Effect of increasing climatic water deficit on some leaf and stomatal parameters of wild and cultivated almonds under Mediterranean conditions

The prevailing environmental conditions, temperature in particular, drive seasonal changes both in leaf development and stomatal characteristics. In order to ascertain the effect of increases in climatic water deficit on some leaf and stomatal parameters under field conditions, a study was carried out on two sets of leaves (spring and summer) on a large sample of Amygdalus communis L. cultivars in comparison with several Amygdalus webbii Spach seedlings, a species more adapted to arid environments and probable ancestor of cultivated almonds. Observations were performed between spring and summer of a particularly hot season. The results showed a significant and general reduction of both leaf area and stomatal frequency and an increase in stomatal size. Nevertheless, there were evident differences between cultivated and wild almonds. A stronger reduction of leaf area was observed in A. webbii (−31%) with respect to A. communis (−14%); on the contrary, the latter reduced stomatal frequency more than the former (−25% and −19%, respectively). The examined cultivated almonds, in response to the increase in climatic water deficit, tended to arrange their stomatal structures like those of wild almonds. Finally, increasing the climatic water deficit, the slope of the linear regressions between stomatal frequency and size did not change in either species, leading to a better understanding of the mechanisms of almond acclimation to environmental stresses.     

栽培裂褶菌与野生裂褶菌的营养效价研究

根据国家食品标准,通过测定人工栽培的裂褶菌菌株(LZJ-1、LZJ-5)子实体与野生裂褶菌(SM-1)子实体的蛋白质、灰分、粗脂肪、矿物质、氨基酸等的含量及组成,评价其营养效价。结果表明:3种裂褶菌子实体均含有17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸7种,脂肪含量低,属于高蛋白、低脂肪类食品;氨基酸配比最为合理的是人工栽培菌株LZJ-5(34.2%、55.7%),比较接近FAO/WHO规定值,为理想蛋白质;氨基酸比值系数LZJ-1的SRC值为77.7%,明显高于SM-1(75.5%)和LZJ-5(75.3%);鲜味氨基酸中特征氨基酸天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量较高的为LZJ-1,分别达到1.36%、2.14%,明显高于野生种SM-1(0.72、0.97)。综合结果,LZJ-1营养价值较高。     

Chromosome counts in wild and cultivated species of Abelmoschus Medikus. from the Indian sub-continent

Summary

Abelmoschus is regarded as a polyploid-polyspecies complex and a genus with variable genome organisation and resultant ambiguity in its speciation. A cytogenetic basis for taxonomy can be significant, due to the fact that many of the taxonomic units of Abelmoschus are heterogeneous in nature with deviant numbers of chromosomes. In the present investigation, 39 wild and cultivated accessions of Abelmoschus from India, belonging to three representative taxa, were used to record clear and authentic chromosome counts. From these data, the numbers of somatic chromosomes in A. angulosus var. grandiflorus, A. moschatus ssp. moschatus, and A. moschatus ssp. tuberosus are reported to be 2n = 66, 2n = 72, and 2n = 72, respectively. The present study also confirmed 2n = 130 to be the authentic number of somatic chromosomes in A. esculentus. Earlier conflicting reports are ruled out. Reports of the occurrence of cytotypes in A. esculentus are not acceptable, due to its wide area of cultivation.     

栽培西瓜与野生西瓜果实发育过程中的转录组比较分析

<正>目的与意义:西瓜是一种重要的水果作物,但其果实发育和成熟的分子机制尚不清楚。为了更好地了解导致其果实发育差异的遗传基础,对栽培西瓜自交系‘97103’和野生种质‘PI296341-FR’进行比较果实转录组分析,并对果实发育过程中特别的代谢产物进行综合分析,以便为深入了解西瓜果实品质形成和成熟过程中的基因表达调控网络提供依据。     

Genetic diversity and relationships of wild and cultivated olives at regional level in Spain

