马铃薯脱外壁花粉的制备与人工萌发

 将3个马铃薯普通栽培种( Solanum tuberosum L. ) ‘陇薯3号’、‘Favorita’和‘Shapody’的花粉先经低温饥饿处理, 再低温水合、高温热激和渗激, 分离出大量具有活力的脱外壁花粉, 花粉最高脱壁率达34.5%。脱外壁花粉在K₃ 培养基+ 15% PEG + 5%蔗糖+ 0.01% H₃BO₃ + 0.01% LH + 100mg/L PVP的萌发液中萌发率高达38.3%。试验建立了三步冲击法制备马铃薯脱外壁花粉的方法, 并讨论了外壁在花粉萌发与受粉中的生物学意义。     

Sexual compatibility within and between olive cultivars

Summary

Self- and cross-incompatibility of the olive cultivars Frantoio, Manzanillo, Kalamata, Pendolino, and Picual were investigated using a 5 × 5 diallel matrix. Pistils were collected seven days after controlled pollinations on the day of flower opening, and pollen tubes were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Diallel analysis showed significant specific combining ability, general combining ability and reciprocal effects between cultivars for pollen tube growth in the pistil. ‘Frantoio’ was cross-compatible, as either a male or female parent, with each of the other cultivars, but showed a high degree of self-incompatibility. ‘Manzanillo’, ‘Kalamata’, ‘Pendolino’, and ‘Picual’ were crossincompatible, and all except for ‘Manzanillo’, were self-incompatible. It is concluded that ‘Frantoio’ is a good general polleniser for the other cultivars investigated. Pollen tube growth decreased in discrete steps from stigma to upper style, and from upper style to lower style, with the result that only one, and rarely more, pollen tube penetrated ovules. The sex ratio of flowers, and pollen viability using fluroescein diacetate staining and in vitro germination, were examined. ‘Frantoio’, ‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Pendolino’ had more than 80% perfect flowers, while ‘Kalamata’ and ‘Picual’ had less than 30%. ‘Frantoio’ had the highest pollen viability, ‘Kalamata’ and ‘Picual’ were intermediate, and ‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Pendolino’ the lowest. Pollen staining and both in vitro and in vivo germination provided the same male fertility rankings of cultivars.     

Inheritance of fertility restoration of male-sterility conferred by cytotype Y and identification of instability of male fertility phenotypes in onion (Allium cepa L.)

A novel onion (Allium cepa L.) cytoplasm, cytotype Y, was found in a previous study. Cytotype Y contained unique stoichiometry of coxI and orf725, a candidate gene responsible for male-sterility induction in onions. A S₁ segregating population was produced from a single plant selected from PI273626. Although male-fertility segregated in this population, the ratio significantly deviated from single-gene inheritance. However, genotypes of RF31446 marker perfectly linked to Ms locus-controlling fertility restoration completely matched with male-fertility phenotypes, indicating that male-fertility restoration of male-sterility conferred by cytotype Y might be determined by the Ms locus. One plant derived from the S₁ population showed discrepancy between male-fertility phenotype and RF31446 genotype. Although the RF31446 genotype was homozygous recessive, reduced amount of pollen grains were observed in anthers. Many pollen grains of the unstable male-sterile plant were deformed. Analysis of 13 molecular markers flanking the Ms locus showed no crossover between the Ms locus and the RF31446 marker. Ten more unstable male-sterile plants were identified from open-pollinated progenies of the unstable male-sterile plant. Viable seeds were successfully produced from unstable male-sterile plants, indicating that pollen grains of the unstable male-sterile plants were partially viable. In addition, an umbel containing unstable male-fertile flowers was identified from one of maintainer lines, although both male and female organs might be sterile in these flowers.     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.     

树莓部分野生种及栽培品种花粉亚显微形态的比较

用扫描电镜对树莓属有育种潜力的分属于空心莓组和木莓组8个野生种及从国外引进的分属于黑莓种群和树莓种群的17个栽培品种共25份材料的花粉形态进行了系统观察和比较分析。 结果表明：所观察树莓花粉均为长球形或超长球形（P/E为1.67~2.26）,大小多为25.52 μm × 15.37 μm ~50.06 μm × 25.65 μm。花粉外壁纹饰在组内和栽培种群内有一定的相似性,但同时变异丰富,在不同种之间、甚至在不同品种之间区别明显。空心莓组的5个种和树莓种群的品种的外壁纹饰以条纹—穿孔状为主,黑莓种群的品种主为条纹状和条纹—穿孔状,与木莓组的3个种的差异较大。聚类分析结果表明,花粉大小和外壁纹饰特征可基本反映树莓属下组及栽培种群的划分,树莓种群品种与空心莓组的插田泡和茅莓的亲缘关系较近;而黑莓种群与木莓组的3个有果用育种潜力的任一种的亲缘关系较远。     

