温室草莓栽植适宜密度的探讨

改进栽植方式,适当加大栽植密度,可提高温室草莓的先期产量,增加经济效益。试验认为温室草莓大垄双行栽植条件下,最适株距为12cm左右。     

The effect of planting date and plant density on nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest by Brussels sprouts

Summary

Single and combined effects of three planting dates and three plant densities on nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest by Brussels sprouts (Brassica olerácea var. gemmifera) were studied in field experiments. The total amount of nitrogen taken up by the crop at harvest ranged between 220 and 325 kg ha^–1. Although final crop dry matter decreased, total nitrogen uptake was not lower when planting was delayed. This resulted in increased nitrogen concentrations both in the total crop and in the harvested product. Forty to fifty per cent of the nitrogen taken up by the harvest was removed from the field with the product. Within the range of 2.7 to 4.4 plants per m², plant density had no effect on final nitrogen uptake nor on the amount of nitrogen harvested with the product. The results indicate that nitrogen fertilizer recommendations should take planting date into account, because with delayed planting less dry matter will be accumulated with a corresponding lower nitrogen requirement. There was no interaction of effects of planting date and plant density on nitrogen uptake.     

Carnation yield patterns: The effects of plant density and planting-date

Carnations, cultivar ‘White Sim’, were planted on 17 January, 12 March, 11 July, 12 September and 7 November, at densities of 12.9, 25.8, 51.7 and 103.3 plants m^?2. For each planting-date, yields within a year from planting were asymptotically related to plant density. The mid-winter plantings gave the highest yields and the July planting the lowest.Yield patterns, derived from a weighted moving average, were affected by both the date and the density of planting. At high density, a major part of the year's yield came from the first flush, accounting for 48% of the total yield in the September planting and 75% in the March planting. At the low density, the first flush was only 26–31% of the year's yield. After the first flush, crop yields were suppressed more at higher densities, especially in the November, January and March plantings. Densities of 25.8 and 51.7 plants m^?2 gave the best continuity of production per unit area, whilst the lowest density gave the best continuity of production per plant.The suppression of flower initiation was related to the amount of light; in November less than 20% of the incident light penetrated the canopy of a high-density September planting. Continuous light did not materially increase the number of shoots per plant that initiated flowers, its greatest effect being to produce earlier initiation.     

不同摘心高度和种植密度对番茄生长指标及产量的影响

试验以‘北京圣粉’为材料,通过不同摘心高度和不同种植密度处理,主要对生长指标以及产量进行分析比较。试验结果表明：摘心高度低,有利于番茄植株的生长指标增加,降低发病率。种植密度越大,相应的生长指标都有所降低,发病率也随之提高。综合摘心高度和种植密度来看,适当的摘心高度和种植密度有利于温室番茄的生长和产量增加。处理Ⅲ表现最好,为最佳种植方案,种植密度为8000株／667m2,产量较对照增产26．64％。     

Effects of plant density in broccoli on yield and radiation use efficiency

The effects of plant density on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) commercial characteristics are well determined. However, it is not completely clear how the broccoli plant respond to changes in plant shading as a result of different plant densities. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of plant density on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), plant architecture, and plant growth and production. “Legacy” broccoli plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse in the seasons of 2002 and 2003 at 2, 4, 6 or 8 plants m⁻² (temperatures: between 10.0 and 16.1 °C, average incident PAR: 12 mol m⁻² day⁻¹). Plant density affected the intercepted and accumulated PAR. There were not effects on the length of the vegetative and reproductive periods, the total and final number of leaves, and the spear diameter and fresh weight. The magnitude and evolution of leaf area (LA) was independent of plant density up to 70 days after transplant (dat). Since then on, LA increased linearly with plant density. The highest intercepted PAR was 70–72% with 6–8 plants m⁻². With the increase in plant density: the erectness of the upper leaves and stem length increased, the extinction coefficient decreased and commercial spear (inflorescence plus a portion of stem 10 cm long) weight decreased (but it was due to the stem portion of the spear and not to the edible portion). On an area basis, the decrease in commercial spear weight with plant density was more than compensated by the higher number of plants. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) increased proportionally with the leaf area index (LAI) up to a LAI of about 3, and then stabilized. The only effect of plant density on dry weight partitioning was to decrease the dry weight allocated to the stem portion of the spear. As plant density increased, and consequently the degree of shading increased, the net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased and the leaf area ratio (LAR) increased. This compensatory change between NAR and LAR, kept the relative growth rate (RGR) for individual plants almost constant.     