Genetic diversity and relationships between local cultivars and wild olive trees from three important Spanish olive-growing regions, Andalusia (South), Catalonia and Valencia (from Eastern Mediterranean Coastal area), were studied by means of eight SSR loci. Distinct allelic composition and heterozygosity levels were found in wild olive populations and cultivars. The observed patterns of genetic variation revealed: a) the independent clustering of Andalusian wild olives in a separate gene pool, b) the belonging of wild populations and most cultivars from Catalonia to another gene pool, c) the joined clustering of Andalusian and a set of Valencian cultivars in a third gene pool, and d) clustering of wild individuals from Valencia to the three different gene pools. These results suggest that wild populations of Andalusia may represent true oleasters, the ones from Catalonia may be feral forms derived from cultivar seed spreading, while the population of Valencia seems to be the most admixed one. The significant differentiation between Andalusian and most Catalonian cultivars is indicating an independent selection of olive cultivars in the two regions. The detection of a certain wild genetic background in some Catalonian and Valencian cultivars and the similarity found between wild and cultivated forms may suggest the use of local wild trees in olive domestication. The proposed scenario for the development of olive cultivars in Andalusia includes an empirical selection of outstanding local wild genotypes followed by various generations of crosses and various replanting campaigns, as well as possible introductions of ancestral cultivars. Therefore, our findings would lead us to support the hypothesis that the current diversity found in Spanish olive cultivars may be regionally differentiated and due to both, autochthonous and allochthonous origin. The information obtained in this work gives insights into the genetic resources of the main olive producing country, demonstrating that wild olive populations and local cultivars both represent potential sources of useful variability for olive breeding programs.     

The relationship between fruit size and cell division and enlargement in cultivated and wild persimmons

Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.     

Biochemical diversity in wild and cultivated pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Pakistan

The present study was conducted to screen out elite pomegranates through determination of biochemical diversity in wild and cultivated genotypes for a breeding program and for fresh/processed use in industry. The results showed high morphological diversity in accessions of wild pomegranate fruits as compared to cultivated genotypes. The first six principal components covered 80.75 and 75.49% diversity in 53 wild and 62 cultivated pomegranate genotypes, respectively. High values of the coefficient of variance (10.78–18.62%), and a high range of minimum to maximum values of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total soluble sugars, and total phenolic content (0.10–1.25, 5.88–29.96, 9.69–19.85 and 175.05–595.42), respectively, were recorded in the studied genotypes. Ascorbic acid content had a strong correlation with antioxidant activity (0.952%), super dismutase oxides (0.94%), catalase (0.921%), and titratable acidity (0.91%). Peroxides had a strong correlation (0.88%) with catalase, and 0.81% each with super dismutase oxides and antioxidant activity. Wild and cultivated pomegranates were clustered successfully in separate groups, based on biochemical traits. A variety improvement program and selection of high-quality pomegranate genotypes could help to reduce pomegranate-related malnutrition issues in the human diet.     

Comparative salt responses at cell and whole-plant levels of cultivated and wild tomato species and their hybrid

SUMMARY

Response to increased salinity was compared in whole plants and calli from leaf, stem and root of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. P-73, Lycopersicon pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy ac PE-47 and their interspecific hybrid. Three NaCl treatments were applied (0, 70 and 140 raM) for 28 d. In both calli and whole plants, L. pennellii was more salt-tolerant than the cultivated species and the hybrid according to the growth responses, although different degrees of salt tolerance were generally found between plants and calli. The Na⁺ and CI" accumulations with salinity were higher in L. pennellii than in L. esculentum at both levels oforganization. The interspecific hybrid showed an accumulation ability for Na⁺ and CI^" intermediate to its parents in the shoot of the whole plants and similar to L. pennellii in the callus tissues. Either no decrease or a small decrease of K⁺ concentrations with salinity were found in both whole plants and callus tissues of L. esculentum. However, K⁺ concentrations decreased in the organs and calli of L. pennellii and the hybrid with increasing salinity. Only at the whole plant level did L. pennellii have a Na7K⁺ ratio higher than L. esculentum, showing the hybrid to have values between those of its parents in the shoot.     