Factors affecting the quality and in vitro germination capacity of strawberry pollen

Summary

Poor pollen quality and germination capacity curtails early yield in strawberry. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable method for in vitro assessment of strawberry pollen germination ability and to investigate further the effects of photoperiod and gibberellin on pollen germination and quality. In the first part of the study, pollen from seven strawberry cultivars (Chandler, Selva, Tudla, Camarosa, Eris, Pajaro and Irvine) was collected and its germination capacity and incidence of deformed pollen grains assessed in vitro using the hanging-drop technique. Highest germination rates, in ‘Selva’, were observed in a nutrient medium of 10% sucrose. Addition of calcium nitrate to the medium decreased the germination percentages of all cultivars. There was no significant difference, on average, between the germination rate at 20° and 25°C. Genetic factors affected the incidence of deformed pollen grains significantly, with ‘Pajaro’ showing the highest percentage (76%). In the second part, groups of young strawberry plants, cultivar Seascape, grown either under natural early spring conditions or under long-day or short-day conditions were sprayed once with GA₃ at 0, 50, or 200 mg l^–1. Pollen germination and deformation and stamen length were assessed three months later. In plants of the first group, GA₃ at 50 mg l^–1 increased pollen germination and decreased the incidence of deformed pollen grains, while GA₃ at 200 mg l^–1 decreased pollen germination without affecting the formation of deformed pollen grains. Plants of the second group showed a higher rate of pollen germination under long than under short days. GA₃ at 200 mg l^–1 decreased pollen germination under either short- or long-day conditions compared with the controls but doubled the percentage of deformed pollen only under short days. Stamens in control plants grew four times as long under long- than short-day conditions. GA₃ did not affect stamen length under long days but significantly enhanced their growth under short days.     

平阴玫瑰花粉亚显微形态及品种分类研究

 对平阴玫瑰24个品种的花粉亚显微形态进行了扫描电镜观察研究, 并进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明, 在花粉亚显微形态特征方面, 各品种之间既有共性, 也存在明显差别, 特别是外壁纹饰的不同可作为玫瑰品种鉴别的重要依据。聚类分析将平阴玫瑰花粉分为两大类, 即玫瑰系和蔷薇系, 与传统形态分类结论基本一致, 但也存在一定的差异。     

Induction of viable 2n pollen in sterile Oriental × Trumpet Lilium hybrids

In order to induce viable 2n pollen from highly sterile diploid Oriental × Trumpet (OT) (Lilium), N₂O was used to treat flower buds of four sterile diploid OT cultivars (‘Nymph’, ‘Gluhwein’, ‘Yelloween’, and ‘Shocking’) at different stages of meiosis. There was no pollen germination in the controls. However, after N₂O treatment at 600 kPa, three of the OT hybrids (‘Nymph’, ‘Gluhwein’, and ‘Yelloween’) not only exhibited fertile flower percentages (4.3–16%), but also higher rates of pollen germination (18.8–72.5%). In addition, both the fertile flower percentages and rates of pollen germination were higher following 48 h N₂O treatment at 600 kPa than the 24 h treatment. Following 72 h N₂O treatment at 600 kPa, most flower buds or plants were damaged and any undamaged flowers showed abnormal anthers at the time of flowering. This indicated that 48 h of N₂O treatment at 600 kPa was optimal to induce viable 2n pollen in three out of four sterile hybrid OT lily cultivars. These results also showed that prophase I – metaphase I was the optimum stage of meiosis at which to induce 2n pollen by N₂O treatment in lily hybrids.     

富士芽变系品种花粉形态初探

 用扫描电镜对富士和长富2号、福岛短枝富士、早熟富士、望山红等芽变系品种的花粉进行了形态观察。结果表明: 这些富士芽变系品种的花粉粒侧面观为长椭圆形, 极面观为三角形; 具3拟孔沟;花粉表面为条状纹饰, 有穿孔。‘福岛短枝富士’花粉粒大, 极轴长最长, 为42.25 μm; 赤道轴长为25.08μm, 略短于‘早熟富士’, 明显长于其它3个品种; ‘富士’的P /E值最大, 为1.75, 其次是‘长富2号’和‘望山红’, 分别为1.73和1.71, 三者明显大于‘早熟富士’的P /E值。P /E值可作为芽变品种鉴定的重要指标。每个品种的花粉纹饰各有特点, 可通过花粉的扫描电镜观察来鉴别以上的富士芽变系品种。     