Processing yield of the carrot cultivar Esplanada as affected by harvest time and planting density

Cenourete^® is a minimally processed carrot root similar to the American product known as ‘baby-carrot’. This product is obtained through peeling and abrasion of cylindrical carrot root segments. The cultivar Esplanada is well suited for the production of Cenourete^® due to its characteristics of long length and cylindrical root shape as well as uniform dark orange root colour. For Cenourete^® production, the root should be less than 25 mm in diameter. However, it is well known that root size is influenced by planting density and harvest time. Therefore, the adjustment of the cultural practices would be necessary to increase root yield aimed for Cenourete^® processing. The recovery of Cenourete^® from ‘Esplanada’ was studied under two between-line spacings: 20 cm (5 transversal lines/m) and 12.5 cm (8 transversal lines/m). Roots were harvested at 80, 90, 100 and 110 days after sowing. Cenourete^® yield ranged from 2.39 ± 0.37 to 10.75 ± 1.07 t/ha depending on the combination of harvesting date and between-line spacing. These values corresponded, respectively, to a percent Cenourete^® yield recovery of 3.3 ± 0.7%–28.6 ± 2.8% in relation to the total root production. It was concluded that higher yield is obtained with 12.5 cm between-line spacing than with 20 cm between-line spacing and with earlier harvest (80–90 days) than with late harvest (100–110 days).     

The influence of photoperiod and plant density on yield of winter-grown gladioli in Queensland

The yields of inflorescences, corms and cormlets, and the inflorescence quality of winter-grown gladioli in south-east Queensland, were studied under 2 daylength regimes, 3 plant densities (150 000, 300 000 and 450 000 corms ha^?1) and 3 plant arrangements (bed, double row and single row). The daylength treatments were the natural daylength (12.3–14.5 hours) and a 24-hour photoperiod treatment in which natural daylengths were extended using incandescent light of an intensity of 150 lux. Two cultivars were used.Extending the photoperiod to 24 hours delayed flowering by approximately 15 days, and increased the number of inflorescences harvested from low, medium and high density treatments by 20, 91 and 169%, respectively, when compared to the inflorescence yield from these density treatments under natural daylengths. The quality of the inflorescences from the high-density treatment receiving the 24-hour photoperiod was similar or superior in all quality characteristics to that of inflorescences grown under the most favourable density treatment under natural daylengths (150 000 corm ha^?1). Plant arrangement had little effect on the number of days to flowering or inflorescence yield but inflorescence quality was improved when plants were grown in a double-row arrangement compared to those from the bed or single-row arrangements. Extension of the photoperiod had no effect on the number of new corms per plot. However, the average weight of new corms and the weight of cormlets per plot and per corm were reduced by approximately 32, 71 and 63%, respectively, when compared to the results obtained from plants grown under natural daylengths. These results suggest that flowers compete for available photosynthates with corms and cormlet development.The economic feasibility of extending photoperiod for the commercial production of winter-grown gladioli in south-east Queensland is discussed.     

种植密度对辣椒DU01光合特性及产量的影响

以适于一次性采收的辣椒新品种DU01为试验材料,设置5个种植密度,对DU01的光合特性及产量构成因素等进行研究.结果表明,盛果期后,DU01的叶面积、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随着密度的增加而降低,叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜(Car)和总叶绿素(Chlt)含量随...     

生草对苹果园环境和苹果产量品质的影响

<正>我们于2000年进行果园种植白三叶草试验,取得了可喜的成效。现将结果介绍如下。1 试验区基本情况 试验在甘肃省白银市白银区四龙乡和景泰县三合林场进行。试验地海拔1 350-1 500 m,年降水量280 mm左右,年平均气温8-9 ℃,≥10 C年有效积温2 800-3 300 ℃,无霜期     