扁桃实生苗年生长动态的研究

以4个扁桃品种为试材,采用Logistic曲线对其实生苗高与地径生长过程进行拟合,其拟合相关系数均达0.990 0以上,并估测了速生期的2个拐点及其长度。结果表明:扁桃实生苗高、径生长均符合"S"型曲线,年生长可划分为生长初期、速生期、硬化期3个时期。"莎车一号"、"莎车五号"、"莎车九号"、"莎车十八号"4个品种扁桃的地径生长速生期起始时间比苗高生长早12、14、16、12d;地径生长结束时间分别比苗高生长晚2、4、3d;"莎车九号"的径生长结束时间分别比苗高生长早3d;4个品种扁桃的地径生长持续时间均比苗高生长长14、18、13、15d。不同扁桃品种苗高、地径连日生长量曲线均为双峰型。其中,苗高生长高峰分别出现在5月中旬和7月中旬,而地径生长高峰分别出现在7月上旬和8月上旬。     

桃属植物等位酶遗传变异分析及品种基因型指纹利用

利用不连续双垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对国家种质郑州桃资源圃所收集到的97份桃(Amygdalus L.)材料扣2份近缘种李(Prunus salicina L.)共计99份材料进行了等位酶遗传变异分析.结果表明:①在11个酶系统中共检测到24个清晰位点和69个等位基因,多态位点为22个,位点最大等位基因数为8,体现出桃资源丰富的遗传多样性.②不同的分类群具有特有等位基因:如Est-2a、Est-2d、G6pdh-1a、Mdh-1c、Pod-3b、Pod-3d、Sod-3a、Sod-3b仅存在于普通桃中,Cat-1h、Est-2f、G6pdh-1b、Me-1a只存在于山桃中,Cod-3c、Est-3c、Me-1c、Me-2b只存在于光核桃,体现了桃种间的遗传组成差异.③利用11个酶系统的24个位点的69个等位基因所构建的桃品种(株系)等位酶基因型指纹可以将99份试材完全区分,表明等位酶是桃品种鉴定的一种有效工具.     

Genetic variability in wild vs. cultivated Eruca vesicaria populations as assessed by morphological,agronomical and molecular analyses

In this study, the genetic diversity of 50 individuals of rocket, Eruca vesicaria, from five accessions, four of them wild type collected from different parts of Spain and one commercial, were evaluated using morphological, agronomical and inter simple sequence repeat DNA (ISSR) data. Molecular analysis was carried out using the ISSR technique with 20 primers. Out of these 20 primers, nine were polymorphic, producing a total of 395 DNA bands, 247 of which were polymorphic among the accessions. A dendrogram drawn on the basis of a similarity matrix using the UPGMA algorithm revealed that the 50 samples of rocket plants could be classified into three major clusters at a Nei's genetic distance of 0.36. The experiment shows that molecular markers such as ISSR are a good instrument for distinguishing and selecting rocket accessions to group different wild populations. In general, a high variation was observed for most of the 16 morphological and 6 agronomical traits showing significant differences. Some morphological traits such as leaf length, petiole length and lamina width explained 69.1% of the whole variation observed in the populations, and some agronomical traits such as leaf area, nitrate and chlorophyll contents accounted for 65.7%, but the clusters generated by means of agronomical and morphological variables were less evident than when ISSR markers used. Some accessions showed good qualities, such as small leaves, high chlorophyll content, late-flowering or low nitrate content. All these parameters, together with the high degree of genetic homogeneity found, could make the local accessions good candidates for a future breeding programme.     

基于p23基因的野生柑橘和栽培柑橘上衰退病毒分离株间的遗传特征分析

【目的】比较分析野生柑橘与栽培柑橘上衰退病毒(CTV)分离株间的分子遗传特征,为深入解析CTV的遗传进化提供相关依据。【方法】运用RT-PCR对我国云南、广西、四川、湖南、江西等省(区)的11个野生柑橘上的CTV分离株和4个国内栽培甜橙及柚上的CTV强弱毒代表株分离株的p23基因进行扩增、测序,所获序列与Gen Bank收录的具有代表性的国外CTV分离株的相应基因序列进行比对分析。【结果】野生柑橘与国内外栽培柑橘上CTV分离株的p23基因序列相似率为87.7%~99.3%;密码子中碱基含量GC%AT%,密码子转换数多于颠换数,第3位的碱基替换数最多,其次为第1位,最少是第2位;非同义突变与同义突变的比值(dN/dS)小于1,表明p23基因在进化过程中承受着净化选择。系统聚类分析表明,来自于野生柑橘上的11个CTV分离株在构建的系统发育树中分属不同的簇支,与不同来源地具有较高相似性和较低遗传距离的栽培柑橘上的CTV分离株构成同一组群。【结论】野生柑橘与栽培柑橘上的CTV分离株在碱基含量、密码子转换和颠换率及非同义突变与同义突变比值(dN/dS)等遗传特征方面均表现出一致性,系统发育分析表明,野生柑橘上CTV分离株基于p23基因序列的聚类关系与其地理来源之间无明显相关性。     

