美国扁桃主要栽培品种及砧木

介绍了美国上应用的光主要栽培品种,并对目前应用的扁桃玷木做了简介。     

‘红地球’葡萄砧木的抗逆性试验研究

就‘红地球’葡萄5种不同砧木的抗旱性、耐盐性和抗寒性进行比较。试验结果表明:抗旱性大小顺序依次为‘5BB’>‘SO4’>‘贝达’>‘抗砧3号’>‘1103P’;耐盐性大小顺序依次为‘SO4’>‘5BB’>‘贝达’>‘1103P’>‘抗砧3号’;抗寒性顺序依次为:‘贝达’>‘5BB’>‘SO4’>‘抗砧3号’>‘1103P’。综合来说,‘5BB’和‘SO4’对干旱、盐渍和寒害这3项的耐受力都比较强,其次为‘贝达’。     

香橼不同品系耐寒性的研究

 以24个果实性状优良的香橼（Citrus medica L.）品系为试材,采用田间鉴定法、细胞膜透性鉴定法,评价其耐寒性差异,并以耐寒性强、中、弱3类有代表性的10个品系进行人工低温处理,进一步研究其耐寒生理特性。结果表明：越冬期间24个品系寒害指数范围为2.00 ~ 3.40,半致死温度（LT50）范围为﹣14.84 ~﹣7.07 ℃。分别根据寒害指数和LT₅₀进行聚类分析,评价了24个香橼品系耐寒性强弱,其中,耐寒性强的品系有春江4#、春江5#、春江6#、新世纪9#、新世纪10#、香橼4#;其次为春江1#、春江2#、春江3#、春江8#、香橼1#、香橼2#、香橼5#、香橼6#、香橼7#、新世纪1#、新世纪3#、新世纪4#、新世纪5#、新世纪6#、新世纪7#、新世纪8#;耐寒性弱的品系为春江7#、新世纪2#。随处理温度降低,10个香橼品系叶片的丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性蛋白质含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性总体均表现为先上升而后下降的趋势,其中耐寒性强的品系MDA含量低,Pro、可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD活性高;反之,耐寒性弱的品系MDA含量高,Pro、可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD活性低。     

薄皮甜瓜不同砧木嫁接效应比较

采用圣砧1号和新士佐2种南瓜砧木嫁接当地薄皮甜瓜品种花皮脆瓜,试验结果表明,2种砧木的嫁接苗亲和性表现均佳,嫁接成活率在95%以上,抗枯萎病效果极佳;圣砧1号嫁接苗生长速度快于新土佐嫁接苗,且第1雌花开放早1d左右,盛花期早2d左右;圣砧1号嫁接组合产量表现略逊于新土佐嫁接组合,2种砧木对果实口感无不良影响。     

引入石河子地区的5个葡萄砧木抗寒性比较

【目的】检测引进葡萄砧木品种在新疆石河子地区的抗寒适应性,筛选出具有较好抗寒性的品种,为新疆葡萄砧木品种的推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】以引入石河子地区的5个葡萄砧木品种的1 a(年)生枝条为试材,分别在-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃下进行低温胁迫处理,以4℃贮藏的枝条为对照,测定其相对电导率、萌芽率、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等生理指标,计算了其半致死温度,同时进行了田间自然鉴定。【结果】随着处理温度的降低,各品种枝条的相对电导率逐渐升高;‘贝达’、‘5BB’、‘5C’、‘420A’、‘110R’的半致死温度分别为-34.60℃、-32.00℃、-24.40℃、-14.79℃、-14.07℃;抗寒性强的品种能保持较高的酶活性;田间鉴定结果与电导法和保护酶活性法结果一致。【结论】5种供试材料中,‘贝达’和‘5BB’抗寒性最强。电导法和保护酶活性法是葡萄砧木抗寒性的有效预选方法。     

Influence of rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of two scion cultivars of mandarin

The influence of various rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of mandarin cultivars ‘Coorg’ and ‘Kinnow’ was studied in a rootstock trial at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta. Differences due to rootstocks in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to N, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Mn were significant. Leaf N content was higher on the rootstocks ‘Trifoliate’ orange and ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges. ‘Trifoliate’ orange, in addition to being more efficient in absorbing N, also resulted in much lower leaf Na content than the others. Rootstocks ‘Rough Lemon’, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Kodakithuli’ were more efficient in absorbing cations Ca, Mg and K. The citrange rootstocks ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ resulted in a very low content of leaf Mn, indicating that these may be particularly suitable in high-Mn and highly acidic soils.Significant differences in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to all the nutrients excepting N, P and Cu were observed between the 2 scion cultivars. ‘Kinnow’ mandarin appeared to have a much lower requirement both for Zn and Fe, which makes it more suitable on soils with a high pH.     