钾肥对草莓产量和品质的影响

试验表明:对草莓施用钾肥可显著提高产量和品质;氯化钾和硫酸钾配施的增产效果优于单施氯化钾或硫酸钾,最佳组合为2∶1(K2O);单施硫酸钾的肥效优于氯化钾。     

Influence of substrate on strawberry plug plant production

Summary

The plug plant technique for the commercial propagation of strawberries is increasing in importance. Several factors, including the properties of the substrate, can affect plug plant quality. Tests on nine substrates containing different proportions of perlite [from 0 – 75%, (v/v)], and dark and light peat [both from 0 – 80% (v/v)], were performed using a simplex-lattice design in order to establish a model for strawberry plug plant production based not only on the single component composition of the substrate, but also on the influences of the chemical and physical properties of the substrate on plug plant quality. Notable differences in physical and chemical properties were found among the nine different substrates tested, as a consequence of the broad range of their component compositions. Substrate mixes containing medium-to-high proportions [from 60 – 70% (v/v)] of light peat and low proportions of dark peat and perlite are recommended, as these resulted in a low nutrient content, a high organic matter content, a low pH, and a low “coarseness” index, which led to high-grade plug plants with greater root and crown dry weights.     

Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield,growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry

The effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the fruit yield, growth and nutrient element content of strawberry cv. Fern were investigated under organic growing conditions between 2006 and 2008. The experimental plot was a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Three PGPB strains (Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3) were used alone or in combination as bio-fertilizer agent in the experiment. Data through 3 years showed that the use of PGPB significantly increased fruit yield, plant growth and leaf P and Zn contents. Root inoculation of M3 and floral and foliar spraying of OSU-142 and BA-8 bacteria stimulated plant growth resulting in significant yield increases. M3 + BA-8, BA-8 + OSU-142, M3, M3 + OSU-142 and BA-8 applications increased cumulative yield by 33.2%, 18.4%, 18.2%, 15.3% and 10.5%, respectively. Number of fruits per plant significantly increased by the applications of M3 + BA-8 (91.73) and M3 (81.58) compared with the control (68.66). In addition, P and Zn contents of strawberry leaves with bacterial inoculation significantly increased under organic growing conditions. Available P contents in soil were increased from 0.35 kg P₂O₅/da at the beginning of the study to 2.00, 1.97 and 1.82 kg P₂O₅/da by M3 + OSU-142, M3 + BA-8 and M3 + BA-8 + OSU-142 applications, respectively. Overall, the results of this study suggest that root inoculation of Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with spraying Bacillus OSU-142 or Pseudomonas BA-8 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition content of strawberry plant under organic growing conditions.     

The influence of tree training and plant density on growth,yield components and yield of Arabica coffee cv. Ruiru 11

Assessment of tree growth and yield components of Coffea arabica L. cv. Ruiru 11, as influenced by tree training on single or two-stem systems at densities between 1600-4800 trees per ha during the first production cycle was carried out at Ruiru, Kenya over three years. Trees trained on the two-stem system tended to be taller than those on singlestems. Although the results were not clear, trees at low plant densities had thicker stems irrespective of the training system. The total number of primary branches was significantly higher on trees trained on the two-stem system. However, bearing primaries and productive wood were higher on the single-stem system during the first year of production. The number of bearing primaries and productive wood increased in subsequent production years on the two-stem system. Training trees on the two-stem system significantly depressed yields in the first production year by 245 to 842%, irrespective of plant density. Yields of clean coffee increased significantly with tree density irrespective of the tree training method. Yields over the production period increased by 33, 45,27 and 9% with increases in planting densities from 1600 to 2400, 2400 to 3200, 3200 to 4000 and 4000 to 4800 trees per ha, respectively. However, yields increased at a decreasing rate at densities above 3200 trees per ha. The proportions of the large grade ‘A’ sized coffee beans were not significantly affected by the treatments. It was concluded that it is possible to raise two stems during the first production cycle of ‘Ruiru 11’, although this might not be economical. Single stems would be preferred and a high plant density of between 3200-4000 trees per ha would be optimum during the first coffee production cycle.     

假植时间对草莓生长发育的影响

培育壮苗,培育优质的秧苗,是草莓获得早熟和丰产的基础。传统地利用已结过果的衰老植株在原地繁育秧苗,很难培育出大量合格秧苗。目前保护地多采用假植育苗。假植即在定植前选择生活力强、无病虫害的子苗移栽在事先准备好的假植苗床上进行一段时间集中培育。假植因移栽引起断根促发细根、初生根,增加根重,扩大根系,使草莓苗易活快长,苗旺苗壮,产量和品质得到大幅度提高。     

Nonlinear regression for description of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production

