早熟甜樱桃新品种‘春艳’

 ‘春艳’是从‘雷尼尔’ב红灯’杂交后代中选育的大果型早熟优质甜樱桃新品种。果实黄红色，短心脏形，果柄短，平均单果质量8.1 g。果肉黄色，肉质细脆、多汁，可溶性固形物含量17.2%，总糖含量11.55%，可滴定酸含量0.93%，维生素C 83.8 mg · kg^-1，甜味浓，微酸，风味浓郁，品质上佳。适应性强，早果性和丰产性好。     

Versuchsbetriebe Ottensen und Esteburg

This article describes the foundation and development of experimental fruit farms in Ottensen and subsequently on the Esteburg site. Important foci of work of the experimental farm are varietal and rootstock trials of apple, pear, sweet and sour cherry, plum and prune, as well as additional cultivation trials with the afore-mentioned fruits. Machines and equipment are being tested under practical conditions. Since the introduction of Integrated Production in 1989, the experimental farm is being managed according to these guidelines. An area of 4?ha has been managed according to organic farming practice since 2001. The apprenticeship scheme covers 8 trainee gardeners specialising in fruit production as well as two technical assistants. The experimental farm is certified as a cross-company apprenticeship centre for training gardeners specialising in fruit production.     

核果类果树ITS 序列分子进化及系统发育关系研究

 为研究核果类果树的进化和系统发育,选择桃、李、梅、杏、樱桃各2 ~ 4 个主要种或变种共16 个基因型测定其ITS 序列,与从GenBank 下载的6 个核果类果树ITS 序列形成了较为全面的数据矩阵。采用二次置根法用樱桃置根,用PAUP 软件计算数据集在56 个进化模型的得分,Modeltest 筛选最佳模型和参数,计算遗传距离、变异,用最大简约法构建了桃、李、梅、杏、樱桃的系统发育树。结果表明：1. 核果类果树各组ITS1 和ITS2 的分子进化速率不同,信息量也不同;2. 核果类果树演化顺序为：共同的原始材料分化成樱桃、李、杏,再由李进化产生桃,杏进化产生梅;3. 辽杏较普通杏和西伯利亚杏原始,桃演化顺序是：巴旦杏—山桃—普通桃、新疆桃;4. 本结果支持将核果类果树分成4 个亚属。     

Rootstock/scion relations in horticultural crop physiology

A preliminary report is made of the results of growth studies on compound trees formed of all combinations, as scion and as rootstock, of three clones, chosen to cover a wide range of vigour, of apple, quince, and cherry.Under the conditions of the orchard experiment and with the clones used, no distinction was found between influence on tree size of any apple clone when present as the scion or when present as the rootstock. Major distinctions in influence as scion or as rootstock were, however, found in the case of certain quince and cherry clones.Evidence as to the precocity of flowering of the scions of compound trees indicates that precocity may occur independently of a dwarfing influence.     

利用DNA扩增片段序列对樱桃种质资源的遗传分析

 从130个任意寡核苷酸引物中筛选出48个引物, 对8个樱桃种及2个种间杂交种的总DNA进行PCR扩增, 产生的多态性用于遗传分析。利用两种距离法进行系统发育分析, 并构建出种间及品种间亲缘关系的聚类图。结果表明, 扩增位点总数为840个; 23个甜樱桃品种及4个酸樱桃品种各自聚为一类, 多态位点数分别为569和247个, 多态位点百分率分别为67.74%和29.40%。毛樱桃、草原樱桃(变种) 与欧李聚为单一组群; 中国樱桃与寇尔特亲缘关系较近, 聚为另一单一组; 甜樱桃、酸樱桃等其他种在亲缘关系上分歧较大; 樱桃种群间的遗传距离在0.0623 ～ 0.2719之间, 并且从分子水平上可以鉴别。聚类图聚类分析结果总体上与李属分类标准相一致。除甜樱桃‘红灯’品种外, 均扩增出了1个以上的特有RAPD标记, 据此可以进行品种鉴定或杂种优良性状预选。     

