磁化咸水灌溉对葡萄生长和土壤矿质养分的影响

【目的】以2 a(年)生'夏黑'葡萄(Vitis vinifera×V. labrusca'Summer Black')为试材,分析了磁化咸水灌溉后土壤根系形态特征和不同形态养分含量,以揭示磁化咸水灌溉对葡萄幼苗生长和土壤矿质养分特征的影响。【方法】分别采用0、3.0和6.0 g·L~(~(-1))三种不同质量浓度的咸水灌溉葡萄幼苗,磁化处理是接入磁化器装置处理灌溉水。通过野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,对咸水和磁化咸水灌溉后葡萄幼苗生物学特性、叶片和土壤不同形态氮磷钾以及土壤微量元素含量进行分析。【结果】磁化处理对新梢生长量、叶面积、叶片数、根系总长度、表面积、平均直径、体积、土壤全氮、有效磷含量有极显著影响(p0.01),对速效钾含量有显著影响(p0.05);NaCl处理对葡萄地上部分生长指标、根系形态指标、叶片Fe、Mn、Zn、土壤硝态氮、无机氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、Mn和Zn含量有极显著影响(p0.01);两处理交互作用对叶片Zn、土壤铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量有极显著影响(p0.01),对叶片Fe、Mn、土壤中无机氮和Cu含量有显著影响(p0.05);M_0与NM_0相比,叶面积和叶片的Zn分别提高19.42%和57.18%,差异显著(p0.05);M3与NM3相比,新梢生长量、叶面积、叶片数、根系总长度、表面积、平均直径、体积均显著提高(p0.05),叶片Zn、土壤全氮、铵态氮、无机氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别显著降低19.41%、44.37%、27.79%、29.72%、28.53%和10.40%(p0.05);M6与NM6相比,新梢生长量、叶面积和根系总长度、叶片Fe和Mn含量分别提高25.56%、26.16%、33.75%、5.87%和15.57%,土壤Cu的含量降低10.72%,差异显著(p0.05)。【结论】磁化咸水灌溉能促进矿质养分的积累和有效态养分的释放,促进植物对有效态养分的吸收利用,促进盐分环境中植物的生长发育以及改善土壤-植物间的养分循环,为微咸水或咸水资源的开发及应用提供理论依据。     

Responses of eight chile peppers to saline water irrigation

Salt tolerance of five cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. Early Jalapeno, Golden Treasure, NuMex Sweet, NuMex Joe E. Parker, and Santa Fe Grande, two cultivars of C. chinense Jacq. Habanero and Pimienta De Chiera, and one accession of C. annuum, NMCA 10652, were evaluated in a field study. Seedlings were transplanted in late May to field raised beds containing loamy sand soils in a semi-arid environment. Plants were well irrigated throughout the experiment. Three saline solution treatments, prepared by adding NaCl, MgSO₄, and CaCl₂ to tap water at different amounts to create three salinity levels of 0.82 dS m⁻¹ (control, tap water), 2.5 dS m⁻¹, and 4.1 dS m⁻¹ electrical conductivity (EC), were initiated on 15th June and ended in late August. Among the eight varieties, NMCA 10652 had the highest survival percentage at 100% in the 4.1 dS m⁻¹ treatment, followed by ‘Early Jalapeno’, ‘NuMex Sweet’, ‘Pimienta De Chiera’, ‘Santa Fe Grande’, ‘Golden Treasure’, and ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’. ‘Habanero’ had the lowest survival at 28%. Compared to control, final shoot dry weight of the plants irrigated with saline solution at 4.1 dS m⁻¹ was reduced by 92% in ‘Habanero’, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 80%. For fruit fresh weight in 4.1 dS m⁻¹ vs. control, ‘Habanero’ had the highest reduction at 86%, followed by ‘Golden Treasure’ at 74%, while NMCA 10652 and ‘Santa Fe Grande’ had the least at 26% and 19%, respectively. NMCA 10652, the most tolerant to salinity, had the lowest leaf Na⁺ accumulation, while ‘Habanero’, the most sensitive to salinity, had the highest Na⁺ in the leaves. For leaf Cl⁻, ‘Early Jalapeno’ had the highest, while ‘Habanero’ had the lowest Cl⁻ accumulation in the leaves. Generally, sensitive varieties accumulated more Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ in leaves, except for ‘Early Jalapeno’, which was relatively tolerant to salinity but had high Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation in leaves.     