我国选育的4个扁桃良种丰产栽培试验

<正>扁桃(Prunus amygdalus)起源于中亚和西南亚的低矮丘陵和沙漠地区,目前进行商业栽培的主要有美国、西班牙等欧美国家。据FAO报道,2000年扁桃仁产量为40万t(吨),其中美国和西班牙产量分别占总产量的74％和     

Embryogenesis in vitro of several Citrus species and cultivars

Summary

A number of experiments were performed to obtain somatic embryos and embryogenie cell lines from several species and cultivars of citrus by in vitro ovule culture. The source of ovules (pre-anthesis and post-anthesis), incubation conditions (light and darkness) and several modifications of the culture medium were evaluated. All the species and cultivars assayed produced somatic embryos and “pseudobulbi”, but production of friable embryogenie callus was species dependent. The small proliferation of callus and globular bodies recovered from the primary cultures were suitable for recovering embryogenie callus lines by periodical subculturing into fresh medium. After several monthly subcultures discarding embryos and “pseudobulbi”, cell lines virtually devoid of organized structures were obtained from three cultivars of sweet orange, sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin. In all these species, embryogenesis was restored spontaneously and/or by substitution of sucrose by maltose or lactose in the culture medium. The embryos germinated and produced phenotypically normal plants.     

苹果优系‘烟富7’不同砧穂组合的生长结果习性

【目的】探讨富士苹果优系‘烟富7’不同砧穂组合的生长结果习性,以期为‘烟富7’的现代栽培以及优质和高效提供参考依据。【方法】2008年田间定植‘烟富7’/八棱海棠、‘烟富7’/M7、‘烟富7’/M9,各年份连续调查不同砧穂组合的生长及结果习性对树高、冠径与干周、开花株率、总枝量与枝类组成、产量以及品质的影响。【结果】‘烟富7’嫁接在不同类型的砧木上,树体的大小(包括树高、冠径、干周)为八棱海棠M7M9;枝类组成上,矮化程度的不同,666.7 m2枝量、短果枝比例显著增加,营养枝比例显著降低;在早果丰产性上,‘烟富7’与各砧木组合均是第2年形成花芽,第3年形成产量,‘烟富7’/M9第5年进入盛果期,‘烟富7’/八棱海棠与‘烟富7’/M7进入初盛果期;随着矮化程度的增加,产量显著增加,进入丰产期后各砧穂组合差异不显著,‘烟富7’/M9果实品质(除果形指数、果实硬度)显著高于‘烟富7’/八棱海棠。【结论】‘烟富7’嫁接在不同砧木的生长势大小为八棱海棠M7M9;666.7 m2枝量及短果枝比例顺序则相反,M9M7八棱海棠;早果性和丰产性以M9优于M7及八棱海棠,因此‘烟富7’嫁接M9有利于早实丰产。     

不同南瓜砧木嫁接对黄瓜植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响

南瓜是黄瓜嫁接常用的砧木,但是不同的南瓜砧木品种对黄瓜植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响差异很大。为了筛选出适合的砧木品种进行黄瓜嫁接栽培,以4个中国南瓜(‘T2‘’T3‘’T12‘’T13’)和‘黑籽南瓜’为砧木,以‘津绿21-10’黄瓜为接穗,比较不同的南瓜砧木嫁接后对黄瓜的影响。结果表明,与自嫁黄瓜(对照)相比,砧木‘T2’嫁接后的植株生长势最强,产量最高,此外,砧木‘T2’嫁接的黄瓜果实瓜把短、果面蜡粉含量低,色泽鲜亮,商品性最好;砧木‘T3’也具有减少瓜把长度和果面蜡粉量的作用,但植株长势和产量较砧木‘T2’嫁接黄瓜弱;砧木‘T12’也具有一定的增产作用,但是果实瓜把变长,果面蜡粉含量高,商品性较差;砧木‘T13’在5个砧木品种之间的整体综合表现最差‘;黑籽南瓜’嫁接后也促进植株的生长,但是产量上较砧木‘T2’嫁接组合低,果面蜡粉含量高,色泽灰暗,商品性差。不同的接穗/砧木组合对黄瓜果实口感的影响不同,总体来看,南瓜砧木会降低嫁接黄瓜果实口感。综合评价以砧木‘T2’嫁接表现最优,适合于作为黄瓜嫁接优良砧木。     

葡萄柚4种备选砧木遗传关系的8SR分析

采用SSR分子标记技术对葡萄柚4种备选砧木的遗传关系进行了分析.结果表明,4种砧木之间的遗传距离变幅为0.059 8～0.217 2,枳与曼赛龙柚之间遗传距离最大,美国酸橙与曼赛龙柚之间最小.依照UPGMA的聚类结果将4种砧木分为2组:第1组包含美国酸橙、酸柚和曼赛龙柚,而枳单独构成第2组.结合嫁接试验结果,以已知适宜砧木为参照,从DNA水平选择葡萄柚砧木具有一定的可行性.     