大樱桃露地栽培管理措施

大樱桃成熟期早、酸甜适口、营养丰富,深受消费者青睐。迁安市大樱桃栽培发展较快,但大樱桃对立地条件要求较高,极性生长强且顶端优势明显,加之果农疏于管理,导致大樱桃树冠徒长、难以如期开花结果。鉴于大樱桃怕旱、怕涝、怕风、怕黏、怕盐、怕碱,极性生长强,顶端优势明显,以及树体高大难以开花结果等特点,本文从大樱桃露地栽培园地的选择、规划整地、品种和苗木的选择、苗木的栽植、整形修剪、肥水管理、花期管理和病虫害防治等方面分析了大樱桃露地栽培技术,以期提高大樱桃种植的产量、质量和经济效益。     

Apple Mosaic Viruses Host Reactions and Strain Interference

The annual growth of an apple tree in the vegetative condition is distributed in a definite pattern between leaves, stems and roots ; when a crop is borne, this constitutes an additional end-point for growth materials. The disturbances in the pattern of vegetative growth caused by this additional region of utilization are described. Two-year-old apple trees were deblossomed at flowering or defruited on 30th May, and their growth was compared with that of cropping trees. The increments in weight were estimated by samples taken at treatment times.

After deblossoming, the trees made extra growth in terms of dry weight, more and larger leaves, and longer stems. The periods of greatest and least growth were the same as for cropping trees. Defruiting also resulted in extra growth, but this came later, and so was out of phase with the growth of fruiting trees. This extra vegetative growth (including more trunk thickening and root growth as well as leaves and new shoots) weighed more than the crop on the fruiting trees. Defruiting had slightly less effect than deblossoming.

The diversion of metabolites to the crop changed the pattern of growth in the rest of the tree. Cropping trees had 50% more leaf proportionate to total vegetative increment, and 50% less root, than deblossomed ones. The intervening regions varied roughly according to their position. Despite this greater leafiness of cropping trees, they produced significantly more total dry matter (vegetative growth plus crop) per unit area of leaf.

These results are attributed to the greater demanding power of the growing crop in diverting photosynthates from the lower parts of the tree and in increasing the rate of removal of photosynthates from the leaves.     

加工用樱桃新品种‘吉林红樱桃1号’

 ‘吉林红樱桃1号’是加工用的樱桃优良新品种, 晚熟、抗寒、丰产、稳产, 果味酸中带甜,在吉林省中西部和东部无霜期120 d以上的地区可露地栽培, 4年生树产量达5 540 kg/hm² , 比对照‘毛樱桃’增产14%。     

欧李新品种‘农大3号’

 ‘农大3号’欧李是从野生欧李中选出的新品种, 长势中庸, 高0.5～0.7 m , 树姿呈灌木状。1年生枝直立。果实平均6.5 g, 圆形, 果面黄色具红晕, 甜酸适口, 可溶性固形物15.87% , 8月下旬成熟, 异花结实, 极丰产, 为优良的鲜食兼加工品种。适合我国北方中性到微酸性的土壤种植。     

Effects of Seasonal Changes in Shoot Growth on the Amount of Unsuberized Root on Apple and Plum Trees

Measurement of the white root, visible through glass panels, from young apple and plum trees showed that production of new white root was reduced during periods of intense shoot growth. On the apple trees maximum quantities of white root occurred in May, at about the time of full bloom, and again in August or September after shoot growth had ceased. In contrast, on some of the plum trees with only a few weak shoots, maximum white root was recorded in June and only small amounts of new white root were present during the remainder of the year. The effect of branch pruning was to stimulate more intense shoot growth: the more intense the shoot growth the greater and more prolonged was the reduction in new white root production in mid-summer. The interpretation of these results in terms of the physiological relationship between root and shoot is discussed.     

Cultivars Resulting From Cherry Breeding in Germany

In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit.     