Nursery inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water

Protected horticultural crops as well as those planted in open fields particularly in the Mediterranean region have to cope with increasing salinization of irrigation water. High salinity of the supply water has detrimental effects on soil fertility and plant nutrition and reduces crop growth and yield. This study was conducted to determine if pre-inoculation of transplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviates salt effects on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Marriha) when irrigated with saline water. Tomato seeds were sown in polystyrene trays with 20 cm³ cells and treated with AM fungi (AM) or without (nonAM) Glomus mosseae. Once the seedlings were reached appropriate size, they were transplanted into nonsterile soil in concrete blocks (1.6 m × 3 m × 0.75 m) under greenhouse conditions. The soil electrical conductivity (EC_e) was 1.4 dS m⁻¹. Plants were irrigated with nonsaline water (EC_w = 0.5 dS m⁻¹) or saline water (EC_w = 2.4 dS m⁻¹) until harvest. These treatments resulted with soil EC at harvest 1.7 and 4.4 dS m⁻¹ for nonsaline and saline water treatments, respectively. Root colonization with AM fungi at flowering was lower under saline than nonsaline conditions. Pre-inoculated tomato plants with AM fungi irrigated with both saline and nonsaline water had greater shoot and root dry matter (DM) yield and fruit fresh yield than nonAM plants. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AM fungi inoculation was 29% under nonsaline and 60% under saline water conditions. Shoot contents of P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe were higher in AM compared with nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline water conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in AM than nonAM plants grown under saline water conditions. Results indicate that pre-inoculation of tomato transplants with AM fungi improved yield and can help alleviate deleterious effects of salt stress on crop yield.     

The influence of drip irrigation or subirrigation on tomato grown in closed-loop substrate culture with saline water

In closed-loop soilless culture, one of the most relevant problems may be the accumulation in the recirculating nutrient solution of ions contained in irrigation water that are not or scarcely absorbed by the plants (e.g. Na, Cl) In order to verify the possibility to reduce the rate of recirculating water salinisation by means of subirrigation, an experiment was carried out in the spring of 2002 and 2004, with tomato plants (cv. Jama) grown in glasshouse and watered by conventional drip irrigation (D) or by subirrigation (trough bench system; S). The plants were cultivated in pots filled with a peat-perlite substrate for approximately 3 months and fed with complete nutrient solution, which was prepared with fresh water containing 10 mol m⁻³ NaCl; the nutrient solution in the collecting tank was replaced when the value of electrical conductivity (EC) exceeded 6.0 dS m⁻¹. Water and nutrient crop use, salt accumulation in the substrate, and fruit yield were monitored. In S culture, the composition and EC of the recirculating nutrient solution changed slightly, while in D treatment there was a fast water salinisation that made it necessary to flushed out the nutrient solution in six different occasions, with consequent loss of water and fertilisers. In S culture, the upward water movement in the substrate, coupled with selective mineral uptake by the roots, caused salinity build-up in the upper region of the substrate, which was associated with Na⁺ accumulation. No significant influence of irrigation methods on fruit yield and quality was observed. These findings suggest that subirrigation can be a tool to reduce the water consumption and nutrient runoff in closed-loop substrate culture of tomato conducted with saline water.     