几种柑橘属植物花粉外壁超微结构比较研究

应用超薄切片技术,在透射电镜下对几种柑橘属植物花粉外壁的超微结构进行了观察,结果表明,柑橘属植物花粉具4～5孔沟,外壁内层发育好,花粉外壁结构属于较进化类型。供试材料花粉外壁超微结构特征各异,说明了柑橘属植物的遗传多样性;野生柑橘花粉外壁柱状层为颗粒结构,栽培柑橘为小柱结构,似可说明柑橘花粉外壁柱状层的进化趋势是由颗粒结构到小柱结构。莽山野柑和莽山野橘花粉外壁超微结构存在明显差异,主要表现为:莽山野柑花粉外壁的柱状层发育差,为颗粒状,覆盖层厚度为0.41μm,内层厚度为0.84μm;莽山野橘花粉外壁的柱状层发育好,为小柱状,覆盖层厚度为0.47μm,内层厚度为0.33μm。据此认为柑应有种的地位。     

鸢尾属12种（变种）植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

对鸢尾属12份材料的花粉形态进行了扫描电子显微镜观察。结果显示：（1）白花马蔺和马蔺花粉大小相似,形状、萌发孔、外壁纹饰和网脊形态相同,网脊宽度不同;（2）四川鸢尾、薄叶鸢尾和锐果鸢尾的花粉形状、外壁纹饰和网脊形态相同,均无明显萌发孔,锐果鸢尾花粉较小,表明这3个物种的亲缘关系较近;（3）蝴蝶花和扁竹兰花粉大小基本相同,前者形状为扁球形,后者为近球形;萌发器官、表面纹饰和网脊形态相同,网眼内无颗粒,表明这两物种亲缘关系较近;（4）扇形鸢尾与蝴蝶花和扁竹兰二者相比,在花粉粒大小,表面纹饰均上均有较大差异,表明扇形鸢尾与蝴蝶花和扁竹兰的亲缘关系较远。讨论了鸢尾属5个亚属的花粉形态特征及演化趋势。     

Phenolic Compounds,Antioxidant Activity,Fatty Acids and Volatile Profiles of 18 Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars and Genotypes

The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p?<?0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64?mg GAE ml^?1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991?mg kg^?1), ellagic acid (1057.16?mg kg^?1), catechin (425.4?mg kg^?1), and rutin (216.6?mg kg^?1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively.

     

Comprehensive evaluation of the Fruit Quality of the Main Cultivars of Pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China

To establish a quality evaluation system of the fruit quality of pear, 15 evaluation indicators of 9 main cultivars of pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China were analyzed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to form a comprehensive evaluation model and select the characteristic indicators of the fruit quality. All of the 15 evaluation indicators showed significant differences from the results of ANOVA (P?<?0.05) among different cultivars. The values for coefficient of variation (CV) among 15 evaluation indicators ranged from 1.46% to 326.38%. There were different degrees of correlations between the evaluation indicators based on the results of CA. PCA was used to remove the overlapped information between the indicators, and then there were new variables with less information, so that the principal component comprehensive model was established. The rank of the 9 cultivars based on comprehensive scores of the fruit quality was listed as follows: ‘Mili’?>?‘Xuehua’?>?‘Hongxiangsu’?>?‘Daguoxing’?>?‘Yali’?>?‘Huangguan’?>?‘Yuluxiang’?>?‘Hongxiaoli’?>?‘Anli’. By combining HCA and principal component comprehensive model, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, h^* and fruit shape index were selected to be the characteristic indicators for the evaluation of the fruit quality of the main cultivars of pear in North China.

     

Effect of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

The effect of a constant (10, 15, 20 or 25°C) or a diurnal maximum/minimum (15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20°C) incubation temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of two poly-embryonic (‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai’), and two mono-embryonic (‘Irwin’ and ‘Sensation’) mango cultivars was studied. In in vitro experiments where pollen was incubated in a liquid germination medium for 24 h in darkness, little difference was found between pollen germination of mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars. Averaged over the four cultivars, 53.9% of pollen germinated at 10°C, this increased to 76.2% when the incubation temperature was increased to 15°C, thereafter up to 25°C the percentage germination remained stable but germination decreased slightly to 68.2% at 30°C. Similarly, there was no difference in percent germination between cultivars when pollen was incubated under diurnal temperature regimes. Mean pollen germination of all four cultivars was 52.3% at 15/5°C and pollen germination increased by 10% when the temperature was raised to 30/20°C. When self-pollinated flowers were incubated for 24 h on a semi-solid agar medium at 10°C, pollen tube growth of the four cultivars was retarded and no pollen tubes reached the ovaries. As the temperature was increased from 15 to 25°C, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries increased from 0.04 to 0.25. At 30°C, the mean number of pollen tubes that entered ovaries decreased to 0.04. After incubation under diurnal temperature regimes, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries of all four cultivars at 15/5°C was 0.23 and increased to 0.42 when the temperature increased to 30/20°C. At each incubation temperature, there were significant differences in pollen tube growth between cultivars, but there were no differences between the temperature response of pollen from mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars.     