甜樱桃花芽分化后期特征观察

通过品种比较、地区比较和人工环境模拟3个关联的试验设计,观察甜樱桃从落叶后至谢花后的花芽分化发育的特征,探求其南引试栽、结实困难的原因。结果表明,郑州的早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯,烟台、郑州和金华的红灯,以及花芽分化期置于露地和日光温室中的早红宝石在多个物候期阶段的最终分化发育的基本特征一致。因此,造成甜樱桃南引试栽、结实困难的主要原因可能与生长季的花芽分化无关,不能仅限于与花前高温引发的胚珠、胚囊发育不良有关,低温累积量不足也是不可被忽视的因素。     

休眠期甜樱桃幼树体内氮素的运转

以盆栽2a生甜樱桃庄园为试材,运用同位素示踪法研究了甜樱桃幼树在休眠期植株体内氮素的运转。结果表明,当年秋季吸收的15N积累趋势和总氮积累趋势一致,即根部大于地上部,而且更趋向于在根中积累。2005年12月8日与10月25日相比,芽、1a生木质、多年生木质、砧段木质、大根木质中氮含量减少,而1a生枝皮、多年生枝皮、砧段皮、大根皮、粗根、细根中氮含量增加,此期所有部位的NDFF值均降低。2006年2月12日与2005年12月8日相比除砧段皮氮含量降低外,其他部分的氮含量都有所增加,NDFF值均增加;与2006年2月12日相比,2006年4月21日芽、砧段皮、大根皮、细根的氮含量增加,各部位NDFF值均降低。秋季吸收的氮素可贮藏在根和枝干中,但贮藏在细根和粗根中的量大于枝干中的量。甜樱桃植株在休眠期间也具有吸氮能力,只是在不同的阶段其吸氮能力不同;同时此期氮素发生了再分配,由木质部运往皮部。     

Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

The sour cherry cv. ‘Kütahya’ is one of the most produced cultivars in Turkey. This study was conducted with cultivar ‘Kütahya’ cultivated on Prunus mahalep both 2010 and 2011 years. In this study, the effects of Bacillus mycoides T8 and Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 bacteria strains on yield, fruit properties and plant growth was aimed to investigate. Floral and foliar applications of T8, OSU-142 and T8+OSU-142 on sour cherry significantly increased the yield per tree, shoot length and leaf area, compared with the control. The highest shoot length was found in the T8+OSU-142 (51.74 cm) application while the least value was found in the control (46.71 cm). The yield increased from 8.229?kgtree^?1 (in control) to 13.663 (T8 application) and to 11.660?kgtree^?1 (T8+OSU-142 application) in average of two years. The results of the present study suggested that Bacillus T8 and Bacillus OSU-142, alone or in combination, have a great potential for the enhancement of yield and plant growth of sour cherry and therefore they have been suggested in growth promotion in sour cherry cultivation.     

中熟甜樱桃新品种‘玲珑脆’

‘玲珑脆’为中熟甜樱桃新品种。果实宽肾形,黄色带红晕,平均单果质量9.5 g,最大单果质量13.5 g,可食率94.5%。果肉浅黄,脆,汁多,风味甜,可溶性固形物含量20.5%,耐贮运。果实成熟期比‘红灯’晚7 d左右。树势中庸,早果性好,抗寒性与抗逆性较强,8年生树产量达14 550 kg ? hm-2。     

Does manipulation of fruit-tree architecture affect the development of pests and pathogens? A case study in an organic apple orchard

Summary

Centrifugal training, based on the extinction procedure, is an innovative type of apple tree training recently used in French apple orchards. A thinning cut of fruiting spurs along the trunk and on the proximal and underside parts of the fruiting branches modifies the within-tree leaf density and light environment, which is likely to affect the development of some apple pests and pathogens. In this study, development of the most serious foliar pests (aphids, mites) and disease (apple scab) was assessed over 3 years in an organic apple orchard with two training systems: the centrifugal training (CT) system, and the Original Solaxe (OS) system, using a bent axis with no removal of fruiting spurs, as a control. Infestation levels were significantly lower in 2002 and 2004 in the CT system than in the OS system for the most prevalent pest, the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea and, in 2003, for the red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi. Infestation by the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi, was higher in June 2002 and 2004 and lower in June 2003 in the CT system, compared to the OS control. The incidence of apple leaf scab was lower in the CT system than in the OS control in Spring 2002 and Spring 2004; but, later in the Summer, it increased more in CT trees, resulting in no difference between training systems in the levels of fruit infection at harvest. Hypotheses considered were based mainly on: (i) the removal of pests or inoculum due to the thinning cut of fruiting spurs for CT trees; (ii) effects on within-tree microclimate, providing a more aerated canopy in the CT system; (iii) shoot density and distribution, allowing greater distances between growing shoots in CT trees; and/or (iv) the shoot growth dynamics, allowing the presence of attractive or susceptible leaves in late June. Since the most serious apple pests and diseases were less prevalent in the CT system over the 3 years of the experiment, CT may prove to be a complementary, sustainable means to contribute to crop protection, especially in organic or integrated pest management orchards.     