Effect of saline irrigation water on agronomical and phytochemical characters of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)

In arid and semi-arid regions, where water availability is a major limitation in crop production, using alternative water resources, such as saline water is one way to utilize lands. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) as an annual medicinal herb may be considered as an economic substitute for field crops irrigated with fresh water since it has adaptability to wide range of climate and soil. A field examination was conducted during 2004–2005 using complete randomized block design with four replications in order to evaluate the effects of saline irrigation water on morphological characters, mineral content, oil quantity (content, yield), oil composition and apigenin content of chamomile. In each plot, 0.6 g/m² of seeds were grown in 4 rows. The irrigation water had five different salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m⁻¹). The investigated characters through cultivation were fresh weight of flower (g), dry weight of flower (g), dry weight of aerial stems (g), dry weight of root (g), oil yield (kg/h), oil content (%), oil quality and apigenin content (%). After harvesting, the content of minerals (Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) were evaluated in aerial parts and roots of each plot. Mean comparisons for fresh flower weight in different treatments showed that fresh flower yield decreased with increasing salinity and it was higher in control compared to others. Analysis of variance showed that saline irrigation water had no significant effect on oil quantity (yield and content), oil quality (chemical composition) or apigenin content. Our results showed that chamomile is able to maintain all its medical properties, under saline condition and could be cultivated economically in such conditions.     

Pre-conditioning ornamental plants to drought by means of saline water irrigation as related to salinity tolerance

This study examines the feasibility of using saline irrigation water for commercial pot cultivation of three ornamentals: Calceolaria hybrida, Calendula officinalis and Petunia hybrida. Two saline treatments were assayed: irrigation with low saline tap water (electrical conductivity = 1.16 dS m⁻¹), and irrigation with a high saline solution of NaCl 100 mM + CaSO₄ 10 mM + MgSO₄ 2.5 mM (electrical conductivity = 12.5 dS m⁻¹). When the control plants reached marketable size the watering was stopped and the plant response to drought was studied. Petunia and Calceolaria were tolerant to salinity. Petunia saline-treated plants reduced their growth slightly and increased N and chlorophyll contents in the leaves. Calceolaria experienced a strong reduction in growth and a delay in flowering but no toxicity symptoms or mortality was recorded. These species were moderate NaCl accumulators. Calendula was sensitive to salinity: 16% of the plants died and the surviving ones experienced a heavy reduction of growth, a decrease in chlorophyll and a large accumulation of NaCl in the leaves. Saline pre-conditioned plants of Calceolaria and Petunia were tolerant to drought. In these plants, leaf water content and, specifically, leaf relative water content were sustained longer than in non-pre-conditioned plants throughout the drought period. In Calendula, leaf relative water content decreased at the same rate in pre-conditioned and non-pre-conditioned plants. Consequently, salinization did not confer drought resistance upon this species. Possible factors determining the tolerance to drought in saline pre-conditioned plants are discussed.     

The effect of water availability and quality on photosynthesis and productivity of soilless-grown cut roses

Low matric and to a lesser extent osmotic potential reduce significantly leaf area and rose yield. Net assimilation rate and transpiration are also negatively affected although less dramatically. Low water potential causes an increase in the water use efficiency of greenhouse roses when tested in closed, no-discharge systems. When a stable osmotic potential is maintained in open systems, using increased leaching fraction (LF), low osmotic potential results in lower water use efficiency. Osmotic potential in porous media serving for greenhouse cut-rose production is usually lower than the matric potential. However, low matric potential in porous media is usually accompanied by very low unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, causing localized zones of very low matric potential adjacent to the root–medium interface. This phenomenon, that cannot be measured using tensiometers, is the main limiting factor to water uptake by plant roots. Restricted water uptake results in low leaf water potential and cessation of leaf and shoot expansive growth.Combined effects of drought and salinity on photosynthesis have been studied for a number of agronomic crops but studies on roses have been limited. In most greenhouse crops a close relationship between total water potential in the root zone (Ψ_t^soil) and in the shoot (Ψ_t^shoot) is found and there are good indications about the plant’s ability to make osmotic adjustments in order to lower Ψ_t^shoot and prevent excessive water losses from the leaves thus maintaining the plant’s turgidity. Future studies conducted with roses can provide a better insight into the adaptive processes within the plants when exposed to salt or water stresses.     