利用转座子显示技术鉴别柑橘芽变品种

在依据柑橘全基因组信息的基础上,针对转座子序列开发了一种适合鉴别柑橘芽变品种的分子技术。以43个柑橘芽变品种和7个普通柑橘品种为材料,采用转座子显示技术(transposon display,TD)对转座子进行多态性分析。结果表明:5个DNA转座子(DTM63、DTM58、Helitron1、Spem和mPing2)和4个反转录转座子(Line1、LTR-Gypsy3、LTR-Gypsy5和Tcs2)可以较好地鉴别柑橘不同芽变品种。罗伯逊脐橙及其早熟芽变品种罗脐35号能被DTM63、Spem和mPing2鉴别;m Ping2能鉴别罗伯逊脐橙/罗脐35号、暗柳/红暗柳、普通椪柑/黔阳无核椪柑,以及红肉琯溪蜜柚/橙皮琯溪蜜柚这4对芽变品种。DNA转座子DTH3在甜橙芽变品种中多态性高,可以鉴别不同的甜橙芽变品种。因此,TD技术是一种值得关注的能有效鉴别柑橘芽变品种的分子标记技术。     

8种柑橘类植物对柑橘碎叶病毒分子组成的影响

探究不同柑橘类型对柑橘碎叶病毒(Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV)变异的影响,为研究寄主-CTLV的互作关系提供基础。将CTLV分离株HH和XLB分别嫁接接种于8种柑橘类植物,对CTLV分离株和获得的亚分离株样品进行CP基因的限制性长度多态性(RFLP)和单链构象多态性(SSCP)分析,以及序列比较。结果表明HH和XLB与其各自在不同柑橘植株上的亚分离株的CP/Hinf I RFLP酶切图谱无明显差异;混合侵染的CTLV分离株HH和其亚分离株之间的SSCP谱型存在差异,株系构成单一的CTLV分离株XLB与其亚分离株间的SSCP谱型差异不明显。通过序列分析进一步证实CTLV在不同寄主上其CP基因有几个核苷酸位点发生了变异。CTLV可能受寄主植物的影响发生了变异。     

Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks

The citriculture in Brazil, as well as in other important regions in the world, is based on very few mandarin cultivars. This fact leads to a short harvest period and higher prices for off-season fruit. The ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is among the earliest ripening mandarin cultivars, and it is considered to be tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.) and to citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). Despite having regular fruit quality under hot climate conditions, the early fruit maturation and absence of seeds of ‘Okitsu’ fruits are well suited for the local market in the summer (December through March), when the availability of citrus fruits for fresh consumption is limited. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted in Brazil on rootstocks for ‘Okitsu’. Consequently, a field trial was carried out in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the mandarins ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ (C. reticulata Blanco) and ‘Sunki’ (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the Rangpur limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 6 m × 3 m spacing, in a randomized block design. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three different rootstock pairs with similar effects on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Okitsu’ mandarin. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate had a unique effect over the ‘Okitsu’ trees performance, inducing lower canopy volume and higher yield efficiency and fruit quality, and might be suitable for high-density plantings. The ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’ Rangpur limes induced early-ripening of fruits, with low fruit quality. ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins and the ‘Orlando’ tangelo conferred lower yield efficiency and less content of soluble solids for the latter rootstock.     

5个荔枝品种的品质及挥发性风味比较分析

【目的】对5个荔枝品种的品质和风味进行鉴定,为品质评价及栽培育种提供理论依据。【方法】理化和液相色谱技术测定糖、酸、维生素含量等品质指标,气相离子迁移谱检测挥发性风味化合物组分。【结果】4个优质品种仙进奉(Xianjinfeng,XJF)、水晶球(Shuijingqiu,SJQ)、佛绿(Folü,FL)和冰荔(Bingli,BL)的平均总可溶性固形物含量差异不大,均比传统品种怀枝(Huaizhi, HZ)略高,而XJF的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量比较均等,HZ和其他3个优质品种以葡萄糖和果糖为主。可滴定总酸与苹果酸含量的高低依次为XJF>HZ>SJQ>BL>FL。XJF和FL的维生素C含量高于HZ,而SJQ和BL低于HZ。与HZ相比,XJF、SJQ和BL的挥发性风味物质具有明显独立的特征峰区域,聚类分析显示,BL和HZ的总挥发性风味差异最小,XJF次之,而FL和SJQ与HZ差异最大。【结论】4个优质荔枝的品质指标与HZ相比有不同的差异,而具有品种特异性的挥发性风味组分和含量差异最为显著。糖、酸及挥发性风味物质的组分和含量可作为荔枝优质品种的品质评价指标。     