Pollen tube growth in macadamia

Pollen tube growth in macadamia was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The cultivars ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’ and ‘Renown’ showed some self-incompatibility, with pollen tube growth arrested in the style. Inhibited tubes had swollen tips and appeared to discharge their contents through a sub-terminal pore. Cross-pollination resulted in a single pollen tube reaching the ovary in from 0 to 48% of the pistils observed. The pollen tube took up to 7 days to reach the ovary. Random samples of open-pollinated flowers were taken from 5 cultivars: ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’, ‘Renown’ and ‘Nutty Glen’. The pistils had fewer ovaries with a pollen tube than those which were hand-pollinated.     

The relationship between fruit size and cell division and enlargement in cultivated and wild persimmons

Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.     

Cross-(in)compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

Eight apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and selections were self- and cross-pollinated in order to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Overall, 40 pollination combinations were examined. Pollen-tube growth in pistils pollinated in the laboratory was analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Three inter-incompatiblity groups of cultivars were found, of which two had not been described previously, while an existing group was expanded with one additional cultivar. The first group consisted of three Hungarian cultivars (‘Ligeti Orias’, ‘Cegledi Orias’, and ‘Szegedi Mammut’) and a Moldavian cultivar (‘Kostjuzhenskyi’). The second group consisted of two American cultivars (‘Stark Early Orange’ and ‘Nugget’). The third group consisted of two Serbian selections (‘Novi Sad Early’ and ‘Frushka Gora Early’). In the incompatible cultivar combinations, pollen-tube growth stopped in the style with the formation of the characteristic swelling. In the compatible combinations, the pollen tubes reached the ovary in the majority of the pistils examined.     

Effect of low temperatures during flowering on floral cycle and pollen tube growth in nine avocado cultivars

The floral response of the type A avocado cultivars ‘Reed’, ‘Wurtz’, ‘Rincon’ and ‘Jalna’, and the type B cultivars ‘Bacon’, ‘Ryan’, ‘Edranol’, ‘Sharwil’ and ‘Hazzard’ was tested under growth-cabinet conditions of 17° C day, 12° C night, with a 12-h photoperiod and photon flux density of 400 μE m^?2 s^?1 (400–700 nm). Most of the flowers of all type A cultivars and the type B cultivar ‘Bacon’ had both a female and a male stage. None of the flowers of the other type B cultivars had a female stage but opened in the male stage only. Hand pollination resulted in some ovule penetration in the cultivars with female stage flowers. In those with only male-stage flowers, the pollen tubes grew no further than the style. Maintenance of fertility under low-temperature conditions during flowering appeared to be partly, but not entirely, linked to the type A flowering cycle.     

Freeze preservation of rose pollen in liquid nitrogen: Feasibility,viability and fertility status after long-term storage

Summary

The pollen cryobehaviour of four rose cultivars was studied. Pollen retained viability as indexed by in vitro germination after 48 h and one year (three cultivars) in liquid nitrogen. Cryostored pollen retained its ability to fertilize and produce seeds. The availability of cryostored pollen would enable rose breeders to pollinate at any time of the year at any location. Cryogenic preservation also offers the possibility of conserving the haploid gene pool in rose species through a pollen cryobank facility.     

‘红阳’猕猴桃全红型芽变(86-3)的果实品质及花粉形态研究

 对‘红阳’猕猴桃全红型芽变(86-3) 及对照‘红阳’进行了品质及花粉电镜扫描方面的研究。结果表明, 与‘红阳’相比, 86-3果实中花青素含量极显著增加, 变异性状稳定, 但其它品质不及母株果实。两者花粉粒极面观、赤道面观及表面纹饰相似, 而极轴长与赤道轴长之比( P/E) 差异显著。花粉形态研究表明亲缘关系极近的芽变株及其母株的功能基因有所不同。