The effect of irrigation and crop load on stem water potential and apple fruit size

Summary

The effect of irrigation rate under various crop loads on the fruit size of apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious) was investigated in three field experiments in 1993–1995. During the first two years the field experiments evaluated the effects of various crop loads on yield, fruit size and midday stem water potential under 40% deficit irrigation. In 1995, the effects of five irrigation levels (0.42–1.06 of USDA Class A evaporation pan) and four crop loads (100–450 fruits per tree) were studied in a factorial experiment. Midday stem water potential increased with irrigation level and decreased with crop load in 1993 and at the lowest irrigation level in 1995. Daily fruit growth rate decreased with midday stem water potential in 1993 and at the lowest irrigation level in 1993. The effect of crop load on fruit growth rate was associated with limited soil water availability. A reduction in yield and average fruit size were associated with midday stem water potentials lower than –1.3 MPa. Taking an additional 0.1 MPa as a safety factor, –1.2 MPa could serve as a reasonable threshold for irrigation control in the orchard.     

Cultivation of cut flower and bulb species with saline water

The long-term effect of saline water irrigation on flower yield and quality was investigated in three herbaceous cut flower crops of commercial importance, the Emily cultivars of Japanese limonium, Trachelium caeruleum and Eustoma grandiflorum (lisianthus), and in two bulb species, Hippeastrum hybridum and Ornithogalum arabicum. Among the tested crops, limonium showed the highest resistance to salinity. Irrigation water with an electrical conductivity of up to 11.5 dS m⁻¹ had little or no effect on stem yield and length of limonium flowering stems. In Trachelium, salinity had no effect on the yield of flowering stems or the size of the inflorescence, but it markedly reduced stem weight and length. The concomitant reduction in the number of nodes to flowering was reflected in earlier flower initiation. Since delayed flower differentiation and over-elongation of Trachelium stems is a serious problem during the winter months, application of mildly saline irrigation for winter production could be used to induce earlier flower initiation and to control stem height. In lisianthus subjected to salinity from bud appearance onwards, a salinity level of 6.0 dS m⁻¹ increased stem weight and the number of flowers per stem without affecting other quality parameters. The work carried out with Trachelium and lisianthus, although limited, indicates that salinity may be used for improving the quality of some cut flowers. In contrast to its beneficial effect on the herbaceous species, salinity led to a significant reduction of bulb, leaf, and root weight of the two bulbous species, H. hybridum and O. arabicum.     

Effect of two irrigation rates on yield,incidence of blossom-end rot,mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip irrigation using saline water

Summary

An experiment investigated the effects of two rates of irrigation, one of which reflected a substantial degree of water stress, on the mineral content, free amino acid levels and incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Durinta'). The plants were grown in the open with drip irrigation using saline water from a well (mean EC_w 5.2 dS m²¹). The yield per plant was higher and fewer fruit were affected by BER in the treatment involving the higher level of irrigation. The fruit of the first and fifth truss, and the leaves immediately above, were analysed for their macronutrient, micronutrient and free amino acid content. The macronutrient leaf and fruit content hardly showed any difference, only the N concentration in fruit being significantly affected in the water stressed plants, in which the levels were higher. The Ca concentration in the stylar portion of mature fruit, which is related with the incidence of BER, was not significantly affected by the level of irrigation. As regards micronutrients, only the Fe (in leaf and fruit of the first truss), Cu (in leaf of the first truss), Zn (in leaf and fruit of the first truss, and leaf of the fifth truss) and Mn (in leaf of the first truss) concentrations differed significantly. The total free amino acid leaf content was similar in both irrigation treatments. However, the total free amino acid content of fruit, significantly those of the first truss, was higher in the less irrigated treatment. The amino acids: aspartic acid (only from the first.truss), glutamic acid, proline and alanine had high concentrations in the fruit of the less irrigated plants, while the g-aminobutyric acid and phenylalanine (only from the fifth truss) concentrations were higher in fruit of the more irrigated plants.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on biomass,yield, water productivity and fruit quality of processing tomato under semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions

Processing tomato is a high water demanding crop, thus requiring irrigation throughout growing season in arid and semiarid areas. The application of deficit irrigation (DI) strategies to this crop may greatly contribute to save irrigation water. A two-year study was carried out in order to assess the effects of DI upon water productivity, final biomass, fruit yield and some quality traits of open-field processing tomato cv. Brigade in a typical semi-arid Mediterranean environment of South Italy. Four irrigation treatments were studied: no irrigation following plant establishment (V0); 100% (V100) or 50% (V50) evapotranspiration (ETc) restoration up to fruit maturity, 100% ETc restoration up to flowering, then 50% ETc restoration (V100-50). Total dry biomass accumulation was significantly depressed by early soil water deficit in V0; irrigation at a reduced rate (50% ETc) from initial stages (V50) or from flowering onwards (V100-50) did not induce any losses in final dry biomass. The marketable yield did not significantly differ among plots irrigated, but an averaged irrigation water saving of 30.4% in V100-50 and 46.2% in V50 was allowed as compared to V100. Marketable yield was negatively affected by the early water shortage in V0, due to the high fruit losses (>44%). The effects of DI on fruit quality were generally the converse of those on fruit yield. DI improved total soluble solids content, titratable acidity and vitamin C content. Water use efficiency was positively affected by DI, suggesting that the crop does not benefits from the water when this last is supplied to fulfil total crop requirements for the whole season. Yield response factor, which indicates the level of tolerance of a crop to water stress, was 0.49 for total dry biomass (Kss) and 0.76 for marketable yield (Ky), indicating that in both cases the reduction in crop productivity is proportionally less than the relative ET deficit. In conclusion, the adoption of DI strategies where a 50% reduction of ETc restored is applied for the whole growing season or part of it could be suggested in processing tomato, to save water improving its use efficiency, minimizing fruit losses and maintaining high fruit quality levels. This aspect is quite important in semi-arid environments, where water scarcity is an increasing concern and water costs are continuously rising.     

滨海盐渍化土壤冬枣丰产栽培试验

无棣县地处山东省北部 ,濒临渤海 ,沿海分布着大量的盐碱地。为开发利用这些土地资源 ,我们根据枣树具有较强耐盐碱能力的特点 ,于 1 999～ 2 0 0 2年在 3种不同盐渍化程度的土壤上进行了冬枣密植栽培试验 ,以期获得盐渍化土壤栽培冬枣的经验。现将结果报道如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　试验材料试验园设在无棣县良种畜禽繁育场示范基地 ,总面积 3 .1 1 hm2 。属暖温带大陆性季风气候 ,年均气温 1 2 .1℃ ,年日照时数 2 72 4.5小时 ,年均降水量 571 mm,地貌类型为黄河冲积平原 ,粘质壤土 ,土壤有机质含量 0 .8%～1 .0 %。土壤含盐量 0 .1 4%～ …     

The effect of waste water irrigation on the extra virgin olive oil quality from the Tunisian cultivar Chemlali

The availability of fresh water is very scarce in the Middle East and North Africa. Yet consequently, brackish water or recycled wastewater can be used for irrigation, minimising the exploitation of natural water resources. The aim of this work was to study how irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) over 4 years affects some parameters of “Chemlali” olive oil quality. Two treatments were considered: trees irrigated with treated wastewater and others cultivated in rain-fed conditions. Results showed that irrigation with TWW over 4 years did not affect free acidity, and specific ultraviolet absorbance at K₂₃₂ and K₂₇₀. For both the crop seasons the mean values of these parameters were lower than the upper limits established for “extra virgin” olive oil. However, irrigation with TWW cumulatively increased palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic acid contents and decreased oleic acid rates. A significant decrease of total phenol contents was also observed at the end of experimental period.     