枣和酸枣不同器官黄酮含量比较及抗氧化能力分析

为进一步提高枣资源综合开发利用率,以酸枣、过渡(中间)类型和栽培枣共3类种质5个品种为试材,对不同品种不同器官(果实、果皮、果肉、叶片、花、种仁)总黄酮含量及果实黄酮提取液清除羟基自由基(·OH)的能力进行分析测定。结果表明:3类种质的5个品种脆熟期果实的总黄酮含量(以鲜重计)为0.89～3.55 mg/g,平均值为1.94 mg/g;果皮总黄酮含量为4.13～8.21 mg/g,平均值为5.73 mg/g;果肉总黄酮含量为0.17～1.07 mg/g,平均值为0.66 mg/g;花总黄酮含量为3.47～6.90 mg/g,平均值为5.50 mg/g;成熟叶片总黄酮含量为7.01～9.02 mg/g,平均值为7.98 mg/g;种仁总黄酮含量为6.48～14.39 mg/g,平均值为11.43 mg/g。5个品种各器官总黄酮含量的大小顺序为:种仁>叶片>果皮>花>果实>果肉;果实、果肉和叶片中总黄酮含量都是酸枣>中间类型>栽培枣;3类种质脆熟期果实黄酮提取液与·OH清除能力均呈显著正相关。     

扁桃坐果率低的原因调查与分析

调查表明,花器发育不良、授粉树配置不当或无授粉品种、缺少传粉媒介及管理粗放,是造成扁桃坐果率低的几个主要因素。     

基于EST-SSR标记的越橘栽培种和几个中国野生种的遗传结构分析

【目的】遗传结构分析能够提供个体的血统来源及组成信息,是遗传关系分析的重要手段。研究越橘栽培种和中国野生种的遗传结构差异,以期为我国越橘育种中野生越橘资源的发掘、利用提供遗传背景依据。【方法】筛选EST-SSR引物并对越橘属84份种质资源的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,利用ABI 3730xl DNA遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳分离,统计条带并计算遗传多样性指数,利用STRUCTURE软件构建遗传结构图并进行基于Nie’s遗传距离的聚类分析和主成分分析。【结果】1)从54对EST-SSR引物中筛选到8对高多态性引物,共检测到101个等位变异,平均值12.63,有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s多态性信息指数(I)、观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)平均值分别为8.711、2.262、0.523和0.860,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.640~0.915,平均值为0.845,所选引物多态性高。2)贝叶斯遗传结构分析表明,当K=4时,ΔK最大,供试材料被划分为4个类群,类群S1主要是红豆越橘(Vaccinium vitis-idaea)和蔓越橘(V.macrocarpon),以红果类型为特征;类群S2主要是笃斯越橘(V.uliginosum),以抗寒为特征;类群S3主要包括南高丛越橘(V.corymbosum SHB)和兔眼越橘(V.ashei),以低需冷量为特征;类群S4主要包括北高丛越橘(V.corymbosum NHB)和半高丛越橘(V.corymbosum HHB),以高需冷量为特征,表明越橘种质资源内部存在明显的遗传结构差异,4个类群与材料的抗寒性、低温需冷量特性等有明显的对应关系。3)N-J聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,野生越橘与引进的栽培品种之间亲缘关系较远。4)供试84份材料中Q值≥0.6的品种占91.67%,绝大多数供试越橘资源遗传背景较单一。【结论】从国外引进的越橘栽培种和我国野生种间存在一定程度的基因交流,不存在绝对的生殖隔离,可以通过杂交的方式获得变异植株,实现越橘种质创新和遗传基础拓宽,应加大我国野生越橘资源的发掘和利用。     

Characterisation of cultivated breeding lines of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related wild Solanum species from India