不同砧木对87-1和'夏黑'设施葡萄品种需冷量的影响研究

分别用7.2℃模型、0～7.2℃模型和犹他模型3种模型对18种砧穗组合进行需冷量估算,比较不同砧木对87-1和'夏黑'葡萄需冷量的影响。结果表明:对于'夏黑'的不同砧穗组合,无论用哪种模型,夏黑/抗砧1号、夏黑/101-14M、夏黑/140Ru组合需冷量最低,夏黑/1103P、夏黑/华葡1号组合需冷量次之,夏黑/5C组合需冷量最高;对于87-1葡萄的砧穗组合,3种模型都表明87-1/101-14M、87-1/140Ru、87-1/1103P需冷量最低,87-1/3309C、87-1/华葡1号、87-1/抗砧1号、87-1/贝达需冷量次之,87-1/S04需冷量最高。综上,抗砧1号、101-14M和140Ru砧木可有效降低'夏黑'需冷量,101-14M、140Ru、1103P砧木可有效降低87-1需冷量;砧穗组合的需冷量受砧木影响极大,101-14M、140Ru砧木对于87-1和'夏黑'葡萄需冷量的影响具有广普性。就需冷量而言,夏黑/抗砧1号、夏黑/101-14M、夏黑/140Ru、87-1/101-14M、87-1/140Ru、87-1/1103P更适宜设施栽培。     

Assessing the effect of genetic and anatomic variation of Cucurbita rootstocks on vigour,survival and yield of grafted melons

Summary

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Arava’ was grafted onto 22 experimental Cucurbita rootstocks including intra- or interspecific hybrids to examine scion-rootstock compatibility and to correlate plant performance under greenhouse and field conditions. The commercial Cucurbita ‘TZ-148’ rootstock and non-grafted plants were used as controls. Numbers of leaves, stem length and plant fresh weights were recorded three weeks after planting. Vegetative growth of the grafted plants varied markedly, indicating differences in compatibility between the scion and rootstocks. A positive correlation was found between number of leaves, stem length and fresh weight of melon plants. No significant advantage in vegetative growth was found in melons grafted onto intra- or interspecific hybrid rootstocks. Stem diameter and number of vascular bundles of the rootstock did not correlate with scion plant fresh weight. Twelve selected rootstocks out of the 22 tested were grown in the field during the spring and autumn, to determine if there is an association between the plant performance in the greenhouse and fruit yield under field conditions. Positive and significant correlations were found between greenhouse growth parameters and fruit yield under field conditions. It is suggested that testing grafted melons under greenhouse conditions could be a useful tool for preliminary testing of scion-rootstock compatibility.     

龙眼品种RAPD鉴别及分析

RAPD是 90年代后发展起来的检测生物基因组 DNA多态性的分子标记技术 ,目前该技术已广泛应用于果树种质资源的鉴定与分类等方面。龙眼品种热引 1 7号是广西亚热带作物研究所经过 1 0多年时间从国内外引进和收集到的龙眼品种中筛选出的优良品种。为澄清热引 1 7号与现有的一些龙眼主栽品种之间是否是同物异名 ,我们对热引 1 7号等 5个品种 (品系 )进行了 RAPD鉴定 ,并利用聚类分析的方法 ,寻找它们之间的亲缘关系 ,为热引 1 7号的进一步研究利用提供参考。1　材料与方法1 .1　材料　　供试材料为热引 1 7号、石硖、储良、大乌园和广眼 (…     

Effects of wind and salt exposure on four hybrid cypress cultivars

Newly released × Cupressocyparis hybrids have been tested for their tolerance to exposed coastal conditions. Preliminary data show that the hybrids × C. notabilis and × C. ovensii were severely damaged by salt-laden winds, whilst × C. leylandii clones ‘Rostrevor’ and ‘Leighton Green’ were not seriously affected.     

RAPD在柑橘品系鉴别上的应用

在５０个引物中分别筛选３８个引物和３７个引物能在朋娜、大三岛脐橙二个品系和马叙、星路比葡萄柚二个品系扩增出清晰的带型。其中在３８个引物中有５个能在朋娜和大三岛上扩增出差异。３７个引物有３个能在马叙和星路比上扩增出差异。