苹果分根交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响

以3 a生分根盆栽嘎拉苹果为试材,研究了不同根域交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量调控了苹果新梢二次生长的发生、生长时间和速率,每一根域每次灌水量为500 mL时,仅4/4根域灌水处理的新梢出现二次生长;灌水量为750 mL时,2/4、3/4和4/4根域灌水处理的新梢均出现二次生长;灌水量为1 000 mL时,1/4、2/4、3/4和4/4处理的新梢均有二次生长,其二次生长随着灌水根域的增多而时间提早,生长速率加快。每一根域灌水量相同时,植株主干、枝条、叶片、根系和总生物量随灌水根域增多而提高,750 mL与1 000mL根域灌水处理差异不显著。植株的水分利用效率随灌水根域的增多而降低。从确保树体正常生长和提高树体水分利用效率综合分析,2/4根域每次灌水750 mL为最佳灌溉方案。     

利用水窖灌溉对仁用杏幼树生长发育的影响

在仁用杏栽培中，利用水窖灌溉经济实惠，可使当年幼树干周增粗加快，主枝直径和主枝延长柱长度均比对照增加，第二年结合使用600-1200mg.L^-1的多效唑，可使主干增粗减缓，主干延长枝生长量减小，短枝比例增加，二年生树全部开花结果。     

切花月季的水分生理与灌溉管理

1　水分的生理作用水是植物体的重要组成成分 ,不但参与植物的生理代谢 ,也是代谢产物的运输载体 ,起着维持植物形态和姿态的重要作用。植物体内的水分含量一般占植物体质量的 70 %～90 % ,缺水会直接影响植物的生长发育和活性。早在 1975年 ,Plaut与Aikin等人就测定了月季植株     

The effect of sprinkler and drip irrigation on lime-induced chlorosis of citrus

Trials were carried out on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) ‘Marsh Seedless’ and orange (C. sinensis L.) ‘Valencia’, both on Sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock. Shortening the interval between sprinkler irrigations increased the occurrence of lime-induced chlorosis (LIC), as indicated by reduced leaf chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity. Drip irrigation, on the other hand, corrected LIC and increased leaf chlorophyll, peroxidase activity and photosynthesis.     

The effect of intermittent irrigation with cold nutrient solution on the growth of tomato seedlings propagated in rockwool

Seedlings of tomato, cv. Counter, propagated in rockwool blocks were irrigated five times every 24 h with nutrient solution at 10°C or 18°C for up to three weeks. The mean block temperature was lowered by 3.5-4.0 degrees C by irrigation at 10°C. One week of irrigation at the lower temperature caused the seedlings to develop a characteristic dark purplish colour. This treatment reduced fresh weight and leaf area but not dry weight which suggests that water uptake was also reduced. Dry weight was reduced following two or more weeks of irrigation at 10°C. When seedlings which had been irrigated at 10°C were returned to irrigation at 18°C, the purple colour slowly disappeared and the percent dry matter decreased. When plants were grown on, the total yield of fruit was unaffected by these seedling treatments.     

灌溉方式和灌水量对梨产量和水分利用效率的影响

连续2年对8～9年生黄冠梨树采用不同灌溉方式和灌水量的试验,结果表明,树盘1/2区域交替灌溉较常规灌溉用水量减少2/5,其蒸腾速率显著低于常规灌溉,而水分利用效率显著高于常规灌溉,2者之间的光合速率、产量和单果重不存在显著差异。树盘1/2区域固定灌溉的水分利用效率介于2者之间,但产量和单果重与2者差异显著。     

Effectiveness of water pillow irrigation method on yield and water use efficiency on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A study was conducted to elucidate the effect of water pillow (WP) irrigation method, a new alternative method to furrow irrigation, on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of hot pepper in a semi-arid climatic condition. In this research, treatments used were: (i) WP method and its 7-day irrigation interval (WP₇), (ii) WP method and its 9-day irrigation interval (WP₉), (iii) WP method and its 11-day irrigation interval (WP₁₁) and (iv) furrow irrigation (FI) method and its 5-day irrigation interval (control) were employed. Although the plants were grown under different irrigation methods and interval conditions, there were no statistical differences in yield and biomass of hot pepper plants between FI and WP treatments (P < 0.05). Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values significantly increased with the application of WP irrigation method (P < 0.05). The highest WUE and IWUE values obtained from WP₁₁ treatment in both years. As a result, we conclude that WP method is a way to save water and increase the yield in semi-arid areas where climatic conditions require repeated irrigation in the hot pepper production area.