状条红纹。该品种适应性广 ,宜选避风、pH值 5 .5～ 7的砂壤土地块建园。适宜株行距为 2m× 3～ 4m ,以“T”形架式为宜。引种时应把握引种环节 ,确保品种纯度     

Modeling individual leaf area of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using leaf length and width

Leaf area estimation is an important biometrical observation one has to do for comparing plant growth in field and pot experiments. In this study, a leaf area estimation model was developed for ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), using linear measurements of leaf length (L) and maximum width (W). Leaves from five ginger varieties (Varada, Rejatha, Mahima, Maran and Himachal) were used to develop the model in 2006–2007. The actual leaf area (LA) was measured with a leaf area meter (LI-3100, LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA) and taken as reference LA. The linear measurements were used to build linear (LA = a + b × L × W) and power models (LA = α × (L × W)^β) for each variety, as the modeling among variety were not different from each other, data for all five varieties have been pooled and compared with earlier models by graphical procedures and statistical criteria such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Chi-square (χ²). The selected model was validated during 2007–2008. The validation data set was used to produce a validation model for each variety by re-estimating the model parameters to develop the estimation model and the models were compared for consistency. The predicted LA (PLA) was compared with observed LA (OLA) by graphical procedures and lack of agreement was evaluated by calculating the relative bias, estimated by the mean of differences (d) and the standard deviation (SD) of the differences. Normality test was carried out by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r_s) and residuals were normally distributed. Finally, the proposed model for leaf area estimation of ginger is LA = −0.0146 + 0.6621 × L × W, R² = 0.997. This model can be reliably used for estimating leaf area of ginger non-destructively. The same equation can be extrapolated to all varieties and land races of ginger as it is vegetatively propagated crop with narrow genetic variability.     

Evaluation of four methods for estimating leaf area of isolated trees

The accurate modeling of the physiological and functional processes of urban forests requires information on the leaf area of urban tree species. Several non-destructive, indirect leaf area sampling methods have shown good performance for homogenous canopies. These methods have not been evaluated for use in urban settings where trees are typically isolated and measurement may be complicated by proximity to residential areas, buildings, signs, and other infrastructure elements. We evaluated the accuracy, precision, efficiency and other practical considerations associated with four methods of estimating the leaf area of open-grown deciduous trees in urban forests. The methods included color digital image processing (CD), the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer, the CI-100 Digital Plant Canopy Imager, and a logarithmic regression equation. Regression coefficients, adjusted R², and confidence intervals were used to determine the best method when using true leaf area of 25 Platanus x acerifolia Willd. and 25 Platanus racemosa Nutt. as an independent variable. Practical considerations included ease of data collection and processing and costs associated with each method. The CD method and LAI-2000 estimates showed good correlation with true leaf area (R² 0.71); however, only the CD method produced estimates within 25 percent of mean true leaf area and met additional requirements for accuracy, precision, and efficient use in urban settings.     

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病研究进展

细菌性溃疡病(bacterial canker)是猕猴桃(kiwifruit)生产中的毁灭性病害。该病的发生具有蔓延快、致病性强、根除难度大等特点,成为猕猴桃产业发展的主要限制因子。综合国内外相关研究报道,就细菌性溃疡病在世界猕猴桃产区的分布和危害,病原菌的分类地位、寄主范围、遗传多样性和分子检测技术,猕猴桃对溃疡病菌的抗性机制,病害的侵染循环、流行因素以及综合防治技术等方面进行了系统综述,旨在为进一步揭示病害成灾规律、有效控制病害提供新信息。