The aim of this study was to select growth models to describe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)fruit production. To do this, data on 16 treatments (combination of 2 cultivars [Albion and Camarosa], 2 origins [National and Imported], and 4 organic substrates mixed [70% crushed sugar cane residue + 30% organic compost, 70% crushed sugar cane residue + 30% commercial substrate, 70% burnt rice husk + 30% organic compost, and 70% burnt rice husk + 30% commercial substrate]) conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates were used. Different parameterizations of the Logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy models were adjusted for number and weight of fruits per plant (g) accumulated in multiple harvests. The model adjustment and parameter estimation were obtained by ordinary least squares, using a Gauss Newton algorithm. The selection of the best model was chosen by intrinsic and parametric nonlinearity. Among the adjusted nonlinear models, the best adjustment for both variables was achieved by the parameterization 2 of the Logistic model and parameterization 1 of the Gompertz model, because they had lower results with less parametric and intrinsic nonlinearity. However, care should be taken when using the Gompertz model because it tends to overestimate the production estimate and may cause misunderstandings in interpretation.     

钾肥处理对草莓产量和品质的影响

以‘红颜’及以色列草莓品种‘S3’为试材,研究钾肥处理对草莓产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施钾量与草莓单株产量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物含量呈正相关。施钾量在360 kg/hm~2时,2个草莓品种的产量与品质均为最高。     

色氨酸提高草莓果实品质和产量试验

草莓品种索菲亚和丰香均于 11月下旬起每隔 7天喷布 1次 10 0、2 0 0、30 0、4 0 0、50 0 mg/ LL-型色氨酸或 DL -型色氨酸 ,连喷 4次 ,并于翌年 3月中旬起再每隔 10天喷 1次 ,共喷 3次。结果表明 :2个品种均以喷布 30 0、 4 0 0 mg/ L L -型色氨酸或 DL-型色氨酸其草莓苗株高、茎粗、叶厚、单株叶数及单株叶面积显著高于对照 ;果实较大 ,果实可溶性固形物、总糖及 Vc含量提高 ,糖酸比增大 ,品质提高 ;单株产量极显著或显著高于对照     

Varying plant density and harvest time to optimize cowpea leaf yield and nutrient content

Plant density and harvest time were manipulated to optimize vegetative (foliar) productivity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] canopies for future dietary use in controlled ecological life-support systems as vegetables or salad greens. Productivity was measured as total shoot and edible dry weights (DW), edible yield rate [(EYR) grams DW per square meter per day], shoot harvest index [(SHI) grams DW per edible gram DW total shoot], and yield-efficiency rate [(YER) grams DW edible per square meter per day per grams DW nonedible]. Cowpeas were grown in a greenhouse for leaf-only harvest at 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, or 99 plants/m2 and were harvested 20, 30, 40, or 50 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and edible dry weights increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. A maximum of 1189 g shoot DW/m2 and 594 g edible DW/m2 were achieved at an estimated plant density of 85 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. EYR also increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. An EYR of 11 g m-2 day-1 was predicted to occur at 86 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. SHI and YER were not affected by plant density. However, the highest values of SHI (64%) and YER (1.3 g m-2 day-1 g-1) were attained when cowpeas were harvested 20 DAP. The average fat and ash contents [dry-weight basis (dwb)] of harvested leaves remained constant regardless of harvest time. Average protein content increased from 25% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Carbohydrate content declined from 50% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Total dietary fiber content (dwb) of the leaves increased from 19% to 26% as time to harvest increased from 20 to 50 days.     

大棚苦瓜秋延后种植密度和整枝方式栽培技术的研究

苦瓜是夏秋普通蔬菜之一.近年来,随着市场需求量的增大,苦瓜栽培已逐渐从露地发展到保护地内,经济效益逐年提高,发展前景广阔.本试验的目的在于探索秋延后适于南宁的苦瓜栽培技术,为苦瓜的推广提供依据.     

The effects of glass cloche and coloured polyethylene tunnels on microclimate,growth, yield and disease severity of strawberry plants

Marked differences in the microclimate and the performance of strawberry plants were observed under glass cloches and clear polyethylene tunnels as compared with coloured polyethylene tunnels. Under glass and clear film the average air and soil temperatures were higher and fluctuated more, and the vapour pressure deficit was greater during the day, than under coloured film. The plants under glass and clear film made more vigorous early growth and cropped earlier than those under the other tunnels, but the heaviest yields were picked from plants under red and pink covers. Flowering and fruiting were delayed under green and blue covers by at least one month, and yields were comparatively small owing to poor pollination and fruit set.

Both strawberry mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lind.) and Botrytis fruit rot were more severe on plants under the coloured films than under glass or clear film.