亲本品种对樱桃远缘杂交亲和性及胚抢救的影响

以3个甜樱桃品种为母本,3个中国樱桃品种为父本进行了种间远缘杂交,并对所得到的杂种成功地进行了胚抢救,探讨了不同亲本品种对大樱桃远缘杂交亲和性及其胚抢救的影响。结果表明,(1)不同杂交组合的坐果率差异显著,在同一母本的杂交组合中,均以五莲红樱桃作父本的杂交组合坐果率最高(≥4.14%);而以红灯为母本与3个父本品种杂交的平均坐果率高于那翁和先锋为母本的相同杂交组合的平均坐果率;(2)不同亲本品种的杂种胚萌发生长率与多丛芽增殖系数存在显著差异,其中在参试的3个父本品种中,以五莲红樱桃表现最好;(3)经过生根培养,已经成功地将一批杂种胚培苗移栽到大田。     

Spacing Experiments on Vegetables III. The Growth and Yield of Shallots in Relation to Spacing,Manuring and Size of Planting Material,in Cheshire, 1948

Three varieties of plum were inoculated with the three viruses, plum line pattern (apple mosaic), prune dwarf and plum bark split, either singly or in combinations of line pattern with each of the others. Bark lesions developed more rapidly on Cambridge Gage trees infected with bark split virus alone than on those infected also with line pattern virus. Symptoms characteristic of line pattern virus on trees of Cambridge Gage, Early Laxton and Italian Prune were not affected by infection with the bark split virus, but were suppressed by the prune dwarf isolate. This suppression was apparently due to the presence of a mild strain of line pattern virus contaminating the prune dwarf inoculum.

The occurrence of antagonistic strains of line pattern virus, differing in virulence, precludes any precise definition of diagnostic symptoms.     

浅析苹果树的病害防治对策和措施

苹果树是较为常见的蔷薇科落叶乔木,也是世界四大水果之一.苹果树经常会发生各类病害,不但威胁到产品的产量及品质,而且对于果农的经济收益和生产效益也会造成不同程度的影响.因此,采取有效的措施防治苹果树病害是果农面临的技术问题.     

Nährstoffaufnahme von Obstbäumen im 1. und 2. Standjahr

The nutrient uptake of fruit trees in the first and second year of cultivation was analyzed. The following fruit species and fruit varieties were examined: sour cherry (‘Schattenmorelle, Rheinland’, Hüttners Hochzucht 170?×?53, one year old tree), pear (‘Conference’, Quince A, two year old tree), apple on M 9 inoculated with the varieties ‘Pinova’ (two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Elstar’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Jonagold’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree) und Süßkirsche (‘Regina’, Gisela 5, two year old tree).

1. There was low nutrient uptake in the first and second year of cultivation.
2. In the second year of cultivation the nutrient uptake of all fruit species was clearly higher than in the first year of cultivation.
3. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the first year of cultivation was: 8?kg N/ha, 2?kg P/ha, 6?kg K/ha, 1?kg Mg/ha and 9?kg Ca/ha.
4. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the second year of cultivation was: 3?kg P/ha, 9?kg K/ha, 3?kg Mg/ha and 26?kg Ca/ha.
5. Especially in the first year of cultivation the trees of the stone fruits showed a higher nutrient uptake per tree than the trees of the pome fruits. But related to the nutrient uptake per hectar this difference reversed or became infinitely small.
6. The nutrient uptake of both the three apple varieties and the different plant materials showed only low differences.