Immature fruit of cultivated species of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) are commonly used as a summer vegetable in India. Rich morphological variation exists among the cultivated species of eggplant in different growing regions of the country. We have characterised 24 breeding lines of Solanum spp., including 20 eggplant cultivars and four wild species of eggplant, based on 13 morphological characters using Mahalonabis D² statistics. All 24 breeding lines of Solanum spp., including the 20 eggplant cultivars and four wild species, were grouped into four clusters by agglomerative clustering. Cluster II and Cluster IV contained the most accessions (eight each), while Cluster I and Cluster III had four accessions each. The highest inter-cluster (D²) distance (158.33) was observed between Cluster I and Cluster II, followed by Cluster I and Cluster III (108.48), and Cluster II and Cluster IV (102.96), which indicated that accessions in Cluster I and Cluster II were more divergent than those in the other clusters. The highest intra-cluster distance (5.80) was observed in Cluster IV, with eight genotypes, and the lowest intra-cluster distance (2.21) was observed in Cluster II, also with eight genotypes. The intra-cluster distances in all four clusters were lower than the inter-cluster distances, which indicated that genotypes within the same cluster were closely related. Genotypes in Cluster IV had the maximum number of flowers per cluster (3.63), the highest number of fruit per cluster (3.25), and number of fruit per plant (208.63), which revealed that genotypes could be selected from Cluster IV for these characters. The first three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounted 73.99% of the total variation among the 24 genotypes. These phenotypic data increase the feasibility of prioritising breeding lines in a crossing programme based on the uniqueness of their desirable morphological traits.     

Lipid evaluation of cultivated and wild carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seed oil growing in Turkey

Studies were carried out on the oil content, fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols in the seeds of two carobs (Ceratonia siliqua), cultivated and wild, from Turkey. The oil yields of cultivated and wild carob seeds were established as 1.73 and 1.82% on a dry weight basis, respectively. The main fatty acids in cultivated and wild carob seed oils are linoleic (49.1% and 51.0%), oleic (30.4% and 26.5%), palmitic (10.3% and 12.0%) and stearic (3.5% and 4.6%), respectively. Tocopherols and phytosterols are important constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction of several seed oils. The major tocopherol in both seed oils was γ-tocopherol. The composition (mg/100 g) was as follows α-tocopherol (69.06 and 70.39 mg/100 g), P8 (22.29 and 24.78 mg/100 g), δ-tocopherol (8.70 and 10.66 mg/100 g), β-tocopherol (2.30 and 1.85 mg/100 g). The total tocopherol contents had 208.45 and 223.14 mg/100 g, respectively. The total content of sterols of both oils were determined as 16400.94 and 30191.55 mg/kg, with β-sitosterol as the predominant sterol that accounted for more than 70% of the total amount of sterols other sterols, campesterol (5.33–5.32%), stigmasterol (0.58–11.43%) 7-avenasterol (3.45–3.03%), 7-stigmasterol (2.16–2.4%), and chlerosterol (1.33–1.0%) were detected in both carob oils. As a result, the accurate quantification of these analyses has very important applications for the nutrition sciences.     

寿星桃及其杂交后代对桃蚜抗性评价

桃蚜(Myzus persica Sulzer)是桃树的重要害虫之一，危害桃新梢和叶片背面，造成叶片卷缩，植株生长缓慢或停滞，甚至造成落果。为防治桃蚜，生产中大量喷布杀虫剂，导致环境污染、害虫产生抗药性、杀伤天敌等严重问题。为解决这些问题，首先应该筛选我国野生或地方抗桃蚜品种资源进行鉴定。寿星桃是我国特有的桃种质资源，属于桃的一个变种，多年观察发现寿星桃对桃蚜具有抗性。本试验对寿星桃的抗蚜性进行了较为系统的调查统计，并分析其杂种后代对桃蚜的抗性，旨在摸索寿星桃抗桃蚜的遗传规律。     

利用核ITS序列和叶绿体psbA-trnH序列探讨野扁桃和矮扁桃分类学关系

研究旨在通过植物学性状和分子生物学分析确认扁桃类植物中野扁桃和矮扁桃是否同物异名或是不同的2个种。从出版的专著和发表的文献中查找野扁桃和矮扁桃的植物学特征,对2者的描述进行对比,并以新疆塔城的野扁桃为实验材料,扩增其细胞核ITS序列和叶绿体psbA-trnH序列,与GeneBank中下载的矮扁桃的ITS和psbA-trnH序列进行比对。结果表明,野扁桃和矮扁桃的植物学特征描述基本一致,psbA-trnH序列100%相似,并且在以ITS序列对扁桃亚属所有物种进行构树时以100%的自展值聚在一起。对2者的主要植物学特征和分子生物学的核质基因序列综合分析,认为野扁桃和矮扁桃